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Stonehenge is one of the most mysterious and fascinating monuments in the world. But how much do we really know about its origin, purpose, and construction? In this video, we will explore the latest scientific findings and theories that reveal the surprising truth behind the ancient monument.
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TIMESTAMPS:
0:01 Stonehendge's secret
09:21 Mystery of Yellowstone
18:22 What if you got stuck in the Stone Age
This video is made for entertainment purposes. We do not make any warranties about the completeness, safety and reliability. Any action you take upon the information in this video is strictly at your own risk, and we will not be liable for any damages or losses. It is the viewer's responsibility to use judgement, care and precaution if you plan to replicate.
#brightside #brightsideglobal
TIMESTAMPS:
0:01 Stonehendge's secret
09:21 Mystery of Yellowstone
18:22 What if you got stuck in the Stone Age
This video is made for entertainment purposes. We do not make any warranties about the completeness, safety and reliability. Any action you take upon the information in this video is strictly at your own risk, and we will not be liable for any damages or losses. It is the viewer's responsibility to use judgement, care and precaution if you plan to replicate.
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FunTranscript
00:00The majority of us have believed for a really long time that Stonehenge, one of the most iconic monuments in
00:07the world,
00:08was an ancient calendar because of its alignment with the summer and winter solstices.
00:13But no one could figure out how it really worked.
00:17Now a team of researchers have come out with another study.
00:20It turns out that Stonehenge could have functioned like the solar calendar.
00:25It's a similar principle to the solar calendar ancient Egyptians used to have.
00:29The one based on a year composed of 365.25 days.
00:34Each of the stones from this big mysterious sarsen circle represented one day within a month.
00:41Sarsens are what we call these large boulders.
00:44It's actually a perpetual calendar where people could track every winter solstice sunset.
00:50That way, those who live near Stonehenge, which is today Wiltshire, UK, could keep track of the days and months
00:57of the year.
00:57We all now understand this mysterious calendar system because of this interesting discovery in 2020.
01:04The team has identified the source of 50 of the 52 sarsens that make up the iconic stone circle we
01:10all know about.
01:11They analyzed the chemical composition of these sarsens and traced their origins to the West Woods in Wiltshire,
01:18which is about 15 miles away from the monument.
01:21Not only did these 50 sarsens come from the same source, but they were also placed in their current position
01:28at approximately the same time.
01:30They make the outer circle of Stonehenge, together with a horseshoe-shaped inner ring.
01:35Near the center of the monument, there are smaller rocks, known as bluestones.
01:40The team traced the origins of the bluestones all the way to Wales.
01:45They also discovered that the sarsens share a common chemistry, over 99% silica with trace elements.
01:53Two sarsens were different from each other and also different from the main cluster.
01:58These sarsens were arranged in three different formations at Stonehenge.
02:02Thirty of them formed this huge stone circle that dominates the monument.
02:06Four station stones ended up in a rectangular formation outside the circle,
02:12while the rest, located inside the stone circle, were constructed into five trilithons.
02:18A trilithon is when you have two vertical stones with a horizontal lintel at the top.
02:24Thirty, five, and four are pretty interesting numbers in the context of this calendar system.
02:30The 30 uprights that are spread around the main sarsen ring could represent days of the month.
02:36If you multiply that by 12, you get 360.
02:41Add on five more, those from the central trilithons, and the result is 365.
02:47And to really adjust the calendar to match a solar year,
02:51you need to add one extra leap day for every four years, right?
02:54The team believes that ancient people used the four station stones to keep track of this part.
03:00So, in this system, they paired the summer and winter solstice every year with the same pair of stones.
03:07Ancient people started building Stonehenge about 5,000 years ago,
03:11and it took more than 1,000 years to finish the work.
03:14But, the Stonehenge you see today is not the complete, original version from the beginning.
03:20People have broken and taken away many of its old bluestones and sarsens.
03:25The entire structure also changed over time since there were generations and generations,
03:31180 of them to be precise, that passed since the beginning of Stonehenge,
03:35who would participate in the building and rebuilding of it.
03:39People created Stonehenge in four stages.
03:43They first built a circular enclosure that stretched over 330 feet, 100 meters, in diameter, and went around 56 pits.
03:52A high bank flanks the ditch of the enclosure, while there's a low bank on the outside.
03:57Some theories even say that this part was some form of a communal cemetery.
04:02Later, in the second stage, builders added a horseshoe of sarsen trilithons.
04:06In the third stage, they constructed a ceremonial avenue that was nearly two miles long.
04:13It possibly traced the path of the bluestones.
04:16People moved from the Aubrey Holes to the Q&R Holes,
04:19a double arc that these bluestones have been arranged into.
04:23At this stage, builders also reorganized the entrance stones and recut the main enclosure ditch.
04:30During the fourth stage, the stones were broken, and builders etched carvings into the sarsens.
04:35Later, the bluestones ended up being modified again.
04:40Builders didn't leave any written records about how they managed to drag these heavy stones to the site
04:45and get them to stand so perfectly upright.
04:48But there are theories that say their techniques were more closely associated with woodwork than masonry.
04:54They made mortise holes and protruding tenons because they wanted to slot these stones together,
05:00and they used tongue and groove joints to do that.
05:03When they dug the hole for the stones, they placed timber poles at the back of the holes that were
05:08used as brace support.
05:10Then, they moved the stone into a position and hauled it upward with ropes.
05:14They packed rubble into the hole to make sure the stone stayed in place.
05:17A pre-industrial farming society put this fascinating monument together using only tools made of stone and bone.
05:25Not even the wheel had been invented yet.
05:28This unusual formation is also known as ringing rocks.
05:33The stones you can see at Stonehenge have some pretty odd acoustic properties.
05:37When you strike them, they produce a loud clanging sound.
05:40That could be one of the reasons why people bothered to transport them over such a long distance in the
05:46first place.
05:47In some ancient cultures, people believed that these rocks contained healing powers.
05:52It's a really popular location that attracts over a million visitors a year.
05:57When it first opened to the public, visitors were allowed to walk among the stones.
06:02They could even climb on them as there weren't any restrictions.
06:04Until the 19th century, visitors would regularly chip off pieces of the rock to take them home as souvenirs.
06:12They would also engrave their initials into the stones.
06:15They camped within the circle and dug fire pits,
06:18not realizing that the digging pits could seriously undermine the stability of the entire monument.
06:23Over time, visitors have encountered more and more restrictions
06:26until the monument was finally roped off in 1997 because of the serious erosion of the stones.
06:33That means if you want to visit, you can only view it from a distance
06:36unless you want to pay extra for the stone circle experience,
06:40which can be arranged outside of normal visiting hours.
06:43Stonehenge originally had two entrances that led into the enclosure.
06:48There was a wide one to the northeast and one that was a bit smaller and located on the southern
06:53side.
06:54If you look at it today, you can see there are many more gaps.
06:57This is mostly because of tracks made later that once crossed the monument.
07:02The ground within Stonehenge has been severely disturbed,
07:06and it wasn't just about random visitors digging fire pits.
07:09There was a group of people who dug a large deep hole within the stone circle in the 17th century
07:14because they were looking for treasure.
07:16Then there was Charles Darwin,
07:18who also did some digging because he was studying earthworms in the area.
07:22He wanted to know how these worms could impact objects in the soil over time.
07:27He observed how a fallen stone there had sunk deeper into the ground
07:30and realized it was happening because of the activities of these tiny creatures
07:34who churned through the soil all the time.
07:37In 1963, there was a theory that Stonehenge had been built as some sort of computer
07:42that predicts solar and lunar eclipses.
07:45Later, some proposed it was actually constructed as a monument to ancestors that had passed away.
07:50This theory says the permanence of its stones represented the eternal afterlife.
07:56The average sarsen you can find there weighs 25 tons,
08:01while the biggest one weighs around 30 tons.
08:04If you want to get an idea of how massive these stones really are,
08:08you can go behind the visitor center in the outdoor gallery
08:11to check out a replica sarsen stone.
08:13It's a true copy of a freestanding upright
08:16from one of the trilithons that are located in the inner horseshoe of the monument.
08:21There are five Neolithic houses at Stonehenge
08:24based on real archaeological evidence of houses found in that area.
08:28Each of them had stake-built walls and a chalk floor.
08:31Some even had furniture.
08:34There was also a lot of trash discovered,
08:36which means people in this area used to like celebrations and feasting.
08:40Research has shown that people lived in these houses for 50 to 100 years,
08:45around 4,500 years BCE,
08:48which was the time when the builders brought the sarsen stones to Stonehenge.
08:52During the time they were building Stonehenge,
08:54generations of people went through major changes themselves,
08:57from the Stone Age to the Early Bronze Age.
09:00They were no longer as static and isolated.
09:03They started to travel and trade more,
09:05which means they communicated way more than their ancestors,
09:09even internationally.
09:10This is how they could have spread the word about Stonehenge.
09:14And it's also when the whole mystery and fascination with the monument began.
09:19If you've ever been to Yellowstone National Park,
09:22you were probably mesmerized by its geysers,
09:25which spew superheated water and steam high into the air.
09:29But an even more intriguing thing actually hides underground.
09:33I'm talking about that underfoot plumbing system that makes those grand eruptions possible.
09:38About that, there's good news.
09:41Recently, researchers have succeeded in mapping the National Park's hydrothermal plumbing system
09:46with the help of a giant flying magnet.
09:49As a result, scientists have managed to document all these features in stunning detail.
09:54The thing is, Yellowstone houses the world's largest hydrothermal system.
09:59It contains over 10,000 features, like geysers, mud pots, hot springs, and steam vents.
10:06They're fed by a network of underground water pathways.
10:09Those get overheated by magma flowing underground.
10:13It causes the water to rise to the surface.
10:15Now, no one actually knows much about the workings of this system.
10:19But the newly created maps might finally shed light on it.
10:23Experts explain that their knowledge of Yellowstone has a subsurface gap.
10:27That's why it's often called a mystery sandwich.
10:31Scientists know quite a lot about the features on the surface because they can observe them directly.
10:36And they know what's going on in the magmatic and tectonic system several miles below the surface.
10:42But they haven't figured out what's happening in the middle yet.
10:45So, I must tell you about that giant flying magnet used for research.
10:50It's known as SkyTem.
10:52It was attached to a helicopter and flown over Yellowstone several hundred times,
10:56scanning the ground below.
10:58The magnet is made up of an 82-foot-wide charged wire loop.
11:03Its main task is to generate a strong electromagnetic field.
11:07And since different kinds of material, like water or rock, respond to this field differently,
11:13scientists managed to create a few subsurface maps for the first time ever.
11:17The mapping technique also allowed the researchers to differentiate between magma and bedrock,
11:23since they have a bit different magnetic properties.
11:26And the team got a chance to see how the magma and water interact
11:30and create those mind-blowing geological features on the surface.
11:34The team got high-resolution maps to a depth of around 500 and 2,300 feet,
11:40and low-resolution maps showing what's going on at a depth of up to one and a half miles.
11:45At the same time, the researchers think that the hydrothermal system itself
11:50may stretch as far as three miles below the surface.
11:53If they're right, it means they've only mapped the top half of Yellowstone's plumbing system.
11:59Anyway, remember how I said that scientists know pretty much about the bottom part of the Yellowstone sandwich?
12:05They have such a good idea about the tectonic plates and deep fault lines
12:10because the park's frequent earthquakes provide them with a lot of opportunities to study different phenomena.
12:16In July 2021, for example, more than 1,000 earthquakes rocked the area.
12:21These days, the team of researchers knows much more about some famous features,
12:26like the old faithful geyser or the grand prismatic spring.
12:30They've also found out that individual hydrothermal features on the surface
12:35can actually be connected to others, which can be as far as six miles away from them.
12:41Another interesting discovery is that even though Yellowstone geysers and hot springs
12:45vary in size, shape, color, volatility, and chemical composition,
12:50they are mostly fed by very similar underground sources.
12:54That means that the difference between the features appears closer to the surface.
12:58Now, I'm sure you've seen the iconic image of Yellowstone
13:02with a large rainbow-colored spring, fiery orange at its edges.
13:06So what makes these hot springs so colorful?
13:09Surprisingly, these awesome hues come from microscopic creatures.
13:14The temperatures in the springs are so high, they can easily and quickly cook you.
13:19Plus, the water there is super acidic, like the liquid in a car battery.
13:23But there are certain types of heat-loving microbes that don't mind these crazy conditions.
13:28You can even say they're thriving there.
13:31So every ring of a different color is, in most cases, a ring inhabited by different bacteria.
13:38And each species is adapted to a particular temperature or pH level,
13:42which measures how acidic this or that environment is.
13:45For example, take the Grand Prismatic Spring, yes, the iconic one.
13:50Its rainbow hues likely hint at the diversity of microbes living there.
13:55So, starting from the center of the hot spring, you can see a beautiful aquamarine color there.
14:01That's where the water temperature is the highest, reaching 189 degrees Fahrenheit,
14:06because this area is right over the underground water source.
14:09The water there is too hot even for microbes.
14:12That's why what you see is mostly clear water.
14:15As for the reason for its blue color, it's the same as why the sky is blue.
14:20Sunlight hits the surface of the water, and the light scatters.
14:23But the blue light scatters the most, getting reflected back to your eyes.
14:28Now, the next ring of color is yellow, all thanks to certain cyanobacteria.
14:33The temperature in this yellow ring reaches 165 degrees Fahrenheit.
14:37If the conditions in the hot spring were a bit different, these bacteria would create a blue-green hue,
14:44thanks to a green pigment called chlorophyll.
14:46But since the sunlight hitting the spring is too intense, the bacteria start producing another type of pigment.
14:53It's called carotenoids.
14:55And guess what?
14:56It acts as a sunscreen for the bacteria.
14:59And since this pigment is orange, the normally green bacteria get a yellowish hue.
15:04And finally, we've got that bright orange color closer to the edges of the prismatic spring.
15:09It's a bit cooler there, around 149 degrees Fahrenheit.
15:14In this part of the spring, you can find several types of bacteria.
15:18They all produce substances that give the spring this bright orange color.
15:22And finally, right at the edges of the spring, the temperature is cooler, around 131 degrees.
15:28And a greater variety of microbes can survive there.
15:32All of them combined give the edges of the spring that red-brown hue.
15:36But scientists believe that people and their activity may have influenced the colors of Yellowstone's hydrothermal features.
15:44For example, in the past, the temperatures in the morning glory pool used to be much higher than they are
15:50today.
15:50That's why its color was a deep blue.
15:53But trash has started to accumulate in the pool.
15:56And some of it clogged the vent.
15:58This caused the temperatures to drop, which led to microbial growth.
16:02As a result, that pretty blue color turned into orange-yellow.
16:07As for Yellowstone's geysers, the most famous one is called Old Faithful.
16:12It got this name at the end of the 19th century because of how regular its eruptions were.
16:17This geyser is more active than the others, erupting about 20 times a day.
16:22Each of these magnificent events lasts from 1 to 5 minutes.
16:26And the fountain of steaming water can reach a height of 180 feet.
16:30Now, while talking about Yellowstone National Park, we can't but mention Yellowstone's supervolcano, right?
16:38Supervolcanoes appear when huge volumes of magma are trying to escape from deep underground.
16:43Eventually, they burst through Earth's surface.
16:46Sometimes, all this magma gets stuck, unable to break through the planet's crust.
16:51And then, massive pools of pressurized magma gather at a depth of several miles.
16:56The pressure keeps growing because more and more magma is trying to get to the surface.
17:01At one point, a super-eruption goes off.
17:05You don't necessarily want to be around for that.
17:07Over the past 50 years, the Yellowstone caldera has risen almost 3 feet.
17:13It shouldn't alarm you, though.
17:15Experts are sure it's a natural behavior for Yellowstone.
17:18Periods of dome-shaped uplift are followed by the caldera lowering.
17:22Scientists think the supervolcano doesn't present any danger at the moment.
17:27For an eruption to happen, the magma inside has to be at least 50% molten.
17:33With Yellowstone, this number is just 5-15%.
17:37Even better, a recent study made the researchers believe the hotspot might be in a state of decline right now.
17:44Even despite all the breathing and dome-raising activity.
17:48There have been at least 3 other super-eruptions in the history of Yellowstone Volcano.
17:54They happened 2.1 million, 1.3 million, and 640,000 years ago.
17:59Long before video.
18:01The most recent super-eruption was dubbed the Lava Creek Eruption.
18:05It formed the Yellowstone caldera after spilling out 240 cubic miles of rock, dust, and volcanic ash.
18:13No thanks, I'll pass.
18:16Imagine, you wake up one day to a world with no electricity, no internet, no money, no work, or school.
18:24Nothing that you're used to.
18:26No, you're not in California when they shut the power off.
18:29You're not even in your own home.
18:31Because you've been magically transported to the Stone Age.
18:35What could possibly happen next?
18:38Of course, your first reaction would be shock.
18:41But, let's move past that.
18:42You've now accepted that you get to experience life Flintstone-style.
18:47First, let's look around.
18:49This is your cave, where you live with your family.
18:53You have your own sleeping area that's covered in animal skin.
18:56However, you might also live in a primitive hut, supported by mammoth tusks and ribs,
19:01with an animal skin over it as protection from the rain.
19:04Your morning routine won't include a quick trip to the bathroom, or to brush your teeth, or a hot cup
19:09of coffee.
19:10And if you're wondering where the Stone Age people did their business, well, it was basically anywhere outdoors.
19:16How convenient.
19:17Just pick a bush and go.
19:20All right, it's time to get out and explore the New World world.
19:24But hey, don't forget to put on your clothes.
19:27No, nothing comfy and trendy from the mall.
19:30Back in the day, humans used the skins of the animals they hunted to create simple, rough loincloths.
19:35To make these hides more flexible, they had to chew them.
19:40Let's assume you already have an outfit for today and don't have to strain your jaws right now.
19:45Thousands of years in the future, humans will learn how to smoke these animal hides to make them last longer
19:50and start making tunics.
19:52What about footwear?
19:54Scientists believe it was present around 40,000 years ago.
19:58Take a small piece of animal skin and wrap it around your foot.
20:01Then stuff hay under the heel to create some kind of sole.
20:05Voila, one shoe is done.
20:08Do the same with the other foot and you're ready to roam.
20:11Now, don't be scared.
20:13You're not going to face a giant mammoth right outside the shelter.
20:18Ancient humans were pretty smart and learned animals' habits because it was the only way to survive in the wild.
20:23So they chose caves or built huts in the safest places they could find.
20:29Now, go down to the river and wash your face.
20:32Are you curious to find out what you'd look like in the Stone Age?
20:35Take a peek at your reflection in the water.
20:38See, you're not that much different from the modern you.
20:41Just that your hair is a mess and you might be a few inches shorter, with a more developed jaw
20:47because of the harsh diet.
20:49And look at those bulky muscles.
20:51Well, that's what you get when your life is all about running and fighting with wild animals while hunting.
20:56Yes, hunting is on your to-do list today.
20:59But first, it's time for breakfast.
21:02Luckily, you have some leftovers from dinner.
21:04Eggs, wild fruits, and berries.
21:07Sorry, no gas stove to cook the eggs.
21:10Why not try to do it over the fire?
21:12Here's a free tip.
21:13Find two small but sturdy and dry wooden sticks.
21:16Place some dry leaves or a chunk of your own hair at the base for kindling and rub the sticks
21:21vigorously against each other.
21:23Keep going.
21:24Be patient.
21:25Okay, finally there's an ember.
21:27Good job.
21:29Now you can cook your breakfast using a flat stone as a frying pan.
21:32Need a fork?
21:34Sorry, that won't be invented for thousands of years.
21:37See that seashell attached to a wooden stick?
21:39That is your spoon.
21:41Come on, the jungle is waiting for you.
21:44Thankfully, the ice age is long gone, so the weather is warm and lush greenery is in abundance.
21:48That's good for you, since you have to pick different edible plants, nuts, fruits, and wild grains.
21:54It wasn't until around 10,000 BCE that folks in the Stone Age learned how to grow their crops and
22:00domesticate animals.
22:02Only then could they finally stop moving from place to place in search of good hunting grounds.
22:07Oh look, there's some grapes.
22:09Let's snatch them.
22:10But how do we gather grains, you might be wondering.
22:14Well, allow me to introduce you to some Stone Age tools.
22:18By the way, the Stone Age is named after the tools that humans invented that were made out of wood?
22:25No, obviously stone.
22:27Let me help you out again.
22:29Here's a U-shaped stone sickle that knocks down the grain stalks.
22:33It's time to bring everything you've collected to your camp.
22:36Now that the shock of time traveling has worn off, you notice that there are a few other huts near
22:42your dwelling.
22:43Those are your neighbor.
22:45Betty and Barney rubble, I guess.
22:47Stone Age people usually unite it in groups of 20 to 50 and help each other to survive.
22:52Okay, you can eat grapes and other fruits raw, but what can you do with raw grain?
22:58To separate the grains from the husks, take a stone bowl and a small grinding stone and grind the grains.
23:04Now, if you mix smashed grains with water, you'll get gruel.
23:08Fry it on stones the way you did with the eggs, and there's your first flatbread.
23:13Yeah, it doesn't taste amazing, but don't forget, it's going to be another 15,000 years before your favorite bakery
23:19gets built.
23:20Is it dusk already?
23:22Brace yourself, my friend, because you are about to go hunting.
23:25But I've got good news for you.
23:27You don't have to do it alone.
23:29Stone Age people survived this period because they did almost everything together.
23:34So, call up your camp neighbors and get ready.
23:38How would you feel living in such harsh conditions?
23:41Let me know in the comments.
23:43But how did humans communicate back then?
23:46At the very beginning of the Stone Age, they only used a series of cries and gestures
23:50to express their fear, joy, pain, or warning to the others about imminent danger.
23:56It was much later that they learned how to pronounce specific sounds using their teeth, tongue, and mouth.
24:03That's how both speech and language was developed, which made their life much easier and leveled up their teamwork.
24:09Of course, anthropologists have no clue how exactly their language sounded since, obviously, no written traces are left.
24:16And nobody left any tapes, either.
24:19Oh, what's a tape?
24:21Ancient technology. Don't worry about it.
24:24So, you and your camp fellows need to take some special hunting tools with you.
24:28What are they?
24:29The first and most primitive things used for taking animals down were long, sharpened wooden sticks,
24:34and sometimes just a big rock.
24:36But, over time, sharpened sticks turned into sophisticated spears.
24:41The points weren't made of metal yet, of course.
24:44It's too early for that.
24:45Instead, they used small, sharp-edged stones attached to a long bone or stick.
24:50This was a very important invention since it made hunting less dangerous.
24:54Their chances of staying alive were better because they didn't have to get as close to an animal
24:58and could hunt it from a distance.
25:01As dusk settles, your hunting group goes deep into the gemma.
25:06You should be looking for large herbivore animals like elephants, woolly mammoths, giant bison, deer, and reindeer.
25:14They won't be only your dinner, but will also give you a supply of furs, bones, horns, and hides that
25:21you can use for your household.
25:23There were two main hunting techniques back then.
25:26The first was rather time-consuming, but safe.
25:29It included digging a huge hole around the place where animals went to drink water.
25:34That hole served as the trap for your game.
25:37But you're going to have to dig it out without a spade or shovel.
25:40You'll need the help of a digging stick.
25:42A wooden stick with a horn at the top.
25:45Or a large cleaver, an oblong-shaped stone, or bone.
25:50After the hole is ready, you'd have to hide nearby and wait patiently for an animal to fall in.
25:55The other technique required the whole hunting party chasing the animal down
25:59and forcing it into mud and water channels where they get stuck and have no way to get out.
26:05Did you see that?
26:06It's a deer.
26:07Run!
26:07Run as fast as you can and try to corner it straight into the swamp.
26:11Oh no.
26:13Got away.
26:14Yeah, not every hunting session is going to be a success.
26:17In fact, most won't.
26:20But your tribe still needs something for dinner.
26:23Better move on to fishing then.
26:25Don't worry, you won't have to catch fish with your bare hands.
26:28Fishing nets and harpoons are at your disposal.
26:32Nets were made from tree bark and grass.
26:34The oldest one, found by archaeologists, dates back to 8,300 BCE.
26:40Harpoons made of antlers usually had a rope to pull the catch back up to shore.
26:46It was used mostly for big targets like whales, tuna, and swordfish.
26:51Okay, once you've asked around where a good spot would be,
26:54throw the net in the river.
26:56Now you have to wait.
26:58Oh look, there's some fish.
27:00Pull the net with all your might.
27:02Come on, tribe, help them out.
27:04I mean, don't look at me.
27:05I'm just narrating here.
27:08Alright, good catch.
27:09And not a moment too soon.
27:10You've just made sure you won't go hungry tonight.
27:13Bring what you caught into the camp and get some rest.
27:16The others will take care of the catch.
27:18Now I know what you're thinking.
27:20It's all work and no play.
27:22And yeah, life in the Stone Age was anything but easy.
27:27But still, humans did have some forms of entertainment.
27:31No, you're not going to an amusement park or a cinema.
27:34But you can pass the time playing music on flutes, made from bird bones and mammoth ivory.
27:41You can also take up a hobby like crafting, making necklaces and bracelets from tusks, bones, and shells.
27:48Or you can get full-on artsy and drop patterns on your body using a paint made from okra.
27:54It's a type of red clay.
27:56Or paint some pictures in a cave.
27:58Carve something crazy to make archaeologists in the future wonder what it meant.
28:02Can you smell that?
28:04It's dinner time.
28:06Go on, enjoy it.
28:07You deserved it.
28:09Doesn't it taste so much better since you worked so hard for it?
28:13Alright, now that you've experienced a day in the Stone Age, let's take you back home to the modern day.
28:18The next time you complain that your internet is too slow or the food you ordered is 15 minutes late,
28:24think about how much harder life used to be for people in the Stone Age.
28:27And how it is only thanks to their tireless efforts to survive that you and I get to enjoy our
28:33pretty comfortable lifestyle today.
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