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00:00Let's go!
00:36Wages are the sum of money that the capitalist pays for a specific amount of work or for the
00:42provision of a specific task.
00:49I am very pleased to begin with this quote.
00:53As you know, we are celebrating the 200th anniversary of Marx's birth.
01:00For the past 100 years, the capitalist classes have constantly claimed that Marxism is obsolete.
01:10But it's interesting to note that in every crisis, the same people always invoke Marx.
01:22Some words are in such common use that we end up using them without questioning their meaning.
01:28Work, for example.
01:30Man has been working since the dawn of time.
01:32And since the Paleolithic era, the term "work" has constantly evolved.
01:37Today, it's a word that covers very different realities.
01:47According to Marx, work is a contribution of man for a determined period of time.
01:55More specifically, an exchange between man and nature to achieve a goal.
02:01It is both intellectual and physical.
02:09As a university professor, when I conduct research or teach courses,
02:16It is a physical and intellectual job.
02:22When farmers work in the fields, it is also a physical and intellectual activity for them.
02:31On the production line, workers use machines and produce objects
02:37They too work intellectually and physically.
02:46The French word "travail" (work) comes from "tripalium," so it refers more to an instrument of torture.
02:54whereas the English word "work" refers more to elements of creation.
03:01So either we see the effort, or we see the creation.
03:04but in both countries, we can clearly see, at least in both languages,
03:08the fundamental distinction in relation to a relationship situation
03:12where they seek to involve you in your act of production, that is to say, work.
03:19In fact, in the French language, the primary meaning of work is the pains of childbirth.
03:27She is a woman at work.
03:29So in this sense, we already have this profound ambivalence
03:32of an act which, at the same time, is the creative act par excellence
03:36and that is suffering, a suffering that men are exorcised of.
03:43And this meaning does not historically refer to specific skills or qualifications.
03:55Until, say, the advent of the industrial age,
04:01all those who used their knowledge and skills to provide services,
04:08We didn't say they worked, but that they were doing their part.
04:12And we also have, in the French word, ouvrier, it's œuvrier,
04:18He is the one who does the work.
04:20And he works by mobilizing knowledge and skills that he has incorporated within himself.
04:28Words are extremely important.
04:31Around 1980, the words changed.
04:35And we changed the way we perceived the world of work.
04:38For example, the workers disappeared.
04:41They became operators, installation managers,
04:45or airline pilots.
04:46And we were no longer talking about qualifications, but about missions and skills.
04:50We were no longer talking about a collective, but about air, zone, etc.
04:54And now, all these English words have arrived.
04:57but which drastically transformed the perception one could have
05:01of the reality of the working world.
05:03Everything related to business to business, scrum, agility, team building.
05:14Even in French, managers have become talents.
05:17We remove the entire prism through which public opinion views workers.
05:28In a contemporary society, at least one third of work is done outside of companies.
05:37For example, cleaning the house, raising children, cooking, etc.
05:44And it takes up a third of all working hours.
05:51We don't call it work because it's not paid.
05:54But if you hire someone to take care of your children,
05:58That's work, because there's a salary, money is paid.
06:06If you do it yourself, you are a parent and that's not called work.
06:11Marx does not mention the implications of this work at home.
06:18That's not a question for him.
06:20Even though he talks about social reproduction and family support,
06:24so that the worker can return to work every day.
06:31He or she needs to be supported by someone else in order to survive.
06:35And that's work too.
06:41The employee who is returning home, who worked behind her till in Paris,
06:47who takes an hour or more on the RER train to get home
06:54She will take care of her children.
06:57She will prepare dinner.
07:00It's work.
07:04It's work.
07:06Perhaps she will commit herself
07:07in his union.
07:10She's going to the union
07:12go and distribute leaflets,
07:15contribute to drafting motions.
07:18It's work.
07:20Or she will get herself elected politically.
07:22or she will join an association
07:25or an NGO,
07:27And it's work.
07:29I would even say that
07:33when I sometimes cross
07:34in elevators in the early morning,
07:38not infants,
07:40little ones that we take to daycare,
07:42They are beginning to learn about working hours.
07:45We take them out of bed every morning,
07:48And to our children, we will say
07:51"You will do well in school."
07:54Which does not prevent us, at the same time,
07:56to say that we are prohibiting work.
07:59This is one of the ILO rules.
08:00Child labor is prohibited.
08:02But we tell our children
08:03that it is important to work hard at school.
08:04So you see that around this notion of work,
08:09It's a little loose.
08:11Work, the problem, is the same as always.
08:13Is this what we are doing?
08:15To discuss words or things?
08:17And that's where the words are at the same time
08:20guidelines and support
08:22to guide us through things,
08:24and at the same time they can bother us.
08:26You have people talking about work,
08:28including for animals.
08:30After all, we do say it's painstaking work.
08:33So.
08:33And if we define work in a very, very broad sense
08:36as an activity designed to interact with its environment
08:42in order to modify it to meet some of his needs,
08:46Of course, work has always existed.
08:49And again, it's not even specific to human beings.
08:52However, what is specific to human beings,
08:54It's about having ideas about work
08:56And it's about having companies that organize this work.
09:00in a specific way.
09:02And from that point of view,
09:03the capitalist or modern form of work,
09:06That's for sure.
09:07It has not existed in all societies.
09:09So, I truly believe, yes.
09:10We must start from a somewhat disturbing observation,
09:15It's because there's a kind of silence.
09:17at least in my field, economics,
09:21And that's almost true for Marx as well.
09:24a silence on the content of the work.
09:27And here's something absolutely astounding,
09:29This is because work is perceived only in a negative way.
09:34In other words, to put it technically,
09:37There are only two sources of satisfaction,
09:40usefulness, in our jargon,
09:42for a human being when he is working,
09:46or when he is not working,
09:48It's about consumption and leisure.
09:52And so work is a waste of time.
09:55and fatigue.
09:57a source of disutility,
09:59but which is obviously useful.
10:00because that's what will allow us,
10:02to allow him to have a salary,
10:04who will finance his consumer spending.
10:08We don't work based on our salary.
10:12There is necessarily,
10:13in any professional activity,
10:15Therefore, in all work,
10:17the will to do something
10:20that makes sense for oneself and for others.
10:23Something, as they say for example
10:25the psychologist Yves Clot,
10:26in which we can recognize ourselves,
10:28and also in which one can be recognized
10:32for its own qualities.
10:34And we give of ourselves in a certain way.
10:37About ten or fifteen years ago,
10:40when there were major layoff plans,
10:42the workers, male or female, said
10:43"But I gave 20 years of my life to this company,"
10:47I gave 15 years, 30 years,
10:48And they chase me away like this.
10:50So we can clearly see that in their minds,
10:52it was not just the framework for an exchange.
10:54"I went there to work for a set period of time."
10:58and do what I was told to do for a salary.
11:00It's "No, I gave my life."
11:04An old girlfriend told me
11:06“When people claim that they don’t want to work,
11:10The best counter-argument is to look at the prisons.
11:15In many prisons,
11:17even those with high security
11:19where prisoners are not forced to work,
11:22It's a threat to take away their right to work.
11:31In fact, even hardened criminals
11:33prefer to clean the toilets
11:35or work in the library rather than loiter.
11:39Nobody wants to spend their day doing nothing.
11:41It's maddening.
11:45So, there you have it, Navelle describes
11:50a moment of bliss at work
11:52for an earthmover.
11:54You see, I think that's what we can consider
11:57as being truly the lowest end of the range
12:01in the provision of work.
12:03We need to work flexibly.
12:07monitor his movements.
12:09We don't handle the pickaxe well
12:11that if attention was paid to it.
12:14The earthmovers use it
12:15with minimal effort.
12:18Their actions are intelligent,
12:20well adjusted.
12:22To handle the shovel without excessive fatigue,
12:25to do the same task every day,
12:27requires skill.
12:29When it must reject from the earth
12:31from a very deep trench,
12:33There are no earthmovers.
12:35who do not rejoice at his shovel throw.
12:39From the repetition of the same effort
12:41a rhythm, a cadence is born
12:43where the body finds its fullness.
12:46It's not easier
12:48to throw the shovel properly
12:50than launching a disc.
12:52Before fatigue sets in,
12:53if the soil is good,
12:55slides well, sings on the shovel,
12:57at least an hour ago
12:59during the day
13:00where the body is happy.
13:03So, I'm not saying
13:05that the work of the earthmover,
13:07This is the unsurpassable ideal.
13:09of salaried work.
13:11But what I want to say firmly,
13:13even in the most mundane work,
13:16even in the workplace
13:17that we, myself, intellectuals,
13:20I would tend to look down on him.
13:21There are things that need to be said.
13:25Yes, there is, as Navel says,
13:28moments of bliss.
13:30So, the most beautiful definition
13:32which was given to my sense of work,
13:34I found it.
13:35it is in the writings on science
13:37by Simone Veil,
13:38"I'm talking about the philosopher."
13:40who says,
13:41"It is through work
13:43that reason seizes the world
13:45and seizes hold of the wild imagination.
13:49So, this definition
13:51shows this dual function
13:53human labor
13:55which is a function
13:56of world transformation
13:58but also of domestication
14:01of self-control.
14:04That is why,
14:05deprived of entire generations
14:07from work experience,
14:09that condemns them to irrationality
14:10and prepare for a deadly future.
14:15In the 19th century,
14:17Capitalism transforms work
14:19in merchandise.
14:20At first glance,
14:22it seems surprising
14:23that labor be a commodity.
14:26To understand,
14:28it is therefore essential
14:29to determine the exact nature
14:31of this merchandise.
14:35Historically,
14:36the work was not designed
14:39like a commodity.
14:42The work was first designed
14:47such as the way to survive,
14:53the way to ensure subsistence
14:55needs.
14:59Since even for harvesting,
15:02It requires work.
15:07So, labor as a commodity
15:11will impose itself with what we have called
15:14salaried employment,
15:16what we're going to call
15:17the development process
15:19which will gradually isolate
15:23and the worker
15:25of these work tools.
15:30And what's very interesting,
15:33it's about seeing that at the time
15:36where I am speaking to you,
15:38in many parts of the world,
15:40particularly in Africa
15:42work is not necessarily
15:44perceived as a commodity.
15:47because my grandfather
15:49who goes into his field
15:51The morning,
15:52who cultivates,
15:54He works for his livelihood.
15:57He doesn't work.
15:59Often not even that.
16:00for a market.
16:02I remember a conversation
16:03that I had with a man
16:04who meant a lot to me,
16:06with whom I had a friendly relationship,
16:09Jean-Pierre Vernon,
16:12and of which we know
16:13that he thought about it a lot
16:16instead of work
16:17in ancient Greece.
16:19And by going against
16:21clichés
16:22who say that the Greeks
16:24had a general contempt
16:25work, etc.
16:28And I remember
16:29having asked him one day
16:30"But your plowman"
16:32who pushes his plow,
16:35the Greek peasant,
16:37I'm not talking about the slave,
16:38the free worker,
16:39What does it mean to him?
16:41Then he had thought about it,
16:42he told me
16:43"Something like a prayer,
16:47I am part of a vital environment.
16:51in forces beyond my control
16:53I work and I hope to find there
16:57the means of my survival.
17:00Afterwards, you can have discussions
17:02regarding the specific dates,
17:05But what we know overall,
17:08that's what we've gone through
17:10of a regime
17:12said the savage state,
17:16the community state
17:17And then civilization.
17:22And in civilization,
17:24you are going to have
17:25the slave system,
17:28the feudal system
17:29and then the rather capitalist system.
17:32So I think it's at the level
17:34of the construction
17:36of the capitalist system
17:37that commodification
17:39will be clear.
17:41Because capitalism,
17:44by its very nature
17:44it's going to be private appropriation
17:46means of production.
17:49And at that moment,
17:50the work will clearly
17:52a means of production
17:54with a price
17:56and the terms and conditions
17:58exercise.
18:03Actually,
18:04it took an enormous amount of time
18:06to define the work
18:07like a commodity.
18:10Moses Finley,
18:11a true classic
18:12he emphasized it.
18:12There are many expressions
18:14such as "selling one's time".
18:16The boss said
18:18"You are here for a time,
18:19even if you have finished,
18:21"Keep going and keep working."
18:22"My time, your time"
18:26It's a strange concept.
18:27but it's essential
18:28to understand
18:29how the work
18:30becomes a commodity.
18:32Look at the Romans
18:33or the Greeks.
18:34If you had spoken to them
18:36to buy time,
18:37they would have looked at you
18:38like a madman.
18:41The first thing
18:42which must be clearly understood,
18:43that's the treatment
18:45work
18:45like a commodity
18:47is directly linked
18:49to this design
18:51purely negative
18:53work
18:54as being
18:55a source of disutility.
18:57If the work
18:58becomes
19:01even fleetingly
19:02or partially
19:03or temporarily
19:04or in certain parts
19:06time
19:07a source of satisfaction,
19:09usefulness,
19:11so we can't anymore
19:12use completely
19:13a commercial approach.
19:16What is a commodity?
19:21That could be a good thing,
19:23one thing,
19:24an object
19:25or a product service
19:26to earn an income.
19:30A commodity
19:32is not necessarily stored.
19:34It could be
19:35a service provision.
19:38Accordingly,
19:40when someone exchanges
19:41his time
19:41to earn an income,
19:43his work becomes
19:45a commodity.
19:46But we need to argue our point.
19:48in a still
19:49more precise.
19:51The merchandise
19:52which I am talking about,
19:53It's the workforce.
19:54To quote a great scientist,
19:57Karl Marx,
19:58he established
19:59a clear difference
20:00between work
20:01and workforce.
20:05Yes, that's a good point.
20:11Marx distinguishes
20:12the work
20:13and the workforce.
20:21The workforce
20:23is your ability
20:25to do one thing.
20:28What the capitalist
20:30buys from workers
20:31is sealed
20:33by contract.
20:35It concerns
20:36the capacity
20:37to work
20:38for a capitalist
20:39a given time.
20:43If I hire
20:46a plumber
20:47to a worker
20:48independent,
20:49I pay for it
20:50regarding what has been done,
20:52for his work.
20:53But when a capitalist
20:57hire someone,
20:58it's something
20:59incomplete.
21:00I need to hire
21:01someone
21:02and I will try
21:04to draw from it
21:05the maximum.
21:08it's not necessarily
21:10what the worker
21:12wanna.
21:12SO,
21:13there is a conflict
21:14between the employer
21:15and the employee.
21:17This conflict
21:18is obvious
21:19when we understand
21:20that it is a force
21:21work
21:21that the employer
21:23paid.
21:25This conflict
21:26between employer
21:27and employee
21:28is truly
21:29in the center
21:30of the analysis
21:31Marxist.
21:32He is also
21:33in the center
21:34of the operation
21:34of production
21:38capitalist.
21:39So that the work
21:40either a commodity,
21:41it has to be
21:42abstract work,
21:44exactly.
21:45It has to be
21:48a force
21:49who does not have
21:51a particular quality.
21:53It has to be
21:54a force
21:55which applies,
21:57in my opinion,
21:59capital
21:59and consequently
22:00to the large company.
22:03So that he becomes
22:04a commodity,
22:05he needs to be able to
22:05to be bought.
22:06So that he can
22:07to be bought,
22:08he needs to be able to
22:08to be quantified.
22:09And this quantification,
22:12it will be necessary
22:13that she
22:13historically constructed
22:16quantified
22:16either to the task,
22:17either at the time
22:18work.
22:19And that's the price.
22:20that we will be able to
22:21get a job
22:23in its pure form
22:24which will be appropriable
22:26by a person
22:27that we will be able to
22:28call the capitalist
22:30and capitalist
22:31Who will pay?
22:32something
22:33which looks like
22:36to what we will call
22:37with economists
22:39classics,
22:40what we're going to call
22:40a factor of production.
22:41That's very interesting.
22:43That too,
22:43it's built
22:44the concept of factor
22:45production
22:45and therefore work
22:46merchandise.
22:48Abstract work,
22:50the workforce,
22:51has become
22:51a commodity.
22:53It will take 60 years
22:54to conceptualize
22:55its market.
22:56The greatest economists
22:58will be called upon to contribute,
23:00Walras or Marshall,
23:02For example.
23:04However, today,
23:06some doubt
23:07that the concept
23:08be relevant
23:09to describe
23:09contemporary reality.
23:12It's really
23:14a little more
23:19It is true
23:20that the term
23:21labor market
23:22is quite unpleasant.
23:27We have to sell ourselves
23:28in a market.
23:33Those who sold themselves
23:35in this market
23:38had the feeling
23:39that it was not
23:40a pleasant experience.
23:48realistic representation
23:50of the labor market
23:51is absolutely not
23:53a representation
23:54which lends itself
23:56to a treatment
23:57in terms
23:57supply curves
23:58and requests
23:59as in the markets
24:00organized,
24:00as on the stock market
24:02which was the great image
24:03taken by Walras
24:05when he started
24:06to formalize
24:07the theory
24:08of general equilibrium.
24:09In reality,
24:10it's something
24:11of everything...
24:11The labor market
24:12is something
24:13extraordinarily special.
24:14You have
24:16enormous molecules
24:17who are the companies
24:21who embrace
24:23the overwhelming majority
24:25labor transactions.
24:27And you have
24:28Effectively
24:29people
24:30who are outside
24:32who are either inactive
24:34but who want to return
24:35in the labor market
24:36or who are unemployed.
24:38And so,
24:39what is called
24:40but in a way
24:41very obscure
24:42Ultimately,
24:43especially if we have
24:45the image of the market
24:46supply and demand
24:46at the top,
24:47what is called
24:48the labor market,
24:49In reality,
24:51It's a...
24:52The right image
24:53would be the
24:53of a train station hall.
24:55That's to say,
24:56there are people
24:57who are in the room
24:57waiting
24:59but who are waiting
25:00their train
25:00or who hope
25:01power to take
25:01a train
25:02and then there are people
25:03who board the train
25:03to get to the destination
25:04but in the end
25:06of this job
25:06they will take some
25:07another.
25:08And the labor market
25:10In fact,
25:10it's the traffic
25:13traffic
25:14flows
25:15between them.
25:17SO,
25:17we can group together
25:18all companies
25:19existing
25:20in a...
25:21You see,
25:21a large subset
25:23which we will call
25:23employees
25:25but there is another
25:26subset
25:27who is unemployed
25:27who is,
25:28Thank God,
25:29smaller
25:29and then another
25:30subset
25:30which is called
25:31inactive.
25:33That's a question
25:35that I always ask
25:37to my students.
25:38Are you
25:39already been to the market
25:40Work?
25:41And they answer me
25:42What do you mean?
25:45A labor market,
25:49It's a metaphor.
25:50that economists
25:52academics
25:52tend to use
25:54to describe
25:54a mythical relationship
25:56offers
25:56and requests
25:57where the work
25:58is sold
25:59bought.
26:00The loan of labor,
26:02the salary,
26:03is adjusted
26:03according to the offer
26:04and the related request.
26:09But who experiences this?
26:11Does this exist?
26:15It's extremely marginal.
26:20There might be one
26:22for day laborers.
26:26But most people
26:27apply to companies
26:29which offer jobs,
26:31jobs,
26:32jobs.
26:33There is a structure
26:34fixed salary.
26:36If they are accepted,
26:39a relationship is established
26:40continues
26:41between employees
26:42and employers.
26:45I can't find
26:46I can't find
26:48that this corresponds
26:49to the model
26:50of the offer
26:50and demand
26:51that economists
26:52apply
26:53approximately
26:54anything.
26:57Yes yes.
26:58The labor market,
27:00It's a theoretical fiction.
27:02It's a theoretical fiction
27:04and someone like Keynes,
27:06John Maynard Keynes,
27:08explains it very well
27:10speaking about this market.
27:12He says the market assumes
27:14supply and demand
27:17people
27:18who are free,
27:20free
27:20to conduct transactions
27:22or not to do
27:23of transactions.
27:25And so,
27:26for the classics
27:27and the neoclassicals,
27:28especially, moreover
27:29the neoclassicals
27:29and the classics,
27:31the salary,
27:32that's the price
27:33work
27:35and the level of employment
27:38in a society,
27:39it's the quantity
27:40work
27:41globally.
27:43And Keynes said,
27:45attention,
27:45the one who offers his work,
27:48the potential worker,
27:50He has no choice.
27:52He works or he dies.
27:55SO,
27:56you cannot speak
27:57market
27:58when on one side of the market,
28:00you have people
28:01who have no choice.
28:04The one who asks for the job,
28:06the entrepreneur,
28:07he has a choice
28:08to hire
28:09or not to hire.
28:11But he who offers his labor,
28:14He has no choice.
28:16And so,
28:17Keynes's intelligence,
28:19that is to say,
28:21you want to talk
28:22market
28:22because
28:24you want
28:24to assume,
28:26without saying
28:28explicitly,
28:29violence
28:30of the capitalist system.
28:32this speech
28:33must
28:35necessarily
28:35to come
28:36to produce
28:37this category
28:37market
28:38work
28:39for the reason
28:40ideological
28:42Who
28:44presides
28:45for all uses
28:45from the word market
28:46and who are
28:47reasons
28:48of widespread denial
28:50of conflict
28:51specific to economic exchanges.
28:53and all the more so
28:54in the sphere
28:55work
28:55Who,
28:57in mode
28:57production
28:58capitalist,
29:00fundamentally rests
29:01on the mechanisms
29:03blackmail
29:04to material survival,
29:06of the socket
29:07hostages
29:08by ownership
29:08unilateral
29:09resources
29:09production,
29:11so, currencies
29:12who are
29:14intrinsically
29:14violent
29:15and who,
29:16In this respect,
29:17were
29:18a denial
29:19particularly
29:20spectacular,
29:20in the right proportion
29:22violence
29:23things
29:24to deny.
29:25SO,
29:25obviously,
29:27In this case,
29:28the category
29:29labor market
29:30did perfectly
29:31the case.
29:31As there is
29:32the market
29:33at Poir-William,
29:35well,
29:36there is the market
29:37Or
29:38kind people
29:40entrepreneurs
29:41offer
29:42to kind people
29:42employees
29:43what
29:45to employ oneself,
29:46to come true
29:47so that
29:49all,
29:50brothers,
29:51participate
29:51to a large
29:52collective work.
29:53Globally,
29:54That's it
29:55the story
29:56which is being told.
29:57But anyway,
29:58those concerned
29:59know their worth.
30:01It's enough
30:02to ask them
30:02the question,
30:03Besides.
30:04Capital
30:05and salaried employment
30:06are opposed.
30:07Two forces
30:08antagonists.
30:09The imbalance
30:10is obvious.
30:11The capitalist
30:12control the means
30:13production.
30:14The employee
30:15does not possess
30:16that its strength
30:16work.
30:18Thanks to the contribution
30:19from the trade union movement
30:20labor law
30:21it gradually
30:22constituted
30:23to rebalance
30:24the relationship
30:24between capital
30:25and work.
30:29It is a material
30:30exciting
30:31labor law.
30:33Why is it so exciting?
30:35Because
30:37that's the result
30:39of the collision
30:40of the legal order
30:42with
30:44mutations
30:45scientists
30:45and techniques
30:46without equal
30:47in history
30:47that intervene
30:48the 19th century.
30:49The conditions
30:50life
30:50workers
30:51of the peasant
30:5218th-century French
30:54were not very
30:54different
30:55of those
30:55of the peasant
30:56Roman.
30:57And then comes
30:59the revolution
31:00technical
31:01and which is upsetting
31:03at some point
31:04obviously
31:05all the balances
31:07acquired.
31:07And we invent
31:08a right
31:09which will allow
31:10to survive
31:12to this shock
31:13and even
31:13as much as possible
31:14to make it
31:16beneficial
31:16for a more
31:18large part
31:18of the population.
31:19In order
31:20ancient,
31:21we thought
31:21that there was
31:21an order
31:21justice
31:22who was registered
31:23in the laws
31:23and then
31:25the right
31:26had the function
31:27to enforce
31:28as much as he was
31:28possible
31:29this order.
31:30With the right
31:31work
31:31appears
31:31a new
31:32idea of justice
31:33who is no longer
31:34defined a priori.
31:37Let's say
31:38what is
31:39just in the report
31:40wage exchange?
31:42Well
31:42so that this justice
31:43come what may,
31:44there must be
31:44a balance
31:45forces.
31:46And it's through play
31:48of the conflict
31:49and negotiation
31:51that we're going to have
31:52a definition
31:53tentatively
31:54of social justice,
31:56tentatively
31:57and scalable.
31:57And we saw
31:59in the large
32:00manufactures
32:01then in the large
32:02companies
32:03masses
32:04important
32:05of workers,
32:06female workers
32:07or employees
32:08to be defended
32:11by organizations
32:12trade unions
32:13which
32:13They agreed.
32:14And the right
32:16work,
32:16that's the result
32:18of a mobilization
32:20from
32:21workers
32:22who are aware
32:23to commit
32:24in their work
32:24when they enter
32:25in a company.
32:26They commit
32:26truly
32:27in a job
32:28and so
32:29the necessity
32:31in return
32:31from
32:32of the employer
32:33to guarantee them
32:34conditions
32:35work
32:35that ensure
32:38that there is no
32:39alteration
32:40their health
32:41physical and mental
32:43and then
32:43that they can
32:44to have certainties
32:45regarding stability
32:47For example
32:47their job
32:49and their
32:51remuneration.
32:51So the right
32:53it's the reflection
32:54somehow
32:55battles
32:56which were conducted
32:56by the organizations
32:59trade unions
32:59and thanks to the mobilization
33:00workers
33:01to obtain
33:03protective measures
33:03guarantees
33:04and it became
33:06the labor code.
33:08Labor law
33:09will allow
33:10to render
33:11humanly livable
33:12technological progress.
33:14It's a technique
33:15of humanization
33:16techniques
33:16in that sense.
33:18So that's
33:19a first imperative
33:21physical security
33:22who next
33:24will develop
33:25in economic security.
33:28We must ensure
33:29that even
33:30if it is loaded
33:30family
33:31he can also
33:32raising children
33:33that's of interest
33:34Understood
33:34of the employers' association.
33:37that if he is sick
33:39he will survive
33:40anyway
33:40to his illness.
33:43That's all
33:44a section
33:45labor law
33:46it's about ensuring
33:47long time
33:48of human life
33:50to make possible
33:52a short time
33:53markets
33:54where we do
33:54as if
33:54It was a commodity.
33:56You see.
33:58Another aspect
33:59labor law
34:00that's
34:01which
34:03justifie
34:03the market
34:04That's the idea
34:05of contract.
34:07the market
34:07this is the place
34:08meeting
34:08of the offer
34:08and demand
34:09which are tied
34:09in a contract
34:12and that's the contract
34:13who fixes
34:14the law
34:15of the exchange
34:16between
34:17time
34:18work
34:18and salary.
34:21But
34:21we are well aware
34:23of asymmetry
34:25contractors
34:27in the case
34:27of the contract
34:27work
34:28since there is one
34:29then
34:30Marx
34:30there is one
34:32who has capital
34:33and then the other
34:34has nothing
34:34that his own
34:35workforce
34:36he is the proletarian
34:37therefore the right
34:38work
34:39will intervene
34:39to restore
34:40a certain balance
34:42negotiation
34:44conditions
34:45contractual
34:46of the exchange
34:46and this recovery
34:48is done
34:49through recognition
34:50collective freedom
34:51that's to say
34:51on an individual level
34:53this equality
34:54does not exist
34:55She is nowhere to be found.
34:56we will try
34:57to restore it
34:57at a collective level
34:59assuming
35:01the organization
35:02collective
35:03shapes
35:04action
35:05collective
35:05and the negotiation
35:06collective
35:07those are the three
35:07pillars
35:08law
35:08collective
35:09work
35:12we practice
35:13a certain
35:13number of rights
35:15particularly
35:16the right
35:16work
35:18you cannot
35:19not to do
35:20all that
35:20you want
35:21with your
35:22employee
35:23with your slave
35:25you had a right
35:26about his life
35:27you had the right
35:28to kill your slave
35:30in the Middle Ages
35:32the lords
35:33feudal lords
35:33had greenhouses
35:35that they could
35:35punish physically
35:36or even kill them
35:38So there is
35:39a difference
35:40fundamental
35:41between work
35:42modern employee
35:43and serfdom
35:44or slavery
35:45antique
35:48in a society
35:50illuminated
35:50like ours
35:51it is necessary
35:52to watch
35:53to respect
35:53of our rights
35:54and simultaneously
35:56reject
35:56the argument
35:57that the competition
35:58world
35:59would require it
36:00a reduction
36:01This is unacceptable
36:05In fact
36:06It is
36:07it's in the field
36:08law
36:08work
36:09that
36:10neoliberalism
36:11has
36:12the impact
36:14the most important
36:15because
36:16neoliberalism
36:17among other things
36:18things
36:19a speech
36:20on the law
36:21and of the same
36:22the way it is
36:23a speech
36:23on the company
36:24that's to say
36:25that we will try
36:25to save
36:28the company
36:29we will also
36:30to try
36:31to save
36:33the right
36:33What does that mean?
36:35save the law
36:36and therefore in particular
36:38labor law
36:39that means
36:40that
36:41the right
36:43who could have
36:45be considered
36:46For example
36:47like an agent
36:48protection
36:50individuals
36:51here
36:52he will have to
36:53to be used
36:54as a way
36:56to maximize
36:59competition
37:00SO
37:01we will make sure
37:03whether we are
37:06In fact
37:07in a right
37:10who has
37:10First of all
37:12a vocation
37:13to produce
37:14economic efficiency
37:16the right
37:17is not here
37:18In fact
37:18to allow
37:21social justice
37:22the neoliberals
37:24Hayek first and foremost
37:26wrote
37:27at length
37:28based on the idea
37:29that social justice
37:30is a
37:31mirage
37:32and that
37:33it's related
37:33to the more general idea
37:35that the company
37:36the social
37:37does not exist
37:38it does not exist
37:40for reason
37:42exterior
37:43who should
37:45decide
37:46such
37:47situation
37:48is more accurate
37:49than such other
37:49situation
37:50and there is no
37:52no mechanism
37:55democratic
37:56or not
37:56who can
37:57to ensure
37:58that
37:59such
38:00allocation
38:01is more accurate
38:02than another
38:02So we evacuate
38:03completely
38:04the concept
38:05of a justice
38:06social
38:07justice
38:08allocative
38:09justice
38:11distributive
38:11to the benefit
38:13of a single type
38:14justice
38:15who is justice
38:16procedural
38:18what is this
38:19that justice
38:20procedural
38:21procedural justice
38:22That's the idea
38:23that
38:23if all the agents
38:25if all the actors
38:27agree
38:29For
38:31contract
38:33SO
38:33everything that
38:35could result
38:36of this contract
38:37is just
38:39if
38:40we are all
38:42All right
38:42to play
38:43the economic game
38:44but that this game
38:45economic
38:46it makes certain
38:47people in
38:48the economy
38:48very very poor
38:50and others
38:51people in
38:52the economy
38:52very very rich
38:54we don't go back
38:55not on it
38:56the right
38:57is only
38:58a right
38:59who must
39:02organize
39:03the rules
39:03of the game
39:04we always had
39:05think
39:06that it was necessary
39:07respect
39:08his word
39:08it is an element
39:09fundamental
39:11the force
39:11speech
39:12data
39:14that's what they say
39:15in Latin
39:15pacta
39:16sunt
39:17servanda
39:20And
39:21economic analysis
39:22said
39:22well yes
39:23but
39:24let's take a case
39:25I promised you
39:26of you
39:27deliver a drug
39:30For
39:30a value
39:31of 1000 euros
39:33you need
39:34you are sick
39:35but someone
39:36proposes
39:3710,000
39:38for the same
39:39medicine
39:40Good
39:41I'm doing a calculation
39:42usefulness
39:42I have an interest
39:44to him
39:45sell
39:4510,000
39:47and then
39:47YOU
39:47I will compensate you
39:49maybe
39:501000
39:50or 2000
39:52and I'm going to do
39:52a profit
39:53of 8000
39:53so the economists
39:54they say that
39:55in economic analysis
39:57law
39:57let's say
39:58it's a better
39:58allocation
39:59of the resource
40:00So that means
40:01that this type
40:02economic analysis
40:03attacks the heart
40:04even of normativity
40:05legal
40:05that's the strength
40:06OBLIGATORY
40:07speech
40:08and what we can say
40:09that's because in a world
40:09where the word
40:10is worthless
40:11well
40:12there is only violence
40:13which may arise
40:14from this point of view
40:15there is a little
40:15predictability
40:17through analysis
40:20legal
40:20and the link
40:21with the right
40:22work
40:23These are the reforms
40:24the most recent
40:25of the labor code
40:27where we have barified
40:29the allowances
40:30which are due
40:31in case of dismissal
40:32illegal
40:32as you know
40:34Why ?
40:35to allow
40:36to the employer
40:37to do a calculation
40:40Good
40:40this employee
40:41I have nothing to reproach him for.
40:42but he really
40:43a face I don't like
40:44where he has a religion
40:45in this case
40:46it would be a little different
40:47because if it happens
40:48to prove
40:48that it is discrimination
40:49the remuneration scale
40:50will not play
40:51but in fact
40:52I'm firing him
40:54without having a reason
40:55or
40:56for reasons
40:57unmentionable
40:59And
41:02I'm putting myself out there
41:03to a sanction
41:04then the rule
41:05before this reform
41:06it was
41:08you were bound
41:09by your contract
41:10so if you rape
41:11the contract
41:12you need to repair
41:13the damage
41:15caused to workers
41:16So it's the judge
41:17who appreciated
41:18the damage
41:19and we repaired
41:20the entirety
41:21the harm
41:21what did they do
41:22The reforms?
41:23that's to say
41:23no no
41:24we're going to create a grading scale
41:25which will allow
41:26to employers
41:27to calculate
41:28what is
41:29the most advantageous
41:30I respect the law
41:31or I rape her
41:33Good
41:33SO
41:35if I rape her
41:35I know it will cost me
41:36so much
41:36Ultimately
41:37it's not that expensive
41:40the employment contract
41:41binds the employer
41:42to the employee
41:43he defines
41:44his remuneration
41:45its schedule
41:46the protective measures
41:47to which he is entitled
41:48and its obligations
41:50this contract is based
41:52on a specific relationship
41:54the link
41:55of subordination
41:59Roman jurists
42:00to think
42:01this type of figure
42:02we say
42:02at the bottom
42:03the one
42:05who is paid
42:07to work
42:07without being the owner
42:09of the product
42:09from his work
42:11it's like
42:12if he was
42:12to himself
42:13his own slave
42:15and that it was selling
42:16himself
42:17the formula in Latin
42:18it was
42:18locat se
42:19that means
42:20he rents himself
42:20so originally
42:22of the employment contract
42:23there is the idea
42:24of a rental
42:24things
42:25and a rental
42:26of oneself
42:27and this figure
42:28will run
42:30until
42:31to the French Revolution
42:32and in the civil code
42:34the hire of service
42:35appears again
42:36as a variant
42:39rentals of things
42:40so the process
42:42invention
42:42of the employment contract
42:43if I take the case
42:45of France
42:45takes place
42:47throughout the 19th century
42:49the expression itself
42:50is beginning to establish itself
42:52that at the end of the 19th
42:53we will continue
42:54to talk about rent
42:55service
42:57and we are still
42:58in a world
42:59where the crafts
43:00plays a role
43:01plays a role
43:02important
43:03but
43:03throughout
43:04this period
43:05intermediate
43:07There are debates
43:08legal
43:08without end
43:09on nature
43:10of this contract
43:11impossible to think
43:13how
43:14in a society
43:14free
43:15there may be
43:16human beings
43:17that are entirely
43:18under the orders
43:18from another
43:19in a society
43:20democratic
43:20you can see that
43:21that there is an antinomy
43:22latent
43:23the employment contract
43:24in its form
43:26standard
43:27current
43:28in all countries
43:29that it is by right
43:30Anglo-Saxon
43:31either by right
43:32European
43:32continental
43:34so we are
43:35I agree
43:35the employee
43:37is someone
43:38Who
43:40recognizes
43:40to someone else
43:42his employer
43:43the right
43:45to give him
43:46orders
43:46we give up
43:48to a certain
43:50freedom of behavior
43:51at least inside
43:52of certain limits
43:53in exchange
43:54of this renunciation
43:56we receive
43:58a remuneration
43:59who is
44:00which cannot be
44:02fundamentally
44:03dependent
44:03economic activity
44:04the idea is
44:05a remuneration
44:07which does not depend
44:09too directly
44:10economic activity
44:11but we accept
44:13to return
44:13in a relationship
44:14of subordination
44:15economists
44:16they don't think
44:16in terms of subordination
44:18So there are reasons
44:19techniques for that
44:20And there are reasons for that.
44:21historical
44:21economists
44:22consider that
44:25implicitly
44:26if we arrive
44:27to ensure
44:28in a country
44:29full employment
44:29we solve the problem
44:31power
44:31and we solve the problem
44:32of subordination
44:32because someone
44:33who is not happy
44:34of his job
44:35he can leave it
44:35to find one
44:36there is no payment to be made
44:37a very high price
44:38to be unemployed
44:40potentially unemployed
44:41for a long time
44:42SO
44:43this question
44:44of subordination
44:45she didn't ask herself
44:46because
44:48economists
44:48reflect
44:49it depends
44:49institutions
44:50in which
44:50they live
44:51and it wasn't
44:51a question
44:51which was pressing
44:52compared to
44:53For example
44:53the questions
44:54from the economist
44:55employment
44:55in the years
44:5660-70
44:57it was not
44:58subordination
44:58because once again
44:59we were in a context
45:00full employment
45:00it was, for example
45:01the problem of discrimination
45:02so that
45:03It wasn't really thought through.
45:06this relationship of subordination
45:08and then
45:08that posed
45:09questions
45:10power
45:10and the economists
45:12are struggling
45:13to model power
45:14and those were questions
45:15who again
45:15are normative
45:16and so
45:16who did not like
45:17too much for economists
45:18so we took them out
45:18through the door
45:19and what is very interesting
45:21that's
45:21it comes back through the window
45:22Today
45:23the nature of the link
45:24of subordination
45:26between the employee
45:27and his employer
45:28it is double
45:30let's say
45:30there is a formal nature
45:33legal
45:33the apparent nature
45:34that's to say
45:35for a given moment
45:37the employee
45:38submits to orders
45:39of the employer
45:40and within limits
45:41defined by law
45:42he must accomplish
45:43the work
45:43that the employer designates him
45:45and then there is
45:46a deeper connection
45:48a subordination
45:49deeper
45:50that's precisely it
45:51on which Marx
45:52had put his finger
45:52that's to say
45:53that the employee
45:54he is free
45:55but because
45:56that he does not possess
45:56the means of production
45:57above all, he is free
45:58to starve to death
45:59if he does not work
46:00for a capitalist
46:01then we'll say
46:02he is free
46:03to choose which
46:03but he is not free
46:05to avoid starving to death
46:07and so from there
46:08There is a subordination
46:10far more insidious
46:11much deeper
46:12we can say
46:13which is being done
46:14anonymously
46:16by the laws of the market
46:17by simple laws
46:18competition
46:19And who says that
46:20if you are without
46:21capital
46:22if you are
46:23a simple worker
46:24you need to find
46:25a capitalist
46:26who wants you
46:27and who will be willing
46:29to be kind
46:30to exploit your work
46:31and if you can't find any
46:33Woe to you!
46:34in the population
46:36at the bottom there
46:36two types of individuals
46:38on one side there is
46:40individuals
46:41who don't like risk
46:44those people
46:45are very numerous
46:48They don't like risk
46:49and so
46:50they accept
46:51the relationship of subordination
46:53that's to say
46:54they accept
46:55to become employees
46:56and in return
46:59they obtain
47:00security
47:01against subordination
47:03which is the fact
47:04to have
47:04a monthly income
47:05assured
47:07and then
47:07there is a certain
47:08number of people
47:10who are ready
47:11to assume the risk
47:13and those people
47:15These are the entrepreneurs
47:18who assume the risk
47:19which are not protected
47:21and who
47:22if
47:24the risk turns bad
47:25that's to say
47:26if they incur losses
47:28must
47:28somehow
47:29pay these losses
47:31when we
47:33developed
47:33this liberal conception
47:35of subordination
47:37We're forgetting two things
47:40we forget the fact
47:42that the employees
47:43are entirely
47:45protected from risk
47:45It's true
47:47they receive a salary
47:48certain
47:48at the end of the month
47:50except in two cases
47:52two very important cases
47:54the first
47:55that's because they are not
47:56protected
47:58against a decrease
47:59possible salaries
48:01or a limitation
48:02the increase
48:03and that
48:04It could be related
48:05simply
48:06to the economic situation
48:08in which one finds oneself
48:10notably
48:10situations
48:11crisis
48:11but beyond
48:13situations
48:13crisis
48:14situations
48:15deterioration
48:16of the economy
48:17but there is also
48:18another risk
48:19this other risk
48:20considerable
48:21It's a dismissal
48:22case law
48:24law
48:25work
48:29at least she
48:30does not pay
48:31words
48:31it characterizes
48:33the report
48:36salary
48:36like a report
48:38of subordination
48:39and obedience
48:41hierarchical
48:41and which is stated
48:43in reality
48:44in an alternative
48:46under the terms
48:46perfectly sliced
48:49either you fold
48:50either you leave
48:51that's what's ordered
48:54or the door
48:55in the frame
48:56of the link
48:56of subordination
48:57the employee gives up
48:59to free will
49:01of usage
49:02of his time
49:04he hands it back
49:05to the employer
49:07who decides
49:07of the organization
49:09work
49:10in which
49:11the employee
49:12will work
49:13So, can we?
49:14consider
49:16than in a world
49:17also complex
49:19what has become
49:19ours
49:21this exchange
49:22this absence
49:24of reciprocity
49:25where one depends
49:27on the other
49:28is reasonable
49:29and efficient
49:30we can ask ourselves
49:31the question
49:31and in my opinion
49:32we must ask ourselves that
49:33because
49:34what we notice
49:35that's
49:36And that's why.
49:37that some say
49:38we must free
49:38the company
49:39without releasing
49:40truly
49:41employees
49:41of the link
49:42of subordination
49:42we need
49:44capacity
49:46initiative
49:46intuition
49:48from experience
49:50inventiveness
49:52employees
49:52so that
49:53the company
49:54be effective
49:55and that the work
49:56done by each
49:57bears fruit
49:58we need it
49:59and the link
50:01of subordination
50:02it's something
50:03which locks
50:04who begins
50:07exactly
50:07this ability
50:08inventiveness
50:09quality
50:11of the contribution
50:11of the employee
50:12who is
50:13forced
50:13content
50:14under surveillance
50:16control
50:17which is harmful
50:18from the point of view
50:19health
50:19physical and mental
50:21and who
50:23is not performing well
50:25for the company
50:26this definition
50:28of subordination
50:29that lawyers
50:30had to build
50:31place
50:31to decide
50:33disputes
50:34obviously
50:35she is
50:35a very bad
50:36instrument
50:37to govern
50:38the company
50:40so very quickly
50:41was done
50:42a gap
50:42what is
50:44you can
50:44imagine
50:45you have
50:45a conflict
50:47between
50:47the engineer
50:48coachbuilder
50:48body
50:49and the engineer
50:50underneath
50:51and the chief
50:52arrived
50:52he said
50:52I will decide.
50:54for the body shop
50:55he will avoid
50:56the chief
50:57certainly
50:57he could
50:59mobilize
50:59the judgment
51:00of subordination
51:01but he won't
51:03he won't
51:05abuse
51:05from a position
51:06of authority
51:06what would he give
51:07justice
51:09at that moment
51:10so in fact
51:11there is a discrepancy
51:11between
51:12a concept
51:13legal
51:14who has
51:15somehow
51:16that we had to
51:17develop
51:18For
51:19create
51:21legality
51:22of the situation
51:22and a reality
51:24work
51:25which is incompatible
51:26with subordination
51:27so there
51:28There is
51:29an absence
51:30a void
51:32total
51:33which means that
51:33no one questions
51:35the relationship of subordination
51:36which is an archaism
51:38absolutely
51:38incredible
51:39There is
51:41an unthought
51:42on this
51:44possibility
51:45to question
51:46the relationship of subordination
51:47because
51:48in people's minds
51:49of public opinion
51:50the company
51:52belongs
51:53to employers
51:54and so
51:55the employee
51:56somewhere
51:57belongs to the employers
51:58then delete
52:00subordination
52:01in the contract
52:02work
52:02it's to delete
52:04capitalism
52:05himself
52:05never an employer
52:07will not accept
52:09in the period
52:10current
52:11how to put
52:12to employ people
52:14and pay them
52:15without having the right
52:16exactly
52:17to be
52:17the leader
52:19their work
52:20because
52:20subordination
52:21East
52:22consubstantial
52:23to salaried employment
52:24thinking about a salaried workforce
52:25without subordination
52:26it's like
52:27try to think
52:28a square circle
52:28That doesn't make sense.
52:29it's a chimera
52:31the overshoot
52:32of subordination
52:33In
52:34the activity
52:36collective
52:36of production
52:38will assume
52:39necessarily
52:39the exit from salaried employment
52:40that's to say
52:41the exit from capitalism
52:45the work
52:46is a concept
52:47timeless
52:47the hunters
52:49pickers
52:49were
52:50the serfs
52:51of the Middle Ages
52:51Also
52:52the workers
52:53of the end
52:54of the 19th century
52:55were
52:56like a majority
52:56of men
52:57and women
52:57Today
52:58with the market
52:59work
53:00appears
53:01a new concept
53:02employment
53:03other
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