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00:01Yep, there's ice, all around, as far as the eye can see.
00:06A white desert covers the entrance to your cave, the one where you and a bunch of other
00:11settlers live.
00:12Everyone's gathered around a fire pit, trying to keep warm, telling each other stories about
00:18how much snow they saw the other day.
00:20Some are running around playing tag, throwing sticks, whatever people used to do for fun
00:26300,000 years ago.
00:28You're one of the earliest Homo sapiens to ever walk the Earth.
00:34Others are sleeping or just resting their eyes.
00:37All around the cave, all you can hear are stomachs rumbling, sounds like a wild animal lurking
00:43around.
00:44You look out the mouth of the cave and see that the storm has cleared.
00:49Time to grab some tools and head out as a group.
00:52In the open wilderness, you find some berries covered in snow and plants that might be edible.
00:59But it's not enough to feed the whole tribe.
01:03It's the Ice Age, and there's not much vegetation growing anywhere.
01:07One of your friends spots some large footprints in the snow.
01:11The chase is on.
01:12You can't tell what it is, but it should be enough to feed everyone for a couple of days.
01:19As you go deeper into the snow-covered forest, you hear a growl behind you.
01:24You hope it's your stomach, but you look behind you and suddenly black out.
01:30An Ice Age is a period when large sheets of ice cover everything, changing the Earth permanently.
01:37It's partly responsible for the raising and lowering of sea levels, as well as the current
01:42layout of the continents.
01:44Picture monster-thick ice sheets spread across what's now Canada, Scandinavia, Russia, and
01:50even South America.
01:52That's all caused sea levels to change drastically, and temperatures around the world fell dramatically.
01:59And I'm not talking about just one Ice Age.
02:03There were a bunch of them.
02:05Scientists say there have been five major Ice Ages throughout history, lasting for millions
02:10of years.
02:11And we're in the middle of one right now.
02:14Relax.
02:15Don't panic.
02:16It doesn't mean we're all going to be sleeping next to bonfires, trying to keep warm after
02:21being out all day looking for woolly mammoths.
02:23And no, there won't be a massive geological ice storm that freezes everything in its path.
02:29Ice Ages have warmer periods in them that come and go, lasting for tens of thousands of years.
02:36In fact, billions of years ago, the Earth was one giant snowball with no life on it.
02:43And the Sun back then was also just a cute little fireball without enough heat to melt
02:49all that ice.
02:50But as the Sun got bigger and hotter, Earth's ice slowly melted away, leaving the green and
02:56blue ball we have today.
02:59We're living in the Quantenary Ice Age that's been going on for the past 2.6 million years
03:05and counting.
03:06Some animals have thrived in this latest Ice Age, like whales and sharks.
03:11They've been at the top of the food chain for ages.
03:15Under them are seals, certain kinds of fish, otters, all the way down to tiny plankton.
03:22Up on the cold surface, mammals had to grow thick and shaggy fur just to stay warm.
03:28Ancient mammoths, rhinos, and bison were known to have thick rugs on them.
03:33They looked awesome.
03:34They were herbivores and ate small shrubs and whatever grass they could find.
03:39But several thousand years ago, temperatures began to rise, and most of these animals became
03:45extinct.
03:46The ones that remained evolved into the elephants, hippos, and rhinos we have today.
03:53You wake up from your blackout and find yourself face to face with a creature that kind of looks
03:59like a modern-day bobcat, except it's much bigger and furrier.
04:04It's a Smilodon, an epic version of a saber-toothed cat with a mean look.
04:10It's around the same size as a male lion and has two front fangs that make me think twice
04:16before leaving the safety of my cave.
04:19They look scary, but scientists think their bite wasn't as powerful as today's tigers
04:24or lions.
04:25What made them tough were their giant forearms used to wrestle down anyone who got on their
04:31nerves.
04:31In packs, they were even able to take down mammoths.
04:36Either way, you don't want to be waking up next to this kitty.
04:40It's staring you down ready to pounce.
04:43But you and your friends keep calm and slowly back off.
04:47You get the genius idea to throw a rock to distract it, then run.
04:53Nowadays, it's near impossible for a human to out-sprint a lion or tiger, but humans back
04:58then were much fitter.
05:00Once the danger's over, everyone continues to look for food.
05:04It's getting dark, and you haven't found anything to bring back to the cave.
05:09Suddenly, you smell something burning.
05:12Way off in the distance, you see a thin column of smoke rising into the sky.
05:17Another settlement?
05:19You and your friends look at each other and approach the smoke cautiously.
05:25Homo sapiens first came into being about two or three hundred years ago.
05:30But human history didn't just pop up out of nowhere.
05:33As far back as seven million years ago, some of us decided to call it quits.
05:39We left our chimpanzee ancestors in the jungle and started doing our own thing.
05:44And that didn't just happen once.
05:46Over those next millions of years, there were over 20 different human species.
05:52Some were our ancestors.
05:54Some were twigs from a completely different branch.
05:57Some were tiny.
05:58Others better adapted for hot or cold weather.
06:01Before you know it, you see a group of Neanderthals cooking some meat, sharpening their tools.
06:08Neanderthals were the first to migrate to Europe.
06:11Scientists believe they were around somewhere between 40,000 to 400,000 years ago.
06:17They occupied all areas between Europe and Asia,
06:20while Homo sapiens, that's us, were still all the way down in Africa.
06:25You enter their camp and immediately see the differences between each other.
06:30They're stocky and look a bit different.
06:32But there are some similarities, like flat teeth for chewing and gnawing,
06:37and big skulls for their big brains.
06:39They even have clothes on, like you.
06:42According to archaeologists, they lived in shelters and made tools out of stone, sticks, and bones.
06:48They welcome you inside and give you a tour like no other.
06:52You're officially meeting another human species.
06:55They take you inside their cave and show you some of their cave paintings.
07:00They were the first artists of their time.
07:03Many of their galleries are still around today, like the ones in caves in Spain.
07:08You know their style.
07:10Minimalist paintings of deer, a large handprint.
07:13They also dabbled a bit in jewelry making.
07:16They made necklaces out of eagle talons and animal fangs.
07:20They were also probably the first ones to harness the power of fire.
07:24Did they discover it when a bolt of lightning hit a tree?
07:27Or when one of them dropped a rock on another rock, creating a spark?
07:32No one really knows.
07:33But they were able to recreate it and use it to keep warm,
07:37to cook food, to see in the darkness, and to protect themselves.
07:42After the nice tour, you hang around the campfire to keep warm.
07:46They even offer you some extra clothes for the journey home.
07:49Mostly thick, shaggy mammoth coats.
07:52If only you could talk to each other, that would be awesome.
07:55But it's getting dark, and you need to head back to the tribe.
07:59You say your goodbyes and thank them for teaching you how to draw deer,
08:04and for that sack of food they gave you.
08:06The Ice Age was important for the development of the modern Homo sapiens.
08:11Because of the extreme cold and other harsh conditions,
08:15they had to adapt to survive, be extra clever and innovative.
08:20They developed advanced tools and even used bone needles to sew warm clothing.
08:25They may have hosted the first-ever runway show.
08:31When the climate started to get warmer,
08:33they developed farming techniques to sustain themselves
08:36and mainly settled near large bodies of water, like rivers or lakes,
08:41while others opted to be near seas and oceans.
08:44They, I mean we, were even the first to domesticate animals.
08:49Fast forward a few hundred thousand years, and here we are.
08:55Throughout history, humans have used tattoos to protect themselves against sorcery,
09:00claim membership in groups, declare their love,
09:04honor their loved ones, or simply express themselves.
09:07And it looks like tattoos are going nowhere,
09:09because as of 2022, 46% of the United States population has at least won.
09:16That's why it's not shocking that tattooing has taken the sixth spot
09:20amongst the fastest-growing industries in the country.
09:23And it's safe to assume that this percentage will only go up.
09:26But have you ever stopped and wondered when this form of body modification came into existence,
09:32and how it changed over the years?
09:34Let me tell you.
09:36Tattoos date back thousands of years.
09:39Have you ever heard about Otsi the Iceman?
09:42He's the 5,200-year-old mummy,
09:44who was found embedded in glacial ice in 1991 in the Oatstel Alps.
09:50Yep, that's how he got the nickname Otsi.
09:52The reason I'm talking about him now is that he holds the record for the oldest tattoos in the Guinness
09:58World Records.
09:59He had 61 markings across his body that are considered to be tattooed by the experts.
10:05These markings are composed of vertical and horizontal lines,
10:09which were created from fireplace ash or soot pigment.
10:13Otsi, however, was not trying to express his true self with them.
10:16When they examined Otsi's bones in detail,
10:20they noticed that there was age or injury-related degeneration on the tattooed areas of his body.
10:26This made scientists believe that his tattoos may have been related to discomfort relief treatments similar to acupuncture.
10:33That also explains the somewhat random distribution of those markings on his body.
10:38Experts also believe the fact Otsi had so many tattoos means that others in his culture knew about tattooing
10:45and that he wasn't the first person ever to have tattoos.
10:49Although Otsi's tattoos are considered to be therapeutic,
10:53evidence of figurative tattoos, which are images of real subjects such as animals and so on,
10:58were also discovered on two 5,000-year-old Egyptian mummies.
11:03As well as pushing back evidence of the practice of tattooing in Africa by 1,000 years,
11:09this discovery also holds the importance of changing the belief that only Egyptian women got tattoos.
11:16However, other mummies with tattoos have been recovered from at least 49 archaeological sites,
11:22including locations in Greenland, Alaska, and the Philippines,
11:26which only suggests that tattoos were a worldwide thing.
11:29But despite all this evidence that shows the art of tattooing is ancient and universal,
11:35the exact date of when and where it began is unknown.
11:39There are written records that date tattoos back to 5th century BCE, Greece,
11:44where they were used to mark criminals and enemies so that it would be easier to identify them if they
11:50tried to escape.
11:51Romans and Persians also used tattooing for the same purposes.
11:56Other cultures, on the other hand, had different uses in mind.
12:01In the Philippines, tattoos were symbols of tribal identity, kinship, bravery, beauty, and social or wealth status.
12:09They were also believed to have magical abilities and were done as protective talismans against any evil supernatural forces.
12:17Consequently, the process of tattooing was believed to be sacred.
12:21Therefore, it involved some rituals.
12:23For example, if an artist or a person who was about to get a tattoo sneezed before the tattoo began,
12:30this was seen as a sign of disapproval by the spirits.
12:34So the session would be called off or rescheduled,
12:37and once a tattoo was complete, a celebration usually would be held on its behalf.
12:44When it came to ancient Egypt, tattoos were originally used to show a dedication to a deity,
12:50and they were believed to convey divine protection.
12:54What's worth mentioning here is the fact that many of the tattooed mummies discovered in Egypt were female.
13:00One of those mummies came to be known as Amunet, the tattooed priestess of Hathor,
13:05who had a variety of tattoos on her body.
13:08When she was first discovered, experts initially thought that due to the placement of her tattoos,
13:14these were either done as a medical treatment for a lower body condition,
13:18or they were simply the markings of lower status.
13:21But in recent years, a further examination revealed that she was a person with high social status,
13:27so the previous theory was debunked.
13:30This discovery led some to believe that her tattoos possibly functioned as protection
13:35against the difficulties of pregnancy and childbirth.
13:38Now let's take a look at Japan's history with tattoos.
13:43Tattooing for spiritual and decorative purposes was widespread in Japan,
13:48and it actually extended back to at least 300 BCE.
13:53Some written texts also describe tattooing and other bodily markings
13:57to indicate social differences among Japanese people.
14:01By the 17th century, however, most criminals were tattooed as a mark of punishment,
14:06and by the mid-19th century, tattoos were banned altogether,
14:10and those who had them were viewed as lacking respectability,
14:14which in turn created a subculture of outcasts,
14:17who formed the roots of the Yakuza.
14:20But how did the modern and more expressionist role of tattoos in the Western world begin?
14:27James Cook was a British explorer and captain,
14:30who was famous for his three voyages to the South Pacific,
14:34which took place between 1768 and 1779.
14:38During one of these voyages, he traveled to the Tahitian Islands,
14:42where he was introduced to the art of tattooing.
14:45When he landed on the island,
14:47he was surprised and impressed by the heavily tattooed men and women,
14:51and he wanted to make note of them in his logbook.
14:54So, to describe their body art,
14:56he used the term tattoo after hearing the locals use a word
15:00that sounded similar to it regarding their markings.
15:02Before that, tattooing was simply referred to as scarring, painting, or staining.
15:09Many of Cook's crew returned to England with tattoos from this voyage,
15:13which, in return, restarted a tattoo tradition among the sailors.
15:18They started using tattoos as a way to record their travels.
15:22For example, they would get an anchor tattoo if they crossed the Atlantic Ocean successfully,
15:27or a shellback turtle tattoo if they crossed the equator.
15:31This paved the way for the traditional style of tattooing.
15:36By the 19th century, although tattoos were still largely associated with sailors,
15:41they had spread to British high society as well.
15:44During the 1870s, they had even become fashion statements among some members of the upper classes,
15:51as well as royalty.
15:52The people who had them among the high society
15:55included British Prime Minister Winston Churchill's mother,
15:58Lady Randolph Churchill,
16:00Prince of Wales, the future Edward VII,
16:02and his sons,
16:03as well as several of Queen Victoria's relatives.
16:06It was even rumored that she herself had a tattoo of a tiger fighting a python
16:12in the area of her body that could easily be covered with clothes, just in case.
16:16This all led to tattoos becoming a mark of wealth by the late 1880s.
16:23In 1891, the tattoo machine was created by Samuel O'Reilly,
16:28who was a New York City tattooer himself.
16:30His design was based on a modification of Thomas Edison's electric pen,
16:35which was originally designed to help businesses with document duplication.
16:40It was also around the same years that tattooed women started to make appearances,
16:45though mostly in the circuses to entertain people.
16:48Although that industry eventually slowed down,
16:51by the 1920s, more women began to get tattoos as a cost-effective alternative to makeup,
16:57since products were so expensive at the time.
17:00In 1939, Mildred Hull became the first female to open her own tattoo shop in New York.
17:07It was around this time that the U.S. introduced social security numbers,
17:11and many citizens got theirs tattooed on their bodies as a memory aid.
17:16However, despite these tattoos,
17:19decorative tattoos continued to be looked down upon.
17:21If you had a tattoo during the 50s or the 60s,
17:25you would still be viewed as a rebel or a criminal by the majority of people.
17:30In 1961, the New York City Health Department actually banned tattoos
17:35because they saw them as the cause of spreading diseases.
17:38The ban was not lifted until 1997.
17:42Today, tattoos are so common that even toys have them.
17:46So there's no ban, no stigma, no style or color restriction,
17:50and nothing to stop you from getting the tattoo of your dreams.
17:53Maybe except your mom.
17:58That's it for today.
17:59So hey, if you pacified your curiosity,
18:02then give the video a like and share it with your friends.
18:04Or if you want more, just click on these videos and stay on the bright side.
18:08In a frosty Canadian park, hidden deep beneath layers of thick ice,
18:14scientists discovered a bizarre skeleton they named the frozen dragon.
18:19The skeleton had been in the frozen ice for millions of years.
18:23It took experts decades to work out the species of this strange fossil.
18:27It was identified as a new genus of pterosaur.
18:31Pterosaurs were massive flying reptiles with wingspans of over 16 feet.
18:35Their heads were 3.5 times the size of their bodies.
18:40Pterosaurs lived 76 million years ago when they soared above the dinosaurs.
18:46Scientists described them as the biggest, meanest, and most bizarre animals that ever flew.
18:51The new genus has been named Cryodracon boreas,
18:56which translates to frozen dragon of the north winds.
19:01In 2013, a young mountaineer was climbing one of the tallest mountains in Western Europe,
19:07Mont Blanc.
19:08He noticed a strange metal box poking out of the snow.
19:11The mountaineer pried the box open and found that it was filled with precious rubies,
19:17emeralds, and sapphires.
19:19The climber immediately handed the box to the authorities.
19:22It was discovered that the box likely belonged to a passenger on one of two flights from India
19:28that crashed into the mountain over 50 years ago.
19:31The box was valued to be worth over $200,000,
19:35and authorities are still searching for the heir to the small box of treasures.
19:40In northwest Siberia in 2007,
19:44a reindeer herder was on an outing with his sons when he noticed something strange in the ice.
19:49The man realized it was a frozen mammoth calf and immediately contacted the local museum.
19:56The calf was named Luba and was the best preserved mammoth mummy in the world at the time of its
20:02discovery.
20:03Luba had been in the ice for 41,800 years and is around 30 to 35 days old.
20:10From trunk to tail, the mammoth calf is roughly the same size as a large calf.
20:15If you're interested in seeing for yourself, Luba travels to museums all around the world.
20:22On the frozen continent of Antarctica, covered in layers of ice and snow,
20:26is Mount Erebus, the frozen volcano.
20:30The volcano was discovered in the middle of an eruption in 1841 by explorers on an Arctic expedition.
20:37The volcano is over 12,000 feet tall and has been active for the last 1.3 million years.
20:43Deep within the middle of the volcano is a huge crater filled with large volumes of molten lava.
20:49The volcano has occasional explosions, which means it's classified as being in continuing eruption.
20:56However, these eruptions are nothing to worry about because they're generally rather small.
21:01Back in 1991, two hikers were traveling across the Italian Alps
21:06when they stumbled across a body that they presumed to belong to a recently lost hiker.
21:11The duo trudged back down the mountain to report their unfortunate findings.
21:16Once the remains were recovered, it was clear that the body was not recent at all.
21:21Scientists determined that the Iceman was more than 5,000 years old and named him Otsi.
21:28The discovery was unlike anything scientists had ever before seen because the body was so well preserved.
21:34For years, Otsi was studied by scientists who discovered that our ancestors have a lot more in common with us
21:41than we ever knew before.
21:43Otsi was covered in ink body art.
21:46Research done on the contents of his stomach revealed that his last meal was dry-cured meat, similar to the
21:53bacon we eat today.
21:54Otsi has at least 19 relatives living today, somewhere in Central Europe.
21:59Scientists were researching ancient squirrel burrows in Siberia when they came across something interesting.
22:06One of the squirrels had hidden away precious seeds deep beneath the ground.
22:11The seeds had been encased in ice for 32,000 years.
22:16The seeds were for the flower Silene stenophilia, which had long since gone extinct.
22:21Amazingly, scientists were able to recover plant tissue from inside the seeds and grow an entire crop of flowers.
22:29They've since reintroduced the previously extinct flower to natural habitats all across the world.
22:35In 1930, a team of Norwegian scientists sailed around the Arctic Ocean, conducting research on the seas and glaciers.
22:43They reached White Island, a dangerous and icy land no human had set foot on before.
22:49Or so they thought.
22:51The scientists were shocked to discover the tip of a small boat sticking out of the snow.
22:56Frozen inside the boat, they found scientific equipment and various personal items, including a jacket monogrammed S.A. Andrei.
23:05They had discovered the wreck of the famous Andrei Arctic Balloon Expedition.
23:10In 1897, Swedish explorers, led by Andrei, attempted to travel to the North Pole by hydrogen balloon.
23:18No one had ever heard from them ever again.
23:21People only found out what happened to them when the wreck was discovered 33 years later.
23:26It turns out that the balloon had crashed on White Island only two days after departing from Sweden.
23:32The explorers traveled along the island on a small makeshift boat, but were unable to make it any further.
23:39The best preserved woolly mammoth ever found was discovered in an area of permafrost in Siberia in 2010.
23:47Scientists named the frozen mammoth Yuka after the small village near where it was found.
23:52Yuka had been frozen for 39,000 years and is thought to have been around 6 to 8 years old.
23:58Because Yuka is so well preserved, it has been studied for years and provided new information about mammoths.
24:04In 2019, scientists reported that they were able to activate cells taken from Yuka's tissue.
24:11Maybe one day, we'll have woolly mammoths roaming the land.
24:15From looking at pictures and videos of Antarctica, the continent appears to be freezing cold, covered in snow, and flat,
24:23except for a few small hills.
24:25Scientists believed that too.
24:27When studying the Gombertsev Mountains in the early 2000s, they were shocked to discover that the small rocky hills were
24:34actually the peak of a gigantic mountain formation under a mile of snow.
24:39Using radar technology, researchers worked out that the mountains are really around 10,000 feet tall and sprawl across 750
24:48miles.
24:49This is around the same size as the European Alps, except hidden under tons of ice and snow.
24:55At a gold mine in Siberia, a businessman was examining a nearby river when he noticed something interesting in the
25:02frost.
25:03It was a small woolly rhino calf that was later named Sasha.
25:07The woolly rhino has been extinct for 15,000 years.
25:10It's thought that Sasha could have been frozen in the ice for up to 39,000 years.
25:15Sasha is unique because it's the only full-body woolly rhino to have ever been discovered.
25:22Glaciers around the northern Italian town of Palo have begun to melt.
25:26Artifacts from decades and even centuries ago have been discovered pouring out of the ice.
25:32Personal belongings from soldiers have been found.
25:35Things like diaries, photographs, and even love letters.
25:38Historians have even uncovered an entire cabin preserved beneath the ice.
25:43The cabin was filled with hard metal helmets and clothes.
25:46In 1845, Sir John Franklin embarked on an ill-fated expedition to the North Pole.
25:52The crew traveled on two ships, HMS Erebus and the ironically named HMS Terror.
25:59The expedition met with disaster, and both ships were lost to the icy waters.
26:04In 2016, the HMS Terror was discovered by a team of researchers.
26:09Despite being lost for 170 years, the freezing cold waters had maintained the ship in pristine condition.
26:18Scientists described the ship as frozen in time.
26:21Dinner plates and glasses were still on shelves, beds and desks were still in order,
26:26and even the passengers' luggage appeared to be in good condition.
26:30The HMS Erebus was also discovered nearby, but due to changing water conditions, the ship wasn't in great shape.
26:37The glacial ice surrounding a mountain passageway in Norway that was notoriously used by the Vikings
26:43has revealed hundreds of ancient artifacts.
26:47One of these artifacts was a giant unopened wooden box that was welded together.
26:52Researchers were beside themselves with anticipation, waiting to open this box.
26:57They believed it would be filled with Viking treasures
26:59or artifacts that would give us an insight into ancient society.
27:03When they opened the box, all that was inside was a plain old beeswax candle.
27:09It turns out that this box wasn't actually as old as they thought it was.
27:13By analyzing the candle, they discovered that the box dates back to the 17th century.
27:18The age of the Vikings had ended by the 11th century.
27:21It's likely that the candle box belonged to a farmer who was shipping it from his summer farm
27:26to his winter farm to light up the long nights.
27:29The geoc attracts the30s.
27:29It seems that the symbol of theyards of the Vikings are going to be delivered at the 17th century.
27:30Thank you so much aside from having myisson's for the most part.
27:30There's only ones using a wall to cut out to the chamber.
27:30When you寝 to the only place where you're looking for attached at the moment of the thu nuance zone,
27:30and the level to change the cast.
27:30Mozza Market, and early to parade show the week away from the miniatures.
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