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Have you ever seen a black ring in the sky? If you have, you might have wondered what it is and how it is formed. In this video, we will explore the mysterious phenomenon of black rings in the sky, and try to find out what are they and where do they come from. #brightside #brightsideglobal TIMESTAMPS: 0:01 Why our world is filled with spirals? 18:20 Saturn's rings 17:01 What if we lived inside Saturn's rings? This video is made for entertainment purposes. We do not make any warranties about the completeness, safety and reliability. Any action you take upon the information in this video is strictly at your own risk, and we will not be liable for any damages or losses. It is the viewer's responsibility to use judgement, care and precaution if you plan to replicate.
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00:01Let's test to see how many spiral-shaped objects you can find around you right now.
00:06I'll bet there's more than you think.
00:08A spiral may be hidden in the flower petals of your houseplants.
00:12One might be staring at you from that seashell you brought home from your last trip to the beach.
00:18If none of these objects sound familiar, you might want to head over to the mirror and turn to the
00:23side a bit.
00:24In case you haven't noticed yet, even our own ears are shaped like a spiral.
00:29Why does Mother Nature seem to have such a preference for this shape?
00:33Many theories wish to explain this weird behavior.
00:36One of them is based on the Fibonacci sequence.
00:39This Italian mathematician didn't really care much for spirals initially.
00:44He was studying rabbits when he came up with this theory.
00:48Fibonacci came up with the sequence as a solution to a problem involving the growth of a population of rabbits.
00:55Let's recreate his experiment.
00:56If you put a pair of rabbits in an enclosed space, how many pairs of rabbits will you find there
01:02after a year?
01:04To solve this problem, Fibonacci proposed some conditions for his theoretical experiment.
01:10That all rabbits are born as a pair, one male, one female.
01:14Also, the rabbits can start reproducing after one month.
01:18More so, each pair of rabbits produces one pair of offspring each month.
01:23And lastly, none of the rabbits kicks the bucket at the end of the year.
01:28Now using these assumptions, Fibonacci noticed the following sequence.
01:331, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, and so on.
01:43The first two numbers in the sequence, 1, 1, represent the initial pair of rabbits.
01:48The next number, 2, represents the number of pairs of rabbits after the first month.
01:53One pair of the initial rabbits plus one pair of offspring.
01:57The fourth number, 3, represents the number of pairs after the second month.
02:02Two pairs of the initial rabbits plus one pair of offspring.
02:06And so on.
02:07He soon noticed that his series is made out of numbers in which each number is the sum of the
02:12previous two numbers.
02:14A lot of other mathematicians have looked at this sequence over the years.
02:18They were soon surprised to discover that this system was found in many natural structures,
02:23such as the arrangement of leaves on a stem and the arrangements of seeds on a sunflower.
02:29If you don't understand why it is so, then grab a piece of paper and a pen.
02:33Together, let's try to draw the Fibonacci spiral.
02:37You'll have to start with a small circle at the center of your page
02:40and then draw larger circles around it without lifting the pen from the paper,
02:45using the numbers from the Fibonacci sequence.
02:48For example, the first circle is zero units wide,
02:52the second circle is one unit wide, the third circle is one unit wide, and so on.
02:57As you keep adding more circles, they will fit together perfectly to form a spiral shape.
03:01The spiral gets bigger and bigger, but it always follows the same pattern based on the Fibonacci sequence.
03:08Another famous spiralist was a man named James Bell Pettigrew.
03:13He was a Scottish naturalist that became fascinated by the mystery of the spiral shape,
03:18which he noticed almost everywhere in nature.
03:21He studied it at all scales, from giant nebulae in space to tiny molecules.
03:27Despite his research, he couldn't figure out where the spiral came from.
03:31He was sure that it couldn't be just a physical thing,
03:34and he believed that organs and plants and animals are not only shaped like spirals,
03:39but they also work in a spiral way.
03:42At the center of lifetime work on this unique shape was the human heart.
03:46Pettigrew believed that the heart's spiral structure was the mystery of all mysteries.
03:51He also thought this shape was to blame for both its muscular contractions and how the blood seemed to travel
03:57within our mighty tickers.
03:59The reason why the spiral seems to be everywhere might be really simple.
04:04Efficiency.
04:05Take a look at the basic sunflower, for example.
04:08It figured out a way to display its seeds so that it could expose them to the sun equally,
04:14without wasting any space and without being limited in their growth.
04:19Spiral stairs are another great example, too.
04:21They just work better.
04:23You find it easier to climb them, and they should take less space than the usual ones.
04:28We also might be more inclined to notice this shape more than others.
04:32That's because a spiral shape, or its proportions, is more aesthetically pleasing to the human eye.
04:39It's the reason why interior designers, artists, or illustrators often use these principles in their work.
04:45The spiral symbol is also the oldest symbol found in every civilized continent.
04:50Some historians believe that the spiral in Asian art may represent the sun,
04:56as it has been found on roof tiles from the Tang Dynasty near the ancient city of Changyang.
05:02It is also often found at burial sites, and scientists believe it to represent the circle of life,
05:09how we pass on and somehow be reborn.
05:12This is probably because, in some ancient civilizations, people believed that the sun was born each day,
05:20extinguished itself each night, and was reborn the next day.
05:24You might have also stumbled upon the spiral as a symbol of hypnosis and dizziness.
05:29There's no real evidence that you can hypnotize someone by making them stare into a spiral for a certain time.
05:35But its effects on our abilities to focus and our optic nerves are significant.
05:42After you've stared at a spinning spiral for quite some time,
05:45you'll notice how objects either get smaller or bigger, depending on the direction of the spiral.
05:51It's easy to understand why some experience this sensation as hypnotizing.
05:58One of the most distinctive features of DNA is its spiral shape.
06:02It's also called a double helix.
06:05The double helix is formed when two strands of DNA twist around each other,
06:09like a ladder being twisted into a spiral shape.
06:12This spiral shape is important for many reasons.
06:16First, the spiral shape allows DNA to be compact and efficient.
06:20The double helix can pack a lot of genetic information into a small space,
06:25making it possible for cells to store vast amounts of genetic material in a small area.
06:31Second, the spiral shape allows DNA to be flexible and respond to changes in our environment.
06:38Because the double helix is made up of two strands that can move relative to each other,
06:43our DNA can change its shape.
06:45Finally, the spiral shape of DNA allows it to interact with other molecules in the cell.
06:52Now, let's look at the big picture.
06:54I mean, the biggest of them all, that of the galaxies found in our universe.
06:59They're also shaped like a spiral due to their rotation and the presence of dark matter.
07:05As the galaxy spins, the stars and gas clouds within the galaxy move in a circular direction around its center.
07:12This movement creates a spiral shape as the stars and gas clouds are drawn toward the center of the whole
07:18system.
07:19Additionally, the presence of dark matter, which is a type of matter that does not interact with light,
07:25creates gravitational forces that help to shape the galaxy into a spiral.
07:30But you don't need to look that far to understand why spirals are important.
07:35Your handy corkscrew is shaped like a spiral too, because it makes it easier for you to open the wine
07:41bottle.
07:41That screw you drilled into the wall to hang a picture? Also a spiral.
07:45It helps it with some added grip and stability.
07:49Got a notebook on your desk? Those pages might be held together by a spiraled wire.
07:55It makes it easier for you to browse the notebook without damaging the pages.
08:00Even your hair strands might have a curled shape.
08:03The curlier the hair, the drier it will be.
08:06It means it will get sebum from the scalp down on the strands slower, making it easier to maintain and
08:12clean.
08:13And before I spiral out of control, we're done here.
08:19Why do we love Saturn so much?
08:22Right, because we love its amazing rings.
08:25The planet stands out in the solar system because of them.
08:28The major rings have a diameter of 170,000 miles, yet their thickness does not exceed 330 feet.
08:39Saturn's slowest outermost ring spins at about 37,000 miles per hour.
08:44It's slower than the rotation of Saturn itself.
08:48But did you know that Saturn was ringless for most of its history?
08:52Let's find out how they were formed.
08:56Using Cassini's final plunge into the planet, researchers could estimate the rings' mass, 33 billion billion pounds.
09:04Further, they have determined that the rings were between 10 to 100 million years old,
09:10much younger than the planet itself.
09:13The thing is that the rings only look solid.
09:16They are made of billions of rock and ice chunks.
09:20They are primarily tiny ones, looking like grains of sugar to those as large as a house or even as
09:26mountains.
09:28The innermost chunks of ice and rock shoot through space at about 52,000 miles per hour.
09:36There are mysterious spokes in its rings.
09:39It seems they form and disperse within a couple of hours.
09:43And these spokes might consist of electrically charged sheets of tiny particles formed when small meteors hit the rings.
09:51Or maybe electron beams from Saturn's lightning.
09:55One theory says Saturn's rings have formed all that extra material that remained after Saturn began,
10:02which is a material that couldn't create a moon.
10:05There's also a theory that says there was Theia, a Mars-sized planet that collided with Earth about 4.5
10:12billion years ago.
10:14Lighter crushed parts ended up in space during the impact, whereas its denser core stayed behind.
10:20But in the case of Saturn, all that debris perhaps didn't put a new moon together,
10:25but it formed rings many people today recognize this planet for.
10:30Another theory is that rings formed from dust and debris of a moon that ended up destroyed by this big
10:36impact,
10:37maybe by an asteroid or comet.
10:40Or perhaps the rings are there because once a moon fell apart because of the tidal forces coming from its
10:46parent planet itself.
10:48If these rings formed at the same period as Saturn did,
10:52they would have had more than 4 billion years to collect a bit of debris and dirt coming from micrometeorite
10:58collisions.
10:59But these rings mainly consist of water ice, no dirt at all, which means they're younger than expected.
11:06And the nature of this ring system tells us a thing or two about Saturn's fuzzy inside.
11:11Fuzzy means its core is like sludge.
11:13The helium and hydrogen in Saturn mix with more and more rock and ice over time the closer you go
11:20to the planet's core.
11:22It's similar to what you see in our oceans.
11:24The deeper you go, the level of saltiness increases.
11:27But the rings may disappear in the far future.
11:31Rings are generally more common than we think.
11:34Jupiter, Uranus and Neptune all have their own ring system.
11:37But not every planet has the same ones.
11:41Saturn has a fascinating halo and definitely the most spectacular rings, true.
11:46Others mostly have rings made of dust and rocky particles, and not just planets.
11:50Other space bodies can have rings, like the asteroid called Chiriclo.
11:55But even though the gas giants of our solar system have rings, rocky or so-called terrestrial ones don't.
12:01And one theory says it might have been that way because gas planets in the outer area of the solar
12:06system protected those rocky ones that formed in the inner solar system from all those collisions that possibly could have
12:13formed rings around them.
12:14Or it could be because gas giants are way bigger, and their enormous volume allows them to have a ring
12:20system that can remain stable.
12:23And what if Earth had rings in the past too?
12:26Maybe in the time of the big collision when our moon could have been formed.
12:30Now to some more cool things happening in our solar system.
12:33Pluto, a tiny dwarf planet at the edge of our solar system, also the one we used to call a
12:38planet, has a pretty bizarre atmosphere.
12:40No one expected to see a haze there go as high as 1,000 miles.
12:45That means it rises higher above the surface of the atmosphere of our home planet, and the atmosphere on Pluto
12:51has around 20 layers.
12:53They're more compact and way cooler than scientists expected, and tons of nitrogen gas escape Pluto by the hour.
13:00But the dwarf planet still finds a way to constantly create new supplies of all the nitrogen it had lost.
13:06One theory says it probably produces these supplies through geological activity.
13:12Our moon is pretty peaceful.
13:13But that's not something we can say for Io, one of Jupiter's moons.
13:17This one has hundreds of volcanoes.
13:20It's the moon with the most volcanic activity in our solar system.
13:24Io sends plumes of sulfur up to an incredible 190 miles into its atmosphere.
13:29Jupiter, its volcanoes emit many particles and gases into the space right next to Jupiter, every single second.
13:37Its eruptive activities happen because of Jupiter's mighty gravitational forces and magnetic field.
13:42The insides of Io tense up and relax all the time, depending on how close or far away it is
13:48from Jupiter.
13:49And that's why it generates enough energy to have such an eruptive nature.
13:53Speaking of volcanoes, Mars has one larger than the whole state of Hawaii.
13:59At first, you'd probably say it's a quiet and peaceful planet.
14:03But once upon a time, enormous volcanoes dominated its surface.
14:07Yup, that includes a well-known Olympus Mons.
14:10The largest volcano ever found in our entire solar system.
14:15374 miles across, comparable to the size of Arizona.
14:19Olympus Mons is 16 miles high, three times the height of our tallest mountain, Mount Everest.
14:26And by its volume, this volcano is 100 times bigger than the largest one on Earth.
14:31Mars can have such big volcanoes because its gravity is significantly weaker than the one on our home planet.
14:39Also, the crust on Earth moves all the time, unlike the Martian crust.
14:44Do you know how the Hawaiian Islands formed?
14:47A hot spot in the mantle created a chain of volcanoes in the crust floating above it.
14:52A Martian volcano may grow bigger because its surface isn't moving.
14:56So a volcano could build up for a longer time in just one spot.
15:01Miranda is one of the most bizarre moons in the outer part of our solar system.
15:05It's a shadowy moon that orbits Uranus, with many craters, sharp ridges, and similar disruptions on its surface.
15:13Usually, this type of relief tells a certain area used to have a lot of volcanic activities.
15:19But that wasn't the case with Miranda.
15:21Also, this moon is way too small to generate tectonic activities.
15:26Another element that could form this type of surface.
15:28One theory says the gravitational force from Uranus could have caused the push-pull action,
15:34something that made all these bumps on Miranda's surface.
15:38We'll have to send another spacecraft to find out what was happening there.
15:41We are all made of star dust.
15:4597% of atoms we're made of are the same as the material our galaxy consists of.
15:51The building blocks of life is a term we use for a group of elements that are vital for life
15:57on Earth.
15:58And stars have these elements too, but in different proportions.
16:02For instance, we are 65% oxygen by our mass, whereas elements we measure in space, like the spectra of
16:09stars, have less than 1% of oxygen.
16:12So, Mercury is already the smallest in our solar system in the planet category, excluding some other bodies like the
16:19dwarf planet Pluto.
16:20And now it looks like it's still shrinking.
16:23It's the second densest after our planet, but it's getting denser over time.
16:29Researchers thought the Earth was the only planet in our solar system with tectonic activities for a long time.
16:35And now we know Mercury is tectonically active too.
16:39Messenger spacecraft managed to map the whole planet.
16:43Scientists realized the planet is full of false scarves, some cliff-like landforms.
16:49Since these are relatively small, they're probably young.
16:52And Mercury is still contracting even 4.5 billion years after our solar system was formed.
16:59Now, let's pretend that humanity faces a huge threat from outer space.
17:03So, we'll imagine that a giant planet-eating octopus comes to our solar system to eat Venus, Mars, Earth, Jupiter,
17:13and other planets, except Saturn.
17:15Therefore, people decide to move to the big planet with giant rings.
17:20Fortunately, they already have cool technologies that allow them to make such trips.
17:25So, we get into giant ships, take off, and fly to Saturn.
17:29Life on the planet itself is impossible because it has no solid ground.
17:34The ship won't be able to land there.
17:36This is a giant gas ball that is 9 times wider than Earth.
17:40To compare their sizes, look at a 5-cent coin and a baseball.
17:44And the planet's atmosphere consists mainly of hydrogen and helium.
17:48So, if the ship starts to land, it'll never reach solid ground.
17:52And the lower it goes, the higher the pressure it will experience.
17:56Eventually, the ship will just be crushed.
17:58Therefore, we have only one choice.
18:01The rings of Saturn.
18:04They're made up of giant, medium-sized, and tiny particles of ice and rock flying around the gas giant at
18:11tremendous speed.
18:12They were formed from comets flying by.
18:15Saturn's gravity knocked these celestial bodies off their course and crushed them with its pressure.
18:20Fragments of these comets began to accumulate around Saturn, forming rings.
18:25Now, some of these particles fly faster, some are slower.
18:29The closest to the planet is the D-ring.
18:32It's followed by rings C and B.
18:34Then there's a large gap called Cassini division.
18:38Rings A, F, G, and E come after.
18:41This classification is very convenient for creating a ring map.
18:45So, people approach the rings, but don't dare to land on them.
18:49First, they send test capsules with robots to scout the area.
18:53The robots choose a suitable location on the E-ring.
18:56In fact, the distance between the rocks is quite large, and the ship can easily fly there.
19:02There are tiny particles, huge rocks the size of houses, and comets the size of a whole mountain.
19:08The first robot flies up to a large rock at high speed.
19:12At this moment, a baseball-sized stone pierces the robot's body.
19:16Another robot gets smashed between two colliding boulders.
19:20The third robot gets caught in a rain of sharp icicles and brakes.
19:25People have big engineering workshops on their ships, so they build new capsules and new robots.
19:31This time, they're made of more durable materials.
19:34So, the robots reach a big rock again.
19:36A few particles crash into them, but don't break through the armor.
19:40The machine set up a small station on a flying rock where people can live.
19:45But, after a couple of hours, a big chunk of asteroids smashes the station.
19:50Well, seems like we need another strategy.
19:53Giant ships scan the entire area of the E-ring and calculate the trajectories of billions of stones.
20:00After length and calculations, people finally find the perfect places in the middle of this chaos that will stay intact
20:07for a long time.
20:08They land on these large rocks in their capsules and begin to settle down.
20:13They build stations and small houses and install powerful batteries on them.
20:19Saturn is located at a distance of nine and a half astronomical units from the Sun.
20:24One unit is the distance from the Sun to Earth.
20:27So, Saturn is a pretty cold place.
20:29That's why there's so much ice flying around it.
20:32But, how to get the energy to heat it all up?
20:36There's too little of it on large ships.
20:38Besides, solar panels are ineffective here because of the great distance from the Sun.
20:43Therefore, scientists create a way to generate kinetic energy from flying stones.
20:48It's like a windmill.
20:50When the wind drives the fans, these movements are converted into energy.
20:54So, engineers build panels that collect power from the moving stones.
20:58But, it doesn't slow the speed of rocks down because Saturn's gravity continues to move them.
21:04Thus, people receive a source of almost limitless energy.
21:08Some space stations have plants and trees that produce oxygen through photosynthesis.
21:14Only instead of sunlight, they get energy from ultraviolet.
21:18Then, people fill large tanks with oxygen and carry them to their homes.
21:23People begin to occupy the adjacent rings.
21:25You don't need a lot of fuel to get from one place to another.
21:29You can land on a rock, calculate its route, and wait for it to bring you to the needed point.
21:35Then, you can move to another one, and so on, until you reach your destination.
21:40More and more people leave their ships and move to the rings.
21:43It seems that life is getting better.
21:45But then, psychological problems begin.
21:48Constant movement in the vacuum of space drives everyone mad.
21:53Imagine living on a carousel that never stops.
21:56You can't walk to the store whenever you want because it always flies away.
22:00No one can go out for a walk, even in a spacesuit, because there's a chance to come across a
22:06rock flying at high speed.
22:08You can't plan anything because, at the moment, your plans can be ruined by a giant piece of ice.
22:15Computers don't help either.
22:17They can't calculate the trajectories of all space bodies.
22:20Rocks tend to break and split into hundreds of smaller ones.
22:24Also, new comets fly by and also become part of the rings.
22:29All this creates uncertainty and causes a sense of anxiety in people.
22:34Besides, it's dark, cold, and very lonely on the rings.
22:38Think about building a base on a space object.
22:41But your best friend lands on another one a few miles away.
22:45Then, a giant icicle crashes into his rock and increases its speed.
22:50And a few days later, your friend is too far away.
22:54And it happens all the time.
22:56The only way to change your life is to settle on one of Saturn's moons.
23:01The planet has 83 of them.
23:03People have already confirmed and named 63.
23:07And the existence of 20 others has yet to be confirmed.
23:10They're all like different worlds.
23:12Some of them may be habitable.
23:14And the best candidate among them is Titan.
23:17There may be water on it.
23:19And its atmospheric pressure is only one and a half times greater than Earth's.
23:23Its atmosphere consists of nitrogen and a little methane,
23:27forming carbon smog in Titan's upper layers.
23:30For this reason, we can't study this moon from Earth.
23:33But the coolest thing is that Titan flies outside the rings of Saturn.
23:38This means people can lead a quiet life there.
23:42There's also satellite Phoebe, covered with craters like our moon.
23:46This giant celestial body looks more like a gigantic meteorite.
23:50People have a lot of choices of where to start a new life.
23:53During a couple of hundred years spent on ships near Saturn,
23:58humanity would learn everything about its satellites.
24:00But why did they try to live on the rings?
24:03Why didn't they land on one of the moons from the very beginning?
24:07Because, well, then this video would be less fun and a whole lot shorter.
24:12But what if we were initially born inside the rings of Saturn?
24:16Let's say a massive meteorite with frozen water got caught by the planet's gravity.
24:22There were the simplest life forms inside the ice.
24:25And then, this life began to acquire more developed forms.
24:29Imagine that the large rock managed to remain untouched for hundreds of millions of years.
24:35And during this time, humans appeared.
24:38But of course, they would be very different there.
24:41Firstly, they wouldn't experience gravitational forces.
24:44This would make them taller, but weaker.
24:46People's skin would be pale because of the lack of light, but very hardy thanks to cold temperatures.
24:54Particles of ice and grains of sand flying in space would roughen people's skin.
24:59In such biological armor, without gravity, they would jump from one rock to another in search of food and water.
25:06And by the way, that would be the main problem.
25:09How would people survive without oxygen in the vacuum of space?
25:14Where would they get their food?
25:16Saturn's rings are a pretty lifeless and dangerous place.
25:19If there are not even the simplest forms of life there, then how could such a complex one as the
25:25human appear?
25:26Therefore, even in theory, the appearance of people would be impossible there.
25:30Agencies are a very peacefulлюд Pakistan and the latter.
25:30There are not here.
25:31That's the fire, that's so bad.
25:31We're all about you.
25:32And if there are more things that are everywhere.
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