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00:14where do we come from when did our story really begin
00:23who were the first homo sapiens
00:30not just humans who looked like us but people who thought and behaved as we do
00:39people we would recognize as truly one of us
00:48we homo sapiens first appeared over 300 000 years ago we were not the first species as human
00:58we're not the biggest we're not the strongest we're just the latest in a long line of other humans
01:06yet a few hundred thousand years later we are the only ones left and the most dominant form
01:14of life on this planet how on earth did this happen
01:25i'm ella al shamahi a paleoanthropologist
01:30people spend their whole lives trying to find a fossil as significant as this
01:38you might think you know the story of human evolution
01:42but now we are discovering it's stranger and more dramatic than we ever imagined
01:50this was something that wiped out 13 people in the same family
01:57thanks to groundbreaking new science we are rewriting the story of our origins
02:07from our tentative first steps
02:13to the migrations that carried us across continents
02:19and our encounters with other human species we met along the way
02:25it's small it's really tiny i can see why you would call it the hobbit
02:33from the first marks we made on cave walls
02:39to the rise of cities
02:45these are the unlikely events that forged us
02:50moments of chance but also ingenuity of beauty and destruction
02:59this is us this is our story and it's what happened in the 99 of our history before the invention
03:07of writing
03:07when our story wasn't written in books but was written in our bones and dna
03:17this is the story of how we became
03:49this story begins in africa
03:53in a time long ago
03:58in a world before we existed at all
04:08in many ways this world would feel familiar
04:13teeming with animals would recognize
04:21but there was one crucial difference
04:31this world was inhabited by not one but by many other types of human
04:43we're used to living in a world filled with other species
04:47over eight million share our planet with us
04:52but there is only one of us only one human species homo sapiens and so it's really easy to forget
05:00that it wasn't always like this the world before us was alive with other human activity
05:09around six million years before homo sapiens appeared
05:16some primates left the trees
05:22they started walking upright and over time began using stone tools
05:32these tool makers became the earliest form of human
05:39over millions of years these humans continued to evolve
05:45forming a diverse family tree
05:47of different human species
05:54who were these other humans and how are we connected to them
05:58well they're all part of our extended family
06:01so our parents grandparents great aunts cousins some were our ancestors others just relatives
06:09but all of them were part of our lineage our family tree that spanned millennia
06:17around the time homo sapiens emerged
06:22there were at least six different human species
06:28and using the latest scientific data we can reconstruct what they might have looked like
06:35there were so many species of human you had homo erectus an ancestor of ours and an incredibly
06:41successful species because they lived for about two million years
06:49so
06:49now homo erectus was actually the first in our genus to leave africa
06:57and we also think that they were the first to use fire
07:04there's also homo neanderthalensis who you probably know as the neanderthals
07:13neanderthals lived in europe all the way into central asia they were cold adapted
07:21and they were expert hunters
07:28there was also homo floresiensis who some people affectionately call the hobbit
07:39because they were only about a meter tall so that's about three and a half feet
07:46tiny and yet adapted for living on an island
07:53it seems like a fantastical world and i can't help it it reminds me of lord of the rings only
08:00instead of a world with elves and dwarfs you had a magical place with other humans
08:14the human family tree had many branches
08:21but which branch did homo sapiens first emerge from
08:32we don't know for sure but we're getting closer than ever to finding out
08:39now
09:04for the longest time we thought we knew
09:07to the origins of our species.
09:09We thought we began 200,000 years ago in East Africa.
09:18But new revelations from out here in Morocco,
09:21from a part of Africa, that people weren't really considering,
09:26are forcing us to rethink our very first steps on this planet.
09:35In a remote cave in Northwest Africa,
09:39a chance discovery uncovered some mysterious human remains.
09:49Someone unexpected was living here.
09:57Thousands of years earlier than we imagined.
10:02Profesor.
10:03I'm good.
10:05How are you?
10:05How are you?
10:06Thank you very much.
10:07In the last few days, of course, I discovered things.
10:10The beginning of this event was a very good thing.
10:17The original human being is from the East Africa.
10:25The main thing to see is that the human being is from and the East Africa.
10:34It was a part of this country.
10:40It was in the moment that they experienced a human being.
10:49The American people was in the East Africa.
10:51one and it was a complete mystery because some of its features are very much like us very homo
10:59sapiens and others are much older much more primitive so if you look at this individual's face
11:09its face looks a lot like ours the homo sapiens face is incredibly gracile we have incredibly
11:17delicate features they kind of tuck in under our brain case if you imagine a prehistoric human you
11:26kind of always imagine a much kind of more prognathic we say much more kind of jutting
11:31forwards face this individual's face is much more tucked under it's much shorter but there are some
11:37features that aren't us notice this brow ridge up here this super orbital structure now look at me
11:45you don't get modern humans walking around today with these massive things on top of their eyes i
11:51mean it would actually be quite terrifying today if we saw that now the brain case is not as you
11:58see how
11:58round my brain case is it's it's globular whereas this is almost stretched out it's almost like
12:04somebody's got my brain case but kind of stretched the back of it out it's almost like
12:10straight on the face is homo sapiens but from the other angles it's not us
12:28these finds posed a mystery they were anomalies that didn't fit neatly into the human family tree
12:58so the question was was this a different species or could it be an early version of us
13:09of us
13:19several decades after the initial discoveries came a breakthrough
13:25archaeologists uncovered another 16 fossils all with the same blend of features
13:37First of all, this is the age of 8 years old and the age of 60 years old.
14:05With each new find, the evidence grew.
14:12These were not some other species, but Homo sapiens, with hints of an earlier ancestor.
14:25But it wasn't until archaeologists were able to more accurately date the remains that the
14:31final piece of the puzzle fell into place.
14:39The archaeologists, using new and improved dating techniques, were able to give us dates
14:45for these fossils.
14:46And they tell us that these individuals lived about 300,000 years ago.
14:52And that is mind-boggling, because we thought our species was only about 200,000 years old.
14:59What these fossils tell us is that our species Homo sapiens is 100,000 years older than we
15:08thought.
15:08We are a third older than we realised.
15:11This fossil went from being enigmatic and basically a mystery to being one of the most important
15:20fossils in our whole field.
15:27Thousands of miles from East Africa, where we thought we began, and far older than expected.
15:36These are the earliest Homo sapiens ever found.
15:42And they have forced us to rethink other finds across Africa.
15:51Which are painting an entirely new picture of our origins.
15:55suggesting that Jabal Irhud was just one of many emerging populations, all in the process of taking shape.
16:08It's a bit like having a peek behind the curtain of evolution.
16:15This is a stage in the journey to becoming us.
16:29I wonder what it would feel like to come face to face with one of the people from Jabal Irhud.
16:46If we were to look into their eyes, into those quite delicate features, would we see ourselves
16:55within them?
17:04The answer is they were not modern humans like us.
17:08Not yet.
17:14They were an earlier stage in our evolutionary journey.
17:18Bridging the gap between us and our ancient human ancestors.
17:31Our emergence was actually slow.
17:34And honestly, at the beginning, we were just not that special.
17:38Now, early iterations of Homo sapiens like Jabal Irhud were popping up all over Africa.
17:48We once believed in a single origin.
17:51A sole cradle of humanity in East Africa.
17:56But our story is far richer and more interesting.
18:05The latest evidence suggests we emerged gradually, across thousands of miles.
18:12And over hundreds of thousands of years.
18:15And over hundreds of years.
18:23Appearing bit by bit.
18:28Like a series of sparks.
18:33Igniting across the African continent.
18:45And yet, Homo sapiens could have easily vanished without trace.
18:54Because just as we were finding our place in the world.
19:02Something threatened to wipe us out altogether.
19:12It's in East Africa's Great Rift Valley that we can trace the next chapter of our story.
19:24This dynamic landscape holds some of the clearest evidence of the forces that set our species on a radically new
19:34path.
19:44When they say the Great Rift Valley of East Africa is a dramatic place, they're not kidding.
19:51I mean, look at it. I can literally hear it bubbling behind me.
19:56And it's the result of a geological process that sees three tectonic plates tearing away from each other.
20:03Which results in a dynamic landscape.
20:10And even though this part doesn't look that hospitable, it has been a home to people for a very long
20:17time.
20:23This is one of the most fossil rich regions in Africa.
20:30Its unusual geology has not only preserved human remains.
20:36But also offers a glimpse into the forces that drove our evolution.
20:47So within the lake beds here, if you dig deep, you can actually extract sediment cores.
20:55Now, one here in Ethiopia was about 280 metres deep.
21:00So that represents over 600,000 years.
21:04And within that sediment, it's a bit like a time machine.
21:08Because bits of ancient environment are trapped.
21:14By analysing these sediment layers, scientists have uncovered a window into the world some of the earliest Homo sapiens were
21:25living in.
21:28The information from those sediment cores has been collated into this graph.
21:32And when you zoom out, it actually paints a really interesting picture.
21:35Because for the first 300,000 years, you see a period of relative climate stability.
21:41But then, around 275,000 years ago, something shifts.
21:47And we see a period of fluctuations, volatility between humid and arid periods in a way that just wasn't happening
21:56before.
21:56Now, East and West Africa are linked in a kind of climate seesaw.
22:01So when one is humid, the other is arid and vice versa.
22:10Over thousands of years, wild climate swings engulfed Africa.
22:19Plunging fledgling populations of Homo sapiens into a world of extremes.
22:47Ecosystems were destroyed.
22:56Ecosystems were destroyed.
22:59Ecosystems were destroyed.
23:05Ecosystems were destroyed.
23:06Ecosystems were destroyed.
23:06Ecosystems were destroyed.
23:08Ecosystems were destroyed.
23:11Ecosystems were destroyed.
23:12Ecosystems were destroyed.
23:14Ecosystems were destroyed.
23:14Ecosystems were destroyed.
23:15Ecosystems were destroyed.
23:18Ecosystems were destroyed.
23:19Ecosystems were destroyed.
23:19Ecosystems were destroyed.
23:21Ecosystems were destroyed.
23:21Ecosystems were destroyed.
23:22Ecosystems were destroyed.
23:23Ecosystems were destroyed.
23:25against relentless change.
23:37I do think that when we look at these zoomed-out graphs,
23:41we sometimes make a vital error.
23:43We forget to zoom back in.
23:45After all, human evolution is about humans.
23:48There are people like you and me
23:50experiencing the peaks and troughs of those graphs.
23:58People who are suddenly facing droughts or flash floods
24:01or perhaps the disappearance of a food source.
24:12Entire communities
24:17found themselves isolated.
24:27Some populations dwindled.
24:40The ones who couldn't adapt died out.
25:07This struggle for survival could have wiped Homo sapiens out altogether.
25:18But it didn't.
25:20It had the opposite effect.
25:23It drove us forward.
25:25It was unexpected.
25:32Under pressure, isolated populations learned new skills.
25:48Those who could adapt and innovate had a better chance of survival.
25:58Then as the climate changed, groups came back together.
26:02They shared skills, and crucially, they interbred.
26:12Passing beneficial traits onto their children, it was a process that began to change us permanently.
26:29The people who survived emerged stronger than ever.
27:02Today, most of us lived here.
27:03in towns and cities and so the reality of being affected by the climate as a
27:12result of being a nomadic person kind of escapes us we've actually got a really
27:16good example here with the Afar people they are nomadic and so they get pushed
27:24and pulled around the landscape and it would have been very similar with our
27:29ancestors but actually in a more extreme fashion these different groups as they
27:37were moving around would have at times met and when they did they would have of
27:41course shared skills and knowledge and DNA it was this mixing of groups that
27:51ultimately brought us closer to becoming the homo sapiens we are today
28:02our origins as a species are so much more complicated and dynamic involving not
28:08just East Africa but the whole of the African continent Africa was a continent
28:15rich in diversity and climate acted as a sort of catalyst blending these various
28:22groups together and so we were formed as a result of a mosaic of these different
28:29populations across Africa it was our diversity our resilience in the face of
28:37climate change it shaped us our minds and our bodies and transformed us into a new
28:44new and evolved human
28:54we all carry an echo of what happened in Africa at this pivotal moment
29:05because what happened then changed us forever
29:20what began as diverse scattered populations
29:29in the face of adversity came together
29:37propelling us to become one stronger smarter species
29:43propelling us to become one stronger smarter species
30:04this is a museum that houses some of the most important fossils in the human story
30:13and one of those fossils is herto one easily one of the most significant homo sapiens fossils
30:20that has ever been found and that's because this individual is one of the very first in our lineage that
30:28we can describe as an anatomically modern human
30:31it's physical characteristics and traits are overwhelmingly similar to those of yours and mine
30:38and if you look at this individual compared to Javel Oroj look how rounded it is
30:45some people have put forward this intriguing idea that perhaps the shape of the skull reflects a change in brain
30:57organization
30:58this process of globularization has been linked to language skills and coordination
31:05and it is really exciting to consider this change in shape reflects a really significant shift
31:16in the way that homo sapiens were starting to think
31:26these larger reorganized brains
31:29these larger reorganized brains
31:29had slowly but surely
31:30opened a gap between homo sapiens
31:33and our ancestors
31:37but it wasn't only the size and shape of our brains
31:40that set us apart
31:44one of the lines of evidence for this
31:46are actually the teeth
31:47now scientists have discovered that if you look very closely at the teeth what you find
31:51are very fine lines called perichimata
31:54that represent about a week in the life of an individual
31:57so that means you can count how long an individual has been alive
32:02a bit like tree rings
32:04and so if you look at a homo erectus individual
32:08and compare it to say a homo sapiens living today
32:13our species takes an incredibly long time to get to sexual maturity
32:21from the lines in their teeth
32:22we know that homo sapiens children were growing up much more slowly than earlier humans
32:34the thinking behind it is that we needed a really long time to learn how to use these brains of
32:43ours
32:47and the longer that you exist in childhood the longer you have to learn
32:57and so this thing that is a real headache to so many parents out there today
33:02that our children take so long to become fully formed
33:07that might actually be a huge key to our success
33:17we organize minds and longer childhoods
33:21our brains and bodies had evolved
33:29at last we were homo sapiens who physically looked like us
33:39what you might call sapiens 2.0
33:52it was some of these anatomically modern homo sapiens
33:56that began to step out into the wider world
34:01but beyond africa was already home to other humans
34:09neanderthals had spread across central asia and europe
34:16other parts of asia were populated by multiple species
34:21including homo erectus
34:30and there is evidence in the middle east of an early group of homo sapiens
34:40who followed in the footsteps of these other human species
34:52i do love thinking about those huge moments in our history
34:56like when homo sapiens first left africa
34:59it was a massive achievement
35:02even though they would have had no idea of the significance of it
35:07and it's amazing to think that it happened so early on in our story
35:11but it's in the levant that i think things get really interesting
35:19evidence has been uncovered of a community of homo sapiens living in caves
35:25in what is now israel
35:32and it's in this place they would have encountered something unexpected
35:40there is one mountain called mark carmel
35:42where one cave called school has been found with homo sapiens
35:48and another cave on the same mountain called taboon cave has been found with neanderthal individuals
35:58and these two peoples were living at the same time
36:02it is kind of wonderful to think about
36:12and of course the neanderthals were not an african species they were used to living outside of africa
36:18whereas for us this was still very very new
36:27two species sharing the same mountain
36:32we don't know if they interacted
36:40but we do know that while neanderthals remained in the region
36:45all traces of this group of homo sapiens vanished
36:53their bloodline died out completely
37:01what is most fascinating about these homo sapiens isn't who they met
37:07it isn't even what they achieved
37:09it's that all of these early dispersals failed
37:14we know from genetic evidence
37:16that those homo sapiens are not the ones who would go on to ultimately populate the planet
37:31this failed migration was a stark reminder of our fragility
37:45these people looked like us
37:48but there was something missing
37:58because what really defines our species isn't how we look
38:03it's not even the size of our brains
38:08it's something else altogether
38:19it's something else altogether
38:20while these early migrants vanished
38:27populations in africa thrived
38:31displaying that special essence that makes us who we are
38:57a way of thinking and behaving that would set homo sapiens apart
39:11and some of the earliest traces of it can be found in this remote cave in Botswana
39:27this is a very large natural outcrop
39:32and as you can see goes on and on
39:35it's seven metres long
39:38the front has a natural slit for a mouth
39:43and a natural depression for an eye
39:45and even if you want to go that far
39:48a nostril up at the front
39:50with the head rearing up
39:52it does
39:54in modern eyes
39:55look like a snake
40:02the overall form has been altered
40:06to make it look even more snake like
40:11there are over 300 indentations
40:15that have been ground into the surface
40:18over what is obviously an extended period of time
40:22when the initial excavations were conducted
40:25they absolutely revealed a number of questions
40:31one of the things they found was an extremely large number of tools that appeared to be manufactured and then
40:40just left there in pristine condition
40:42these look gorgeous
40:43I mean they're absolutely stunning
40:44once they were manufactured then you did one of three things with it
40:48you either manufactured it perfectly and just left it
40:53or more interestingly you burnt it
41:01but not burnt to just like throwing it in a bonfire
41:10it's control burning
41:15and the third and most bizarre thing that they did with them
41:19is
41:20they made it
41:22manufactured it
41:23perfectly
41:25and when they were finished
41:26turned it over smashed it in the middle
41:29these are offerings aren't they
41:31yeah
41:31the only thing that makes sense the best fit
41:35is that they're sacrifices, they're offerings
41:38they're not doing it for fun
41:39they feel that coming up and doing this act
41:43that would satisfy
41:45some kind of a need
41:47some kind of a wish
41:49some kind of a desire
41:55although it's absolutely magnificent during the daytime
42:00it comes to life at night
42:11we can't speak to these people
42:13but this
42:15this whole place
42:17it gets us so much closer
42:19to what they were thinking
42:21what was going on inside
42:22we had always had the impression
42:24that this type of abstract thinking
42:28would have been beyond
42:31the ancestors at that time
42:33and now we definitely have evidence
42:34that that was absolutely wrong
42:36that they obviously had the ability to hold
42:40abstract thought
42:42you make an offering
42:43and hope for something back
42:45asking for probably some of the things that we would ask for
42:48food, health, children, etc. etc. and you just think
42:54oh my gosh
42:55that's some of the
42:57that's some of the earliest
42:59behaviour
43:01that we know so well
43:10some believe the people who performed these rituals
43:13must have been holding abstract ideas in their heads
43:18imagining things they couldn't see
43:22a clue their minds were sparking and forming connections in a new way
43:33when I see this
43:35this is what moves me
43:37because this
43:39is who we are
43:41in a way that feels
43:42more us
43:44than bones
43:51see
43:52it is so familiar to us
43:55we know this behaviour
43:56this is ritual
43:57whether it is religion
43:59and spirituality
44:00or things like the handshake
44:02or birthdays, graduation ceremonies
44:05Burning Man, Glastonbury, New Year's Eve
44:07we are as a species
44:09obsessed with ritual
44:11it is profoundly
44:13and fundamentally
44:14homo sapiens behaviour
44:16it's us, we know it
44:25it is
44:27it was as if
44:28they were able to see
44:30beyond the tangible
44:31they were thinking beyond
44:33what was just in front of them
44:36they were venturing
44:38into the unknown
44:40and into the unseen
44:53behaviour like this
44:55marked a new chapter
44:56in our species story
45:01our minds were awakening
45:05opening up to a world of possibility
45:13this wasn't confined to ritual
45:16it touched every part
45:19of our lives
45:20this wasn't confined to ritual
45:38around 70,000 years ago
45:41new weapons began appearing
45:43across southern Africa
45:51homo sapiens were using abstract thought
45:54to innovate
46:00inventing complex projectile weapons
46:03like the bow and arrow
46:10we were seeing the world
46:12not just as it was
46:14but as it could be
46:17it takes a lot to see the potential in a piece of wood
46:21projectile weapons were revolutionary technology for us humans
46:25because up until now
46:26we'd been using close-range hunting strategies
46:29which were less effective
46:32less lethal
46:33and yet more dangerous for the person holding the weapon
46:41for over 2 million years
46:44early humans mostly relied on axes and spears
46:52but homo sapiens
46:54imagined unseen forces
46:56like the power held
46:58in wood and string
47:07creating something entirely new
47:15if you look at this bow and arrow
47:17you can see how much knowledge is required
47:20you need to know where to get the wood for the bow
47:23you need to know about the glue
47:25you need to know how taught the string should be
47:28so many elements that require not just knowledge
47:31but the ability to pass that knowledge on
47:33something like this is not the result of one person's genius
47:37it's the result of many, many people
47:40over many generations
47:43inventing, reinventing, perfecting, tinkering
47:52we weren't just inventing
47:55we were adapting and expanding our knowledge
48:06human culture was becoming more complex
48:09that technology was exploding
48:11now many of us think that this is a result of something called cumulative culture
48:15the idea that you accumulate culture
48:18so every generation builds upon the previous generation's science and technology
48:29with cumulative culture
48:31with cumulative culture
48:32homo sapiens were becoming collectively smarter
48:34with every generation
48:39and as our numbers increased
48:41this was more powerful than any weapon
48:46a giant leap
48:48towards becoming the species we are today
49:05when was our species truly born?
49:11was it when we first appeared?
49:16or when we started to look like modern humans?
49:26or was it when our minds lit up?
49:32creating, inventing, and building on our knowledge
49:40each was a crucial step in our evolution
49:43each was a crucial step in our evolution
49:49but none would be possible without one special ingredient
50:03the glue that binds all of our achievements together
50:09it leaves no direct fossil evidence
50:12but we can find traces of it
50:15in some unexpected places
50:20in archaeology
50:22sometimes the smallest vines
50:25actually tell
50:26the grandest of stories
50:29these are
50:31tiny
50:33marine shells
50:34and shells like this have been found in caves in South Africa
50:37and they are
50:39just too small to have been collected for meat
50:42if you look really closely
50:44what you see
50:46is that they have holes in them
50:48now some of these were collected because they already had holes
50:51but others
50:51were perforated by homo sapiens
51:15a really close examination of the shells in these caves
51:19show that they had wear marks on them consistent with having been worn on them
51:33the body
51:35so that along with these holes in them
51:39well it's really easy to paint a picture of them having been strung
51:47and turned into jewellery
51:49and turned into jewellery
52:00these weren't just beads
52:02they were emblems
52:05symbols of value and meaning
52:09shared and understood
52:11by everyone
52:25they've been found with pigment on them
52:27and it's always the same coloured pigment
52:30it's red ochre
52:31even though ochre comes in yellow black and red
52:35it's always red
52:40perhaps
52:42you were trading them for
52:44food for goods
52:45perhaps you'd give them as some kind of a gift at a wedding
52:49perhaps they were just a sign of friendliness
52:51and you can also imagine that people would be wearing them to make themselves look good
52:56it would perhaps be a sign of prestige
53:09the making and sharing of these beads was one more sign our species had made another revolutionary leap
53:18the ability to pass on knowledge and technology
53:21sharing rituals and traditions
53:26all these things suggests homo sapiens were passing sophisticated ideas from one mind to another
53:36our species had unlocked the power of complex language
53:45the most remarkable thing about these shells
53:49is that they have been found not just in south africa
53:52but all over africa from the south all the way to the north in morocco and algeria
53:59not just along the coasts but all the way inland
54:05and that for me
54:08is so exciting
54:11because when you look at this
54:13you might think oh my god isn't that amazing
54:16humans have a kind of cultural expression that they never had before
54:27while earlier humans probably had basic language
54:34it's thought homo sapiens were speaking to each other in a more complex way
54:44weaving a shared culture
54:49and forging an invisible bond
54:51that united our species across the entire continent
55:02all over africa
55:04we understood
55:06the cultural symbolism of these beads
55:10somebody was telling you
55:12this shell is important
55:14not that shell
55:15red is important
55:17not the other colours
55:18we had an understanding
55:20that wasn't just you me and our three families
55:24you me and the village next door
55:26we had a kind of symbolism
55:28and understanding
55:29and interconnectedness
55:31that was continent-wide
55:35this has never happened before
55:39for me
55:41this is the birth of our species
55:50our species
55:51our species birth wasn't a single moment
55:54it unfolded over millennia
55:59complex language and our powerful shared culture
56:02finally set us apart
56:05from humans before us
56:10we had become one connected co-operative species
56:18we had become one connected co-operative species
56:20we had become homo sapiens
56:21the ancestors of us all
56:34sometimes in life things come together
56:37and this was a coming together for our species
56:42it was a perfect storm
56:45you had a change in brain
56:47you had language
56:48increased numbers
56:49increased connectivity
56:51cumulative culture
56:52better technology and weaponry
56:54and the right climate
56:56but
56:57through all of this
56:59there is a hidden thread
57:01our secret weapon
57:03is that we are
57:05a social co-operative species
57:07friendliness it turns out
57:10is our super power
57:11we are
57:13more than the sum of our parts
57:16whether it's ritual
57:18technology
57:18language
57:19all of it
57:20comes down to co-operation
57:23in my opinion
57:23and that's how
57:25you go from a species that started off
57:28feebly
57:30unremarkably
57:32to one
57:33that would become so extraordinary
57:36one ready
57:38to explore this planet
58:03next time
58:04we follow our ancestors
58:06as they spread beyond Africa
58:09in Australia
58:10taking on extreme environments
58:12no others could master
58:15travelling beyond the realm of another extraordinary species of human
58:21the Hobbit
58:23and eventually
58:25even reaching the distant land of Australia
58:28this year
58:28and many of them
58:33are the ones who need to help us
58:34in Australia
58:34all the way
58:34and that they will be
58:34you
58:34to come back to far
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