- 2 days ago
- #brightside
- #brightsideglobal
Mars is slowly pulling Phobos closer to itself because of the gravitational forces between them. In a few tens of millions of years, Phobos will be so close to Mars that it will break apart from the planet's gravity and form a ring of debris. This is a natural process that has happened to other moons in our solar system, like Phoebe, one of Saturn's moons. So, don't worry about any evil schemes from Mars – it's just the way our neighboring planet and its moon interact with each other!
#brightside #brightsideglobal
TIMESTAMPS:
0:01 Mars is destroying its Moon
08:24 Making Mars livable
17:06 Living underground on Mars
This video is made for entertainment purposes. We do not make any warranties about the completeness, safety and reliability. Any action you take upon the information in this video is strictly at your own risk, and we will not be liable for any damages or losses. It is the viewer's responsibility to use judgement, care and precaution if you plan to replicate.
#brightside #brightsideglobal
TIMESTAMPS:
0:01 Mars is destroying its Moon
08:24 Making Mars livable
17:06 Living underground on Mars
This video is made for entertainment purposes. We do not make any warranties about the completeness, safety and reliability. Any action you take upon the information in this video is strictly at your own risk, and we will not be liable for any damages or losses. It is the viewer's responsibility to use judgement, care and precaution if you plan to replicate.
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FunTranscript
00:00Ah, what a nice cosmic family.
00:02Meet Mars.
00:03I bet you've met him before.
00:05These two little guys are Phobos and Deimos, Mars' small moons.
00:10But it seems like Mars isn't treating the little ones the right way.
00:14Phobos and Deimos are believed to be captured asteroids.
00:18However, Phobos is gradually moving closer to Mars due to gravity.
00:22And it is predicted that it will eventually be destroyed by the planet's gravity
00:27within the next 35 million years.
00:30I won't be around that.
00:31So, I imagine this will result in a ring of debris around Mars,
00:36similar to Saturn's rings.
00:38However, this process is a natural phenomenon and not an act of destruction by Mars.
00:44Apparently, Phobos is getting ripped apart by the crazy gravitational forces of the Red Planet.
00:50But wait, there's more!
00:52Phobos has these crazy parallel grooves all over its surface.
00:55We used to think that they were from an asteroid crash.
00:59But now scientists think they're actually from Mars' intense gravity pulling the Moon apart.
01:04Talk about a rough ride!
01:06Scientists have this wild idea that when a little guy like Phobos gets too close to a big guy like
01:13Mars,
01:14it starts to stretch out towards it.
01:16They call it the tidal force.
01:18Phobos is predicted to get stretched out so much that it'll actually break apart.
01:24Crazy, right?
01:24And the debris from the Moon will form a tiny ring around Mars, just like Saturn's rings.
01:31Now, some people thought that Phobos's tiger stripes were caused by tidal forces before.
01:36But that theory got shut down because the Moon is just too darn fluffy.
01:41But now, these genius researchers ran some computer simulations
01:45and found out that maybe there's a hard shell underneath all that fluff
01:49that could create grooves on the surface.
01:51But don't worry.
01:53At the rate Phobos is going, it's going to crash into Mars in about 40 million years.
01:58But if tidal forces are already tearing it apart, it might not even last that long.
02:04However, we'll still have the chance to learn more about Phobos.
02:07NASA just picked 10 rock star researchers from all over the U.S.
02:12to join the science working team for JAXA's Martian moons exploration, or just MMX, mission.
02:19As NASA-supported participating scientists, they'll be helping JAXA explore the two Martian moons, Phobos and Diamos.
02:26And get this, they're even planning to land on Phobos and grab a surface sample.
02:32The mission is set to launch in 2024, and we'll get our hands on that sample in 2029.
02:38Seven of the lucky researchers will be using the MMX flight instruments to conduct their research.
02:45Phobos is a real oddball.
02:46It's only 17 miles wide and orbits Mars at a distance of 3,728 miles, to be precise.
02:55Now, that's way closer than Earth's moon, which takes a whole 27 days to orbit us.
03:00But Phobos is in a death spiral toward Mars and is slowly falling towards the planet's surface at a rate
03:07of 6 feet every 100 years.
03:10But there must be a reason why Mars is acting that nastily, right?
03:14What if it's all just because of plain vengeance?
03:17Well, okay, picture this.
03:19Mars is minding its own business, being all hot and watery like a young Earth.
03:24It's got a sweet magnetic field that's protecting it from cosmic radiation and keeping its atmosphere nice and thick.
03:31Hey, life is good.
03:33But then, at least 20 asteroids, each the size of a small country, come crashing down on Mars like a
03:40giant game of cosmic whack-a-mole.
03:42One of them even leaves a crater that's almost 2,000 miles wide.
03:46Now imagine how Mars must feel with two asteroids being its moons after what other asteroids did to the red
03:53planet.
03:54All these impacts are like a massive punch to Mars' gut, and its already weak magnetic field is knocked out
04:00cold.
04:01The core gets all overheated and can't circulate properly, which means no more magnetic field to protect the planet.
04:08It's like as if you were wearing nothing at the depth of the Mariana Trench.
04:13If it were possible, you'd be defenseless.
04:15And chilly.
04:17That's basically what happened to Mars.
04:19So now, poor Mars is out there in the cold, unprotected from all those nasty cosmic rays.
04:25It's like going outside without sunscreen.
04:27Not a good idea.
04:28But at least, we can learn from Mars' mistakes and make sure Earth doesn't have the same fate.
04:34Maybe we should start investing in some asteroid insurance.
04:38But trust me, the red planet isn't mean at all.
04:42It's actually pretty friendly.
04:44While Mars may seem to be pretty tough for Phobos, there's something that might be thriving with Mars' help.
04:50So get this.
04:51A team of scientists found a way to grow rice on Mars.
04:55Yep, you heard me right.
04:57They used MMS.
04:58Not the outdated way to send pictures, but a special soil called Mojave Mars Simulant.
05:04It's supposed to mimic Martian soil.
05:06And here's the catch.
05:07Martian soil has these nasty, percolate salts that can be toxic for plants.
05:12So the team grew three types of rice, one normal, and two gene-edited with mutations that make them better
05:19at handling stress like drought or salinity.
05:22And guess what?
05:23The mutant strains were able to root in soil with one gram of percolate per kilometer.
05:29Take that, Martian soil.
05:31But hold up.
05:33The rice grown in the MMS didn't turn out as great as the ones grown in regular potting soil.
05:39So the team decided to mix a quarter of the potting soil with the Martian simulant.
05:43And looky there.
05:45The plants started developing better.
05:48Now, these scientists aren't just thinking about feeding Martians.
05:51They also want to see if their findings can help grow crops in places on Earth with high salinity.
05:57And get this.
05:58The whole project started when two researchers met for coffee and decided to try growing plants together.
06:04Well, isn't that nice?
06:06I suspect you're about to say,
06:08Hey, but if you want to grow rice on Mars, you'll have to ship insane amounts of water from Earth.
06:14And it's not easy to quench this plant's thirst.
06:17You're right.
06:18You need about 449 gallons of water to only grow a pound of rice.
06:24But guess what?
06:25Scientists made a groundbreaking announcement at the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference in Texas.
06:31They found a relic glacier near Mars' equator.
06:35That's right.
06:35Water ice on Mars, even near the equator.
06:39This is huge news and could mean there's even more ice just below the surface.
06:44It's not just any glacier.
06:46It's a relic glacier that's estimated to be 3.5 miles long and up to 2.5 miles wide.
06:53It's like the size of a small town.
06:55It's got all the features of a glacier, including crevasse fields and moraine bands.
07:00But get this.
07:01It's not actually ice.
07:03It's a salt deposit that formed on top of the glacier while preserving its shape.
07:08So how did this salt deposit form?
07:11Well, it turns out that volcanic materials blanketing the region might have something to do with it.
07:17When these materials come into contact with water ice, sulfate salts may form and build up into a hardened, crusty
07:24layer.
07:25Over time, erosion removed the volcanic materials, exposing the sulfates and revealing the glacier's unique features.
07:33This glacier is young, likely from the Amazonian geologic period.
07:37That means that Mars has had surface ice in recent times.
07:41Who knows what other icy secrets Mars is hiding?
07:45But hold your horses, there's still more research to be done.
07:48Scientists need to figure out if there's still water ice preserved underneath the salt deposit or if it has disappeared
07:55entirely.
07:56And if there is still water ice at shallow depths near the equator, that could have major implications for human
08:03exploration.
08:04Imagine being able to extract water from the ground at a warmer location.
08:09That would be a game-changer.
08:11So let's see what else these scientists uncover about our favorite red neighbor.
08:16Maybe someday, we'll even get to visit that salt glacier statue in person.
08:21See you next time!
08:23Imagine something terrible happening to Earth, and humans having to leave it as fast as possible.
08:28And you have to decide which planet will become your new home.
08:32Which one will you pick?
08:34Probably the first planet that comes to mind is Mars.
08:37It's relatively close.
08:39Like Earth, it's also a rocky planet.
08:42It even has an atmosphere, even though it's much thinner than what we have on our planet.
08:47But at the same time, the North Pole on Earth would seem balmy to you in comparison to Mars.
08:53On the red planet, the average temperature is minus 80 degrees Fahrenheit.
08:58The most radioactive areas on our home planet might seem harmless if you compare them with the surface of Mars.
09:06But what if we terraform Mars?
09:09Could we keep transforming the red planet until it becomes capable of supporting human life?
09:15It would be an enormous feat.
09:17Mars is an extremely dangerous place.
09:20Should you teleport there right now, without any protective suit or anything,
09:25the gas in your blood would instantly turn into bubbles.
09:28You can probably imagine the consequences.
09:31Add oxygen deprivation, cold exposure, and radiation poisoning to the equation, and, well, who's next?
09:39If we still decided to terraform Mars, we would need to create a stronger magnetosphere.
09:45We've got this protective magnetic layer on Earth.
09:48It shields us from the Sun's ultraviolet radiation.
09:51The red planet would also need a thicker atmosphere, again, for protecting us from harmful space stuff better.
09:58Right now, the Martian atmosphere is almost entirely composed of carbon dioxide with tiny amounts of oxygen.
10:06For us to live there comfortably, Mars would also need to be warmer.
10:10And if we managed to somehow warm the planet up, we'd also be able to release frozen carbon dioxide.
10:18At the moment, there are vast reserves of this gas at the red planet's polar caps and other areas.
10:23It would help the atmosphere to become thicker, making it possible for water to exist on the surface of the
10:29planet.
10:31Right now, there is some water on Mars.
10:33The atmosphere of the red planet is too thin for this water to stay in its liquid form.
10:38But under the surface of the planet, it's a different matter.
10:42You can find water under the surface of the planet in its polar regions.
10:46The only place where this water is visible is at the north polar ice cap.
10:51Also, sometimes, salty water flows down crater walls and hillsides.
10:56And there are tiny quantities of water in the planet's atmosphere.
11:00But it only exists as vapor.
11:03If liquid water existed on the surface of the planet, it would make it easier for us to start growing
11:08plants.
11:09And plants, in turn, would begin to produce oxygen.
11:13But, first of all, we would need to start the warming process.
11:16How?
11:18Well, Elon Musk suggests using nuclear energy to make Mars more livable.
11:23He says it could be done by creating a continuous flow of low-fallout nuclear fusion explosions above the atmosphere
11:30of the planet.
11:32It could create something like numerous artificial suns.
11:35It could warm the planet, melting the frozen ice caps, which would then thicken the atmosphere, causing even more warming.
11:43Other strategies for Martian global warming include the diversion of asteroids into the poles of the planet,
11:50or the large-scale production of greenhouse gases that could help us heat the red planet.
11:56Or we could create a giant space mirror, as huge as the side of Mars.
12:01It would reflect tons of additional sunlight onto the planet.
12:05The problem is, all these projects would have exorbitant costs.
12:09It would also require serious upgrades in our technological capabilities.
12:13Could there be an easier and cheaper way of terraforming the red planet?
12:18It seems so.
12:20Casey Hanmer used to work in NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
12:24Now, he's the founder of a startup hoping to create carbon-negative natural gas by pulling carbon dioxide out of
12:32the atmosphere of our planet.
12:33He's also made a proposal to terraform Mars for a modest $10 billion.
12:40Hmm, sounds alluring.
12:42So, what is his idea?
12:44Mass-produced small solar sails.
12:47These are already existing technologies, even though they appeared only recently.
12:53Such sails use sunlight to propel themselves, like ships use the wind to sail.
12:58These solar sails could be launched into low Earth orbit.
13:02And after that, they would fly themselves to Mars.
13:05There, they would reflect sunlight onto the night side of the planet.
13:09According to Hanmer's calculations, a decade of such launches could result in a 1% increase in temperature on Mars.
13:19Hanmer also believes that we could mass-produce solar cells at cell phone factories.
13:24All because a solar sail would need a processor, a camera for navigation, and some electronics to be able to
13:32transmit data, just like a smartphone.
13:35In other words, solar sails would be like small satellites using cell phone technology.
13:41Each of these sails would also need a sail of its own, a thin space blanket weighing about 2 pounds.
13:48When unfurled, it would span around the size of two basketball courts.
13:52Would this plan involving solar sails enable people to terraform Mars?
13:59Hanmer doesn't think so.
14:01Even if we put loads of money into solar sails, they would only make the red planet warmer and more
14:07humid.
14:08But they still wouldn't be enough to make Mars suitable for human life.
14:12Most scientists are also very skeptical about the very idea of terraforming this cold, dry world.
14:19They say that carbon dioxide and water vapor are the only greenhouse gases present on Mars.
14:25But there's just not enough of them to change the situation.
14:29Let's say we manage to melt the polar ice caps with the help of Elon Musk nuclear technology or solar
14:36sails.
14:37And still, this ice will only release enough carbon dioxide to bring the atmospheric pressure to 1.2% of
14:45what it is on Earth.
14:47Plus, most of the carbon dioxide gas wouldn't be accessible.
14:51And we wouldn't be able to mobilize it.
14:53Even if we decided to go through an energy-intensive process of the extraction of carbon dioxide from the planet's
15:01soil, dust, and minerals,
15:03we'd still only get the atmosphere to a mere 5% of where it needs to be.
15:09Water is another problem.
15:11It is salty on Mars.
15:12It might even be as salty as the oceans on our planet.
15:16But these salts aren't what you find on Earth.
15:19If a person consumed a certain amount of them, they would be highly toxic to the human body.
15:25Um, who's next?
15:27On our planet, these salts are formed as byproducts of rocket fuel, as well as in road flares and fireworks.
15:34Naturally, they only occur in very dry areas.
15:38If there are no particular bacteria to break them down,
15:41these substances accumulate year after year, and their concentration in water is constantly increasing.
15:48But, in theory, it's possible to purify even such water.
15:53The process of filtration could help the astronauts get rid of 90% of harmful substances.
15:59Then they could use a UV disinfection unit.
16:02This would also help get rid of any foreign molecules, if there are any, that might be hiding in the
16:08water.
16:15In other words, future travelers to Mars shouldn't have too many problems with drinking water on the red planet.
16:24But only if they bring the right purification equipment that can deal with any water quality.
16:29Because, however bad running out of water in the middle of a desert is,
16:34experiencing it on another planet sounds much more terrifying.
16:38Anyway, back to terraforming the red planet.
16:41Once you start thinking about it, some worrying questions arise.
16:45Who is supposed to decide whether we should start this process?
16:49When should we start it?
16:51What if there's some form of life on the red planet?
16:54Like indigenous microbes we haven't spotted yet.
16:57And our attempts to change their home will disturb them.
17:00What if they don't survive these changes?
17:03Now, what do you think?
17:04Share your thoughts in the comments.
17:09We just can't get enough of Mars, can we?
17:12Everyone wants to go there and astronauts are now looking at caves on the red planet where they can live
17:18once people inhabit it.
17:20The planet itself has some similar characteristics to Earth.
17:24Yeah, it's somewhat smaller than Earth.
17:25But the time it takes for the planets to revolve around themselves is also similar, which is about a day.
17:32On paper, Mars might seem like a good idea given some similarities to Earth.
17:37But there are some factors we need to pay attention to before we consider stepping foot there.
17:42The temperature.
17:43Mars might look like a scorching hot planet like a freakishly large Sahara desert, but quite the opposite.
17:49It's really cold.
17:51Mars has a reputation for being a freezing, desolate, endless land that happens to have the largest mountain in our
17:57solar system thus far.
17:59So, within those mountains, astronauts and scientists are considering whether naturally built caves are the answer to our survival.
18:08Caves won't be the worst thing we'd live in considering our ancestors used to dwell in caves in communities.
18:15Logically, it's the best place to stay dry during a storm and keep warm.
18:19It's the best place for protection against predators like giant birds, elephants and saber-toothed cats.
18:25We even had our first art shows in caves with evidence of cave art dated thousands of years ago.
18:31Caves are a good idea, and they can also help us save a lot of money when establishing a colony
18:37on Mars.
18:38Rather than building a fresh structure in the middle of an open plain,
18:43the cave structure will help and influence the architecture, potentially saving lots and lots of money.
18:49Going to Mars will be expensive.
18:51It's already expensive sending people to the moon and launching a rocket into space.
18:56So, we have to consider the logistics.
19:00Another thing to look out for is caves in the ground that are not necessarily stuck on mountains.
19:06Scientists believe that most potential places for humans to thrive are caves.
19:10These spaces are large enough to host large populations.
19:14So far, they identified nine caves as large as football fields.
19:19So, what would life look like if we lived in caves on Mars?
19:23For one thing, sunlight would be hard to access.
19:26By the time we reached Mars, we would have the best technology to maximize our lifespan in a hostile environment,
19:33which means withstanding the harsh sun rays of Mars.
19:37Most likely, we would dig through the caves further underground where oxygen would be pumped for everyone to breathe.
19:43People can walk around casually, thinking they're on Earth,
19:46and to exit the caves, you would need to wear a special suit.
19:51These cave colonies would have dormitories for people to live in and special spaces for colony meetings,
19:57entertainment, grocery markets, schools, and other places that are needed to sustain a colony.
20:02There would also be indoor farms to grow crops and raise livestock.
20:07A team of experts mapped out what some of the dwellings will look like on Mars.
20:12And just like on Earth, we will have apartments for young professionals, family homes, and luxury mansions.
20:18Some of the dwelling units would be placed on the surface and not in caves.
20:23One of the key elements of the design and architecture is how to build it around the natural light to
20:28brighten up the homes.
20:30Another element is how to deflect radiation and cosmic rays.
20:34Because Mars has such a thin atmosphere, sun rays and other hazardous objects easily enter Mars.
20:41The dwelling units also have to be sturdy to protect them from severe dust storms and extreme cold temperatures.
20:48Some of the living pods or dwelling units that are for couples or singles would have tunnels leading to a
20:54shared workspace and garden.
20:56Studies show that even being in the presence of greenery can reduce stress levels significantly.
21:01And on the red planet, we would definitely need some greenery.
21:06We can expect the family homes to be built within the caves, not necessarily underground.
21:11It would be tempting to head outside with the view of Mars.
21:15But the large thick glass would prevent anything from coming in and out.
21:19Those who are underground with a view rely on LEDs and camera systems to screen the surface landscape of Mars
21:26so it acts like real windows.
21:29And if you're bored of the surface, you can always switch the channel and watch something else as you please.
21:34Maybe a flowing river surrounded by trees.
21:37Or maybe a penthouse view of all of New York.
21:40The choice is yours.
21:42There would be a driveway that leads to a garage so one can enter and exit easily.
21:47There won't really be a reason to exit the cave colony except probably to visit other cave colonies.
21:53In this case, we would have highly crafted vehicles that will take people from colony to colony on the surface.
21:59The vehicles can withstand harsh temperatures and would be constantly transporting people daily.
22:05Some people might live in a certain colony and have to commute to work every day in other colonies.
22:11Humans might not have to be working in dangerous conditions or on the surface.
22:15We would have robots that will do that for us.
22:17The thing about robots is that they don't need to be human-shaped to do a job.
22:22However, before transporting humans to space, we would need to create some human-like robots and land them on Mars.
22:29With the exact physical form, we can determine what would happen to people if they were on Mars.
22:35We would have robots for specific tasks, helping us with everything.
22:40Let's not forget artificial intelligence plays a major role in monitoring the systems and updating the functionalities of the colony.
22:47It'll know when certain systems need fixing, adjusting, renewing, and changing.
22:52We also need people to keep an eye out for anything out of the ordinary and also to make sure
22:57people are behaving and not breaking the law.
23:00Getting to Mars would be the earliest obstacle we will face.
23:04We've already launched some robots to explore the terrain and conduct some studies.
23:09At first, we would send robots to test the conditions and to build most of the infrastructure.
23:14To build a proper colony, we would have to send out young couples willing to dedicate their lives to the
23:20future and the future of their children.
23:22It won't be easy.
23:24In fact, there would be a variety of people with different professions and specializations to help establish the colony.
23:32People would have to work and establish a local economy.
23:35We would need scientists, doctors, farmers, teachers for the children, and engineers to maintain the structure.
23:42It will take time for the colony to reach a substantial size, but it's all part of the process.
23:48Even the spaceships would need to be large and sufficient to house thousands of people traveling from Earth.
23:54Of course, by then, most of the dwelling units would have been built, and people would have already picked out
23:59their houses,
24:00depending on if they were single or if they were about to start a family.
24:04Once the colony has the necessary professionals it needs, then come the other people who wish to start their life
24:11on Mars.
24:13People would need entertainment, so musicians would find a place in the colony.
24:17We can't expect everyone to go out on a nice sunny day to the beach, but perhaps one day, when
24:23the colony is large enough,
24:24there can be an artificial body of water with the same elements as the beach.
24:30Livestock animals would also be shipped from Earth to be raised on Mars, where they can populate for our nourishment.
24:37We can also bring most of the animals and establish a wildlife sanctuary for everyone to enjoy and for the
24:44animals to thrive.
24:45For now, humans are planning on reaching the red planet sooner than we think, and who knows,
24:51maybe you can be one of the first people to sign up, and have your own little dwelling unit far
24:57away from Earth.
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