- 1 day ago
- #brightside
- #brightsidemystery
Imagine a city where most of the population lives underground, in a network of tunnels and caves that span for miles. This is not a science fiction scenario, but a reality for the residents of Coober Pedy, a remote town in the Australian outback. In this video, we will explore the history, culture, and challenges of this unique and fascinating place. #brightside #brightsidemystery TIMESTAMPS: 0:01 Lost city found 09:56 Living underground on Mars 17:47 Mountains buried 400 miles underground This video is made for entertainment purposes. We do not make any warranties about the completeness, safety and reliability. Any action you take upon the information in this video is strictly at your own risk, and we will not be liable for any damages or losses. It is the viewer's responsibility to use judgement, care and precaution if you plan to replicate.
Category
😹
FunTranscript
00:00Imagine discovering an ancient city without leaving the comfort of your home.
00:05In 1963, a man in the Nevzahir province of Turkey did exactly that.
00:11He was renovating his house.
00:13He knocked down a wall in his basement and found a mysterious room.
00:17He continued digging and saw a tunnel.
00:20This is how Derinkuyu Underground City was found.
00:26Derinkuyu is one of the deepest multi-level underground settlements of Cappadocia and in all of Turkey.
00:32This engineering masterpiece has eight levels.
00:35The inhabitants living on those floors had access to cellars, storage areas, chapels, a school, a study room, and other
00:43structures.
00:45All floors are connected by an extensive network of tunnels.
00:49It's believed that the underground city was built as a shelter.
00:52You can't see the construction from the outside.
00:55Its depth is approximately 279 feet.
00:59The complex was large enough to shelter about 20,000 people, plus their livestock and food supplies.
01:05There's also a 180-foot ventilation shaft.
01:09People used it both for ventilation and as a well.
01:12The well supplied water both to the villagers living on the surface and to those hiding in the underground city.
01:20Interestingly, those living on the bottom levels were able to cut off the water supply for the upper and ground
01:26levels.
01:27This kept the water safe from potential poisoning.
01:31The place was designed for protection.
01:33The tunnels could be blocked from the inside with huge round rolling stone doors.
01:38The passageways were extremely narrow.
01:41Potential invaders had to enter the tunnels one at a time.
01:44It seems like they thought of everything in the 7th century BCE.
01:49Archaeologists believed the Phrygians were the ones who first built the levels.
01:54After them, the structure was used and enhanced in Roman times.
01:58This was when the chapels were added.
02:00The golden time of Derinkuyu, however, was during the Byzantine era.
02:06But how did these people manage to create such tunnels?
02:09Well, the rock they carved them into wasn't usual.
02:13It was soft volcanic rock.
02:15It appeared due to a geological process that began millions of years ago.
02:20Volcanic eruptions covered the area in thick ash.
02:23It then solidified into this soft rock.
02:25When the natural forces of wind and water eroded softer parts, only hard elements remained.
02:33Fun fact, fairy chimneys are also made of intricately shaped volcanic soft rock.
02:39But they formed naturally without any human intervention.
02:43I'm still in Turkey, but this time, my destination is Kanekale, where a myth came to life.
02:50For 3,000 years, people believed that Homer's Iliad was fiction and that Troy never existed.
02:57In 1863, everything changed.
03:01Ex-patriate Frank Calvert discovered ancient ruins in western Turkey.
03:06He was convinced they belonged to the ancient city of Troy.
03:10Heinrich Schliemann examined this area in 1868.
03:14That's when Troy saw sunlight again after all those centuries.
03:18Troy has complex layers.
03:20Over the years, nine ancient cities were built on top of one another.
03:26Historians say that the area was strategically located between Europe and Asia, so it became
03:31a prosperous trade and cultural center.
03:34This strategic position made Troy attractive throughout history.
03:39After the Trojan conflict, the city was abandoned between the years 1100 to 700 BCE.
03:46Then, Greek settlers rediscovered the area, and Alexander the Great ruled there.
03:51The Romans then invaded the city.
03:53Speaking of this event, the first thing you would see when visiting the site is a replica
03:58of the wooden Trojan horse from a movie shot in 2004.
04:03The next stop is Lothal.
04:05In the 1950s, Lothal and several other Harappan sites were discovered in India.
04:11These new provinces extended the boundaries of the Indus Valley civilization.
04:17Lothal was an important part of the Harappan civilization.
04:20It had vast cotton and rice fields.
04:23Plus, it had a bead-making factory.
04:27Beads were made from semi-precious stones, like agate.
04:30Many of these beads were later found in Mesopotamia, which serves as evidence that Lothal was a
04:36thriving trading port.
04:39Archaeologists believe that the city was part of an ancient trade route.
04:43Traces of agriculture?
04:44Check.
04:45Traces of trade?
04:46Check.
04:47What else?
04:47The remains of residential buildings, streets, bathing pavements, and drains.
04:53Some real city planning.
04:54And impressive examples of early urbanization.
04:59The town was well constructed.
05:01They were modern houses.
05:03Some of them had six rooms, bathrooms, a large courtyard, and even a veranda.
05:08Lothal also had the world's oldest known dock.
05:11It linked the city with the Sabermati River and the trade route.
05:17The ancient Mayan city of Calakmul is located in southern Mexico in the tropical forest of
05:23the Tierra's Bajas.
05:24From 500 CE to 800 CE, Calakmul was home to over 50,000 people.
05:30There was a central plaza surrounded by outer districts.
05:33And if we count both the inhabitants of all those outer areas and those who lived in the
05:38center, Calakmul had a population of more than 1.5 million people.
05:45It was a city that was habitable for 12 centuries.
05:49It's believed that the place had more constructions than any other excavated Maya settlements in
05:54the region.
05:54After 1000 CE, the Maya civilization there faced a downfall.
05:59The settlement that was once the center of Mesoamerica was almost completely abandoned.
06:05The ancient city was at the heart of the second largest tropical forest in America.
06:10The site is well preserved, so today, if you were to visit it, you would be able to picture
06:15what life looked like in ancient Mayan times.
06:19The city remains include architectural complexes and sculpted monuments, defensive systems, quarries,
06:26water management features, agricultural terraces, massive temple pyramids, and palaces.
06:32Not to mention a variety of body ornaments and other accompanying objects.
06:37It proves that complex, state-organized societies lived in this tropical forest.
06:42The Mayans depicted nature in their paintings, pottery, sculptures, rituals, and even food.
06:51I'm moving on to a place people thought didn't really exist.
06:54The city of Thonis Heracleion appeared only in a few inscriptions and ancient texts.
07:01Turns out, it was waiting to be discovered for thousands of years.
07:05Scientists searched the majority of the coast of Egypt.
07:08But then, archaeologist Frank Gaudio and his team detected a colossal face looking at them from under the water.
07:15The ancient city of Heracleion was discovered completely submerged, four miles off Alexandria's coast.
07:23In the ruins of the lost city, there were 64 shifts, 700 anchors, and a treasure trove of gold coins.
07:31Archaeologists consider a 16-foot-tall statue and the temple remains the most important findings discovered by the expedition.
07:39Back then, the city had ceremonies and celebrations that took place in the Temple of Amun.
07:46The ruins and artifacts were made from granite and diorite,
07:50so they were in good condition even after having been in contact with water for centuries.
07:54They give people a glimpse into what life was like 2,300 years ago in one of the most important
08:01trade ports of the world.
08:03The city had a network of canals.
08:06You can think of it as an ancient Egyptian Venice.
08:09The canals linked many separate harbors and anchorages.
08:13Towers, temples, houses, and other structures were also linked by bridges.
08:18Thonis Heracleion was the country's main port for international trade and the collection of taxes.
08:25No one really knows how the city ended up submerged, but archaeologists connect it with natural causes.
08:32At the end of the 2nd century BCE, most probably after a flood, Heracleion got covered with water.
08:41Then, Alexandria, the city founded by Alexander the Great, became more glorious than Heracleion.
08:47Before Alexandria's fame, Heracleion was the main port of entry to Egypt.
08:52So, after the disaster, many ships heading for Heracleion had to change their route and go to Alexandria.
08:59Heracleion lost its glory until its rediscovery in 1933.
09:06Mesa Verde is an American national park in Colorado.
09:10The park is the largest archaeological preserve in the U.S., with more than 5,000 sites, including 600 cliff
09:17dwellings.
09:18Mesa Verde means green table in Spanish.
09:22The name comes from the shape of the mountains in the area, with flat tops and steep sides.
09:27The park is an ancestral Puebloan archaeological site.
09:32Starting from 7500 BCE, a group of nomadic Paleo-Indians seasonally lived in Mesa Verde.
09:40They were hunters, gatherers, and crop farmers.
09:43They built the first Pueblos in the region.
09:46By the end of the 12th century, the Mesa Verdeans began constructing massive cliff dwellings, which are now the best
09:53-known structures in the park.
09:55We just can't get enough of Mars, can we?
09:58Everyone wants to go there, and astronauts are now looking at caves on the Red Planet where they can live
10:04once people inhabit it.
10:06The planet itself has some similar characteristics to Earth.
10:10Yeah, it's somewhat smaller than Earth, but the time it takes for the planets to revolve around themselves is also
10:15similar, which is about a day.
10:18On paper, Mars might seem like a good idea given some similarities to Earth, but there are some factors we
10:24need to pay attention to before we consider stepping foot there.
10:28The temperature
10:29Mars might look like a scorching hot planet like a freakishly large Sahara Desert, but quite the opposite.
10:35It's really cold.
10:37Mars has a refutation for being a freezing, desolate, endless land that happens to have the largest mountain in our
10:43solar system thus far.
10:46So, within those mountains, astronauts and scientists are considering whether naturally built caves are the answer to our survival.
10:54Caves won't be the worst thing we'd live in considering our ancestors used to dwell in caves in communities.
11:01Logically, it's the best place to stay dry during a storm and keep warm.
11:05It's the best place for protection against predators like giant birds, elephants, and saber-toothed cats.
11:11We even had our first art shows in caves with evidence of cave art dated thousands of years ago.
11:17Caves are a good idea, and they can also help us save a lot of money when establishing a colony
11:23on Mars.
11:24Rather than building a fresh structure in the middle of an open plain, the cave structure will help and influence
11:31the architecture, potentially saving lots and lots of money.
11:35Going to Mars will be expensive.
11:37It's already expensive sending people to the moon and launching a rocket into space.
11:42So, we have to consider the logistics.
11:45Another thing to look out for is caves in the ground that are not necessarily stuck on mountains.
11:52Scientists believe that most potential places for humans to thrive are caves.
11:56These spaces are large enough to host large populations.
12:00So far, they identified nine caves as large as football fields.
12:05So, what would life look like if we lived in caves on Mars?
12:09For one thing, sunlight would be hard to access.
12:12By the time we reached Mars, we would have the best technology to maximize our lifespan in a hostile environment,
12:19which means withstanding the harsh sun rays of Mars.
12:23Most likely, we would dig through the caves further underground where oxygen would be pumped for everyone to breathe.
12:29People can walk around casually, thinking they're on Earth, and to exit the caves, you would need to wear a
12:35special suit.
12:37These cave colonies would have dormitories for people to live in and special spaces for colony meetings, entertainment, grocery markets,
12:45schools, and other places that are needed to sustain a colony.
12:48There would also be indoor farms to grow crops and raise livestock.
12:52A team of experts mapped out what some of the dwellings will look like on Mars.
12:58And just like on Earth, we will have apartments for young professionals, family homes, and luxury mansions.
13:04Some of the dwelling units would be placed on the surface and not in caves.
13:09One of the key elements of the design and architecture is how to build it around the natural light to
13:14brighten up the homes.
13:15Another element is how to deflect radiation and cosmic rays.
13:20Because Mars has such a thin atmosphere, sun rays and other hazardous objects easily enter Mars.
13:27The dwelling units also have to be sturdy to protect them from severe dust storms and extreme cold temperatures.
13:34Some of the living pods or dwelling units that are for couples or singles would have tunnels leading to a
13:40shared workspace and garden.
13:42Studies show that even being in the presence of greenery can reduce stress levels significantly.
13:48And on the Red Planet, we would definitely need some greenery.
13:52We can expect the family homes to be built within the caves, not necessarily underground.
13:57It would be tempting to head outside with the view of Mars.
14:01But the large thick glass would prevent anything from coming in and out.
14:05Those who are underground with a view rely on LEDs and camera systems to screen the surface landscape of Mars
14:12so it acts like real windows.
14:14And if you're bored of the surface, you can always switch the channel and watch something else as you please.
14:20Maybe a flowing river surrounded by trees.
14:23Or maybe a penthouse view of all of New York.
14:26The choice is yours.
14:28There would be a driveway that leads to a garage so one can enter and exit easily.
14:33There won't really be a reason to exit the cave colony except probably to visit other cave colonies.
14:39In this case, we would have highly crafted vehicles that will take people from colony to colony on the surface.
14:45The vehicles can withstand harsh temperatures and would be constantly transporting people daily.
14:51Some people might live in a certain colony and have to commute to work every day in other colonies.
14:57Humans might not have to be working in dangerous conditions or on the surface.
15:01We would have robots that will do that for us.
15:04The thing about robots is that they don't need to be human-shaped to do a job.
15:08However, before transporting humans to space, we would need to create some human-like robots and land them on Mars.
15:15With the exact physical form, we can determine what would happen to people if they were on Mars.
15:21We would have robots for specific tasks, helping us with everything.
15:26Let's not forget artificial intelligence plays a major role in monitoring the systems and updating the functionalities of the colony.
15:33It'll know when certain systems need fixing, adjusting, renewing, and changing.
15:38We also need people to keep an eye out for anything out of the ordinary and also to make sure
15:43people are behaving and not breaking the law.
15:46Getting to Mars would be the earliest obstacle we will face.
15:50We've already launched some robots to explore the terrain and conduct some studies.
15:55At first, we would send robots to test the conditions and to build most of the infrastructure.
16:00To build a proper colony, we would have to send out young couples willing to dedicate their lives to the
16:06future and the future of their children.
16:09It won't be easy.
16:10In fact, there would be a variety of people with different professions and specializations to help establish the colony.
16:18People would have to work and establish a local economy.
16:21We would need scientists, doctors, farmers, teachers for the children, and engineers to maintain the structure.
16:28It will take time for the colony to reach a substantial size, but it's all part of the process.
16:34Even the spaceships would need to be large and sufficient to house thousands of people traveling from Earth.
16:40Of course, by then, most of the dwelling units would have been built,
16:43and people would have already picked out their houses depending on if they were single or if they were about
16:48to start a family.
16:50Once the colony has the necessary professionals it needs, then come the other people who wish to start their life
16:57on Mars.
16:58People would need entertainment, so musicians would find a place in the colony.
17:03We can't expect everyone to go out on a nice sunny day to the beach,
17:07but perhaps one day, when the colony is large enough,
17:10there can be an artificial body of water with the same elements as the beach.
17:16Livestock animals would also be shipped from Earth to be raised on Mars,
17:20where they can populate for our nourishment.
17:23We can also bring most of the animals and establish a wildlife sanctuary
17:27for everyone to enjoy and for the animals to thrive.
17:31For now, humans are planning on reaching the Red Planet sooner than we think,
17:36and who knows, maybe you can be one of the first people to sign up
17:40and have your own little dwelling unit far away from Earth.
17:46There are many miles of undiscovered areas beneath the crust we can't even come close to.
17:52Scientists found what appears to be underground mountains buried inside the mantle.
17:58Our planet is divided into three layers, the crust, the mantle, and the core.
18:03The crust is where 8 billion people, trillions of trees, and millions of animals live and thrive.
18:10There are also different types of crust in the land and the ocean.
18:14The oceanic crust contains unique rocks and is denser than the land crust.
18:19We all see how the Earth is divided and color-coded to show the crust, mantle, and core in textbooks.
18:26But there are also special layers in between that not everyone talks about.
18:32The mantle is divided into the upper and lower part, which is the transition zone.
18:38Since the mantle acts as the geological recycling center,
18:42the plate tectonics don't only move side to side, but up and down.
18:47It's actually why all the volcanoes appeared.
18:50The magma spews out to the surface or even underwater and then sinks back down and repeats.
18:57The transitions go down 250 miles and then 410 miles.
19:02And in this bottom layer, scientists keep discovering the hidden landscapes.
19:07The mountains in the mantle are more rugged and much larger than the ones on the crust.
19:13Scientists found a mountain range with peaks higher than Mount Everest.
19:17Some of them are as high as 600 miles.
19:21When the continents were still land-blocked together,
19:23there may have been some hidden lands now underwater.
19:28Theories suggest that Iceland used to be part of a larger microcontinent, Icelandia,
19:34which connected present-day Iceland with Greenland and Scandinavia.
19:38The idea digs even deeper to a greater Icelandia, which includes Britain.
19:43But after the split, these bigger lands sunk with everything in it.
19:48There are also theories about New Zealand being part of Zealandia,
19:52a hidden microcontinent within the same region.
19:55So it could be that these mountains used to be part of old Earth
20:00that are underground over the billions of years of natural occurrences.
20:04But still, it isn't very likely.
20:07One theory is that these underground mountain ranges could be leftover slabs of rock
20:12that descended from the surface to the transition zone from the moving of the tectonic plates.
20:18As they sink, the large pieces break down into smaller ones.
20:22And as they compile over the millions of years,
20:25they form what appears to be underground mountains.
20:28Since the mantle is the geologic recycling zone,
20:32it's likely that the rocks down there used to be part of the surface.
20:37They weren't large pieces of land that got hidden,
20:40just like dogs hide bones in the garden.
20:42But it takes way more time to hide mountains.
20:46Some parts of the mantle appear to be smooth, while others aren't so much.
20:51The parts that have a cluster of rocks could contain hidden elements in the underground mountains.
20:56The smoother parts don't have much seismic or volcanic activity,
21:00while the rough parts do.
21:03The best way to study those underground landscapes
21:05is to wait for an earthquake or a volcano eruption to happen.
21:10Seismologists can observe the Earth's interior with special scanners,
21:14just like doctors use ultrasound to examine a patient.
21:17They can even see minor details and not huge chunks of rocks.
21:22A strong enough earthquake can send shockwaves to the Earth's interior,
21:26even through the core and back up to the surface.
21:29Depending on where they occur,
21:31seismologists can observe and study the intensity of the waves
21:35as they move back and forth.
21:37On smooth rocks, the waves can travel in a straight line,
21:40but once they reach a rough area, the waves tend to scatter.
21:44The temperature and composition of the materials
21:46can make the waves move faster or slower.
21:49But this info isn't exactly accurate
21:52and won't contribute a lot to the actual data of the underground mountains.
21:56So, by analyzing the scattered waves on ships
21:59and utilizing the Earth's magnetic field,
22:02scientists can figure out everything they need to know.
22:05But these studies are only good enough
22:08to figure out the interior in today's state,
22:10not how the Earth changed over the past 4.5 billion years.
22:14However, scientists are certain
22:17that mantle material still dates back
22:20to the beginning of Earth's original formation.
22:22The question,
22:23why not just dig a hole to the center of the Earth
22:26and see what's going on down there,
22:28might seem logical.
22:29The deepest hole humans have dug so far
22:32is the Kola Deep Borehole
22:34in the Russian Arctic
22:35that goes more than 40,000 feet deep.
22:38The locals claim they can actually hear
22:40screaming coming from below.
22:42It took almost 20 years to drill as far as they went,
22:46but it's literally merely scratching the surface of what's underneath.
22:50They dug about one-third of the crust,
22:52which is only 0.2% to the center of the Earth.
22:56Getting there is beyond us,
22:59just like trying to reach the Sun.
23:01No human can handle the amount of pressure down there.
23:04Going down the Mariana Trench,
23:06the Earth's deepest point
23:07requires special gear to withstand all the immense pressure.
23:11It'll cost a fortune to build that tech
23:14to get us to the center of our planet.
23:17Evidence of diamonds buried deep in Brazil
23:20shows that everything we do on the crust's surface
23:23can affect things miles below,
23:25even towards the mantle.
23:27Scientists dug up six diamonds
23:28that could hold tiny mineral grains.
23:31As they're called in the mineral world,
23:33these inclusions have a chemistry composition
23:35where they originated deep in the Earth.
23:38Typical diamonds are formed at depths
23:40less than 125 miles in the upper mantle,
23:43where it's extremely hot.
23:45The high pressure and boiling temperature
23:47down-crystallizes carbon and creates diamonds.
23:50But humans can't dig all the way down there.
23:53They mine them by detecting
23:55where a deep volcanic eruption happened
23:57that expelled these diamonds to the surface.
24:00These eruptions occurred millions of years ago,
24:02when dinosaurs used to rule the Earth.
24:04They shot out the diamonds that were in the mantle
24:07and are now embedded
24:09within the cooled-down volcanic material.
24:11That's where people mine them.
24:13But these special diamonds found in Brazil
24:15originated from a much deeper point than usual,
24:19which can further help scientists
24:20study the depths of the Earth.
24:22They can extract these inclusions
24:24and analyze them in a lab
24:26to tell where exactly these minerals come from.
24:29In the lab, scientists study inclusions,
24:32each just 15 to 40 microns wide,
24:35less than a quarter width of a human hair.
24:38They found out that they contained
24:40many types of minerals
24:41found in volcanic rock on the surface.
24:43The carbon composition of the magma from the surface
24:46is much different than the ones deep in the Earth.
24:49What's crazy is that these diamonds
24:52with special inclusions
24:53can only be found 435 miles in the lower mantle,
24:57With only a few samples of them found,
25:00we don't know what else lies beneath us.
25:02It's possible that those mountain ranges underground,
25:06taller than Mount Everest,
25:07can have traces of diamonds all around,
25:10which would prompt excavators to dig them up
25:12and saturate the market with them.
25:14These diamonds are less flawed than the usual ones
25:17and might even come in many sizes.
25:20It's possible to see diamonds as large as a car
25:23or as small as a grain of rice.
25:25There might even be new diamonds
25:27with different chemical compositions
25:29than the ones we find near the surface.
25:31The largest diamond in the world
25:33is the cullinan,
25:34which can fit in the palm of your hand.
25:37It weighs around 1.3 pounds
25:39and is 3,100 carats.
25:42It was found in 1905 in South Africa.
25:45For anything to exist on Earth,
25:47you need carbon.
25:49In a nutshell,
25:50the carbon cycle
25:51is when plants and algae
25:52release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
25:55or dissolved in water
25:56through photosynthesis.
25:58It's converted into carbohydrates
26:00and stored as fat.
26:01Later on,
26:03carbon dioxide is released
26:04into the atmosphere through breathing,
26:06which the plants benefit from.
26:08And the cycle goes on.
26:10Scientists claim
26:11that there might even be a carbon cycle
26:13in Earth's interior.
26:14The oceanic crust
26:16has a lot of carbon sediment
26:17that could mix
26:18with the upper and lower mantle layer.
26:20But there still isn't enough evidence
26:22to support this.
26:23The deep diamonds
26:24might be the key
26:26to popping open that theory.
26:28Only time will tell.
Comments