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Some people have difficulty telling left from right, especially under pressure or in unfamiliar situations. This is not a sign of low intelligence or poor education, but rather a common phenomenon that affects about 15% of the population. In this video, we will explain why some people struggle with left-right confusion, and what strategies they can use to overcome it. #brightside #brightsideglobal TIMESTAMPS: 0:01 Why astronauts never wash their clothes? 08:37 Why we can't stop El Nino? 17:46 Why some people can't tell right from left? This video is made for entertainment purposes. We do not make any warranties about the completeness, safety and reliability. Any action you take upon the information in this video is strictly at your own risk, and we will not be liable for any damages or losses. It is the viewer's responsibility to use judgement, care and precaution if you plan to replicate.
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00:00The profession of an astronaut is probably one of the most intriguing and mysterious out there.
00:06But have you ever wondered about the details of their everyday life?
00:09Like what's going on under those bulky spacesuits?
00:13I mean, some people seriously believe that astronauts wear paper underwear.
00:17Others are sure that a lack of gravity allows the grime to just float away, if only.
00:23The thing is, astronauts don't do laundry at all.
00:27In 2011, NASA commissioned a washing machine for the International Space Station.
00:32Was it a joke?
00:33In any case, astronauts couldn't use it for apparent reasons.
00:37Delivering water to the ISS just to do laundry sounds outrageous and super costly.
00:42So, astronauts can only dream of freshly laundered linens and other stuff.
00:47Instead, fresh clothes get delivered to the station from Earth, just like any other supplies.
00:53Unfortunately, it happens not that often, since the price of launching literally anything into space is exorbitant.
01:01So, astronauts have to wear their clothes for way longer than they would otherwise do on Earth.
01:07The only thing that makes this situation a bit better is that astronauts tend to lose some of their sense
01:12of smell in space.
01:14When interviewed, some astronauts admitted wearing, for example, the same pair of shorts for months and only changing their underwear
01:21once every three or four days.
01:24It's probably not surprising that astronauts dress not to impress, but for comfort and convenience.
01:30Their typical attire usually consists of short-sleeved shirts and long cargo pants.
01:36Those are regular clothes we wear on Earth, nothing special.
01:40But when they leave the climate-controlled insides of the ISS, of course, they need special clothes.
01:46By that, I mean those very chunky spacesuits.
01:50They protect astronauts from insane temperature swings ranging from 250 degrees Fahrenheit in the sun to minus 250 degrees in
01:59the shade.
02:00But even with all this protection and cooling tubes wicking away body heat, spacewalks tend to cause astronauts to work
02:07up a sweat.
02:08Wearing an EVA, which stands for extravehicular activities, can mean hours of hard work.
02:15And don't forget that astronauts often wear layers to stay warm and pressurized.
02:20And these layers include an inner form-fitting item of clothing that resembles long underwear.
02:25This item is often reworn and even shared.
02:29And since there are no washing machines on the ISS, you get the point, right?
02:34An interesting fact, there is a specially trained person who smells every single thing that astronauts take with them into
02:41space.
02:41It's done to protect them from unpleasant or toxic odors.
02:45The thing is that you can't really air the room out there in space if you don't like how it
02:50smells inside.
02:51That's why NASA is very careful about what kind of odors can pass through.
02:56At the same time, nothing can prevent the smells that appear already on the ISS.
03:02Anyway, spacesuits and what's underneath them are used again and again.
03:07And soon you start worrying not only about bad smells, but also about hygiene and health problems.
03:13An alarming possibility of biocontamination arises.
03:17It includes bacteria, body fluids, and other foreign substances.
03:21It gets worse if we think about longer missions.
03:24For instance, to the moon.
03:26At the same time, it's totally impractical to wash spacesuit interiors on a consistent basis.
03:32Water is too valuable on the ISS to waste it on something so mundane.
03:37That's why NASA, along with the European Space Agency and other organizations,
03:42asked specialists to develop fabrics that could solve the problem of biocontamination in suits.
03:48You see, during the shuttle program conducted by NASA,
03:52spacesuits were supposed to be used on quite short two-week trips.
03:56But then, astronauts started living on the ISS for much longer periods of time.
04:01That's why the spacesuit's lifespan had to be extended up to six years.
04:05No wonder microbes became a much more worrying issue than before.
04:11So, more than a decade ago, a team of experts began to research different methods of getting
04:16rid of microbes and bacteria dwelling in spacesuits.
04:19They cut textiles in two-inch squares and put them in petri dishes
04:22and grew a few species of fungi and bacteria on these samples.
04:27Some of the fabrics they used were infused with copper.
04:30This substance has impressive antimicrobial properties.
04:34When bacteria touch this element, their cell walls and membranes get destabilized.
04:39The metals' ions damage microbes, making them more vulnerable.
04:44NASA scientists also tried using textiles treated with silicone and silver.
04:48The latter turned out to be as toxic to germs on contact as copper.
04:54After observing the stuff that had grown on the fabrics for the past 14 days,
04:58the researchers discovered that only one compound had managed to keep bacteria and fungi at bay.
05:04It was a solution of silver molecules normally used for disinfecting hospital dressings and other stuff.
05:11But the ions of this metal turned out to be too good at their job because they got rid of
05:17everything, literally.
05:19And total sterility could do more harm than good.
05:29In 2022, NASA hired U.S. companies Axiom Space and Collins Aerospace to develop the next generation of spacesuits.
05:38And soon, a prototype suit appeared.
05:40It was designed to be used during the Artemis III mission.
05:44The main goal of this voyage is to land a crew at the south pole of our natural satellite.
05:50These spacesuits are supposed to use textiles with antimicrobial properties that can potentially reduce biocontamination.
05:57The cooling system of these suits will also add biocides in its water loops, which will help prevent microbial buildup.
06:04Now let's talk about spacesuits in more detail.
06:07To begin with, there are actually two main types of spacesuits.
06:12You've probably seen the Advanced Crew Escape Suit, a.k.a. the Orange Suit, a.k.a. the Pumpkin Suit.
06:19Astronauts wear this full-pressure suit during takeoff, or rather lift-off, since we're talking about a spaceship.
06:25These suits are irreplaceable for those who are heading for super-high altitudes.
06:29There, the pressure is so low that people can't survive without a special protective suit.
06:34And while air crews wear partial-pressure suits, space crews have to be protected by full-pressure suits.
06:41After all, they travel way, way higher.
06:44The suit is also equipped with lots of things that can help an astronaut survive emergencies during a spaceship launch
06:50or landing.
06:51A regular pumpkin suit is stocked with flares, medications, survival gear, a radio, and a parachute.
06:59So, in short, astronauts couldn't live through the process of leaving Earth without the orange suit.
07:05But why did its designers choose this hue?
07:08The main reason for picking the orange color is that this hue is one of the most visible for search
07:14and rescue, including very probable sea rescue.
07:18As for EVAs, their purpose is different.
07:21Astronauts wear these suits when they set off on spacewalks.
07:25It can protect them from the severe conditions of outer space with its extreme temperatures and near vacuum.
07:31Plus, the spacesuit can prevent small debris from hurting space travelers.
07:36You've probably noticed that EVA suits are much bulkier than the orange ones.
07:41That's because they have many layers of insulation and heavy protective fabric.
07:45They also contain breathable air, drinkable water, and temperature controls.
07:50Now, every time an astronaut goes on a spacewalk, they use a tether that ties them to the space station.
07:57And in case the tether breaks, the EVA suit has a backup system.
08:01This system includes small jet thrusters which can be controlled from the station with the help of a joystick.
08:08As for the color, first of all, white reflects the heat of the sun better than other colors, and astronauts
08:14don't get too hot.
08:15Plus, the white color is the best when it comes to spotting the tiny dot of an astronaut against the
08:20vast expanse of black space.
08:23Another curious detail.
08:25While white spacesuits protect astronauts from getting too hot, they can't prevent them from getting too cold.
08:31And that's when special gloves come into play.
08:34They have special heaters which keep...
08:36Why have so many products disappeared from store shelves?
08:39Why has restaurant food become so expensive?
08:42It feels dangerous to walk the streets of the city, and then, one day, you see streams of water.
08:49Torrential rains flood the place.
08:51People are panicking and don't understand what's happening.
08:54You move to another country, but droughts and fires begin there.
08:58All this makes no sense, and problems appear chaotically one after another.
09:03But, in fact, all these events are closely connected to one another.
09:07The cause of many economic issues and natural disasters is...
09:11Warm water and weak winds.
09:14Take a look around.
09:16Sunny weather, rain, snow, drought, frost, and high humidity are all common weather phenomena that we don't think about too
09:24much.
09:24But, if you understand their causes, you'll see that all the processes occurring in nature are closely interrelated.
09:31A drought in one region causes rain in another.
09:35Cold currents at the equator can change the economy of many countries.
09:39Let's figure out how it works using the example of a climatic phenomenon called El Nino.
09:46But, first, let's find out about such a thing as upwelling, thanks to which millions of sea creatures and people
09:53get food.
09:54Imagine our planet and draw a line along its middle.
09:57This is the equator.
09:59The trade winds blow on both sides of it.
10:01They constantly go towards the equator from the northeast in the northern hemisphere, or the southeast in the southern hemisphere.
10:08Two lines of these winds encircle Earth, moving from a high-pressure zone to a low-pressure area.
10:15When these trade winds travel west along the equator, they move warm water from South America to Asia.
10:22When this happens, cold water takes the place of warm water in South America.
10:27It rises from the ocean's depths and brings many nutrients, such as nitrates and phosphates.
10:33Tiny marine organisms, such as phytoplankton, use these elements for photosynthesis and, thus, produce oxygen.
10:41Without these phosphates and nitrates, phytoplankton won't survive.
10:45And the planet needs them not only for oxygen, but also to support the life of larger creatures.
10:51For example, mollusks feed on phytoplankton.
10:55Many little fish feed on mollusks.
10:57And then, large marine inhabitants prey on these fish.
11:01This food chain works thanks to phytoplankton.
11:04And these little creatures exist thanks to cold water filled with useful substances.
11:09So, this is the upwelling.
11:13When fish are full, they multiply.
11:15If fish reproduce, then the economies of Peru, Ecuador, and Chile work just fine.
11:21The fact is that fishing is essential for these countries because they sell anchovies, tuna, mackerel, and other fish to
11:29many regions.
11:30The upwelling also has another vital mission.
11:34When the trade winds move warm water to the western Pacific Ocean, precipitation increases around the islands of Indonesia and
11:42New Guinea.
11:42So, without the trade winds, these regions would experience a drought.
11:47All this balance of nature is disturbed when El Niño appears.
11:52This is a strange climatic phenomenon that weakens the trade winds and raises the temperature of the ocean.
11:58The winds don't carry away warm waters.
12:00So, the cold water, rich in nitrates and phosphates, can't rise to the surface.
12:05The upwelling stops and the ocean's biodiversity gets slowly destroyed.
12:11Phytoplankton swims in warm water and waits for nutrients, but there's no food.
12:15The population of phytoplankton decreases and mollusks don't have food.
12:20Fish wander the ocean in search of food but finds almost nothing.
12:24In the ocean, starvation begins.
12:28Fishing vessels cast nets but catch a small number of fish.
12:32The next day, the same thing happens.
12:35Fishers can't sell their goods and the supply of seafood stops.
12:39People lose their jobs and prices for fish rise in stores.
12:43Fishers spend more money on fuel since they spend more time at sea.
12:47When they manage to catch something, they sell it several times more expensive.
12:52To get cod or tuna, restaurants have to pay large sums.
12:56Prices continue to rise and no one knows when it will end.
13:00But this is just the beginning.
13:03In those parts of the Pacific Ocean where heat should appear,
13:07the water driven by the trade winds remains cold.
13:10Fish living there can't tolerate such temperatures,
13:13which means some types of tuna won't survive because of the cold.
13:17El Nino can last for months or even years.
13:21During this time, a significant part of marine life gets reduced,
13:25and people living close to the equator may face a severe crisis.
13:30The warm water that didn't leave South America because of El Nino creates a large amount of precipitation.
13:37Torrential rains hit Ecuador and northern Peru, which causes floods in coastal areas.
13:43Streets are flooded and houses are collapsing.
13:46Rescuers evacuate people from buildings and take them to safe places.
13:51Destroyed infrastructure damages the economy.
13:54Then, water floods fields with crops and all the roads.
13:58The transport system stops working.
14:00Humid air, unsanitary conditions, and chaos contribute to the development of harmful bacteria and microbes.
14:07This causes health problems in people.
14:10Hospitals are filled with patients, and the healthcare system can't handle it.
14:14The situation is getting out of hand.
14:17This precipitation that fell over South America was supposed to come to Indonesia and Australia.
14:22So now, a drought begins in those regions.
14:26Water reservoirs, lakes, and ponds are drying up.
14:29The width of the rivers is decreasing.
14:32Farmers can't irrigate crops.
14:34All this also provokes an increase in prices for food, medical services, and other stuff.
14:41Local forests are deprived of moisture and dry up.
14:45Then, just one spark and fires break out.
14:48It's challenging to extinguish them because water reservoirs are empty.
14:53Fires are spreading throughout the region, burning forests.
14:57Ash fills the air.
14:59In some areas, it's hard and even dangerous to breathe.
15:02People leave their homes, firefighters work around the clock to stop the catastrophe, and volunteers rescue animals.
15:10The residents of these regions may need months or even years to rebuild cities and restore economies and biodiversity.
15:18The devastating consequences caused by El Niño don't end there.
15:23It changes the global atmospheric circulation, a large-scale movement of air that spreads warmth throughout the planet.
15:30Because of El Niño, the heat sources remain in the east and don't displace the cold weather at the high
15:37latitudes of North America.
15:38This leads to the coldest and longest winter in California, Washington, and other northern regions.
15:45All this is a massive tangle of connections between natural phenomena and anomalies.
15:51To unravel it and track what weather changes can lead to disasters, scientists monitor the situation in the equatorial part
15:58of the planet.
15:59It's impossible to stop these changes in nature since we don't have the technologies to manage the climate on such
16:06a scale.
16:07But we can learn in advance about natural catalysts and take measures to reduce the damage they will bring.
16:13For example, scientists use a large-scale network of special buoys scattered in 70 places in the South Pacific Ocean,
16:22from the Galapagos Islands to Australia.
16:25Sensors mounted on buoys record currents, wind speed, and direction, record humidity levels, and measure water and air temperatures.
16:33Every day, buoys transmit data to scientists and forecasters around the world.
16:38Then people connect this data with satellite images and predict the exact appearance of El Niño.
16:45With this information, we can simulate the development of the situation and apply measures to mitigate the damage.
16:52And scientists have also learned to predict El Niño with the help of trees.
16:57A science called dendocrinology studies tree rings.
17:00If you cut a tree trunk and look at it, you will see that it's divided into round rings.
17:05They are like layers lying on each other.
17:08One ring is thin and the other is thicker.
17:12These circles show the climatic changes that have taken place in the area where the trees have been growing.
17:18Thin rings appear during drought, and thick ones are caused by increased humidity.
17:24They're like science indicating which climate change will occur next.
17:27By knowing the location of the tree and studying the rings, scientists can learn about the past El Niño and
17:34get information about future weather changes.
17:39You wouldn't believe how many grown-ups mix up left and right.
17:43It's like a secret club of silliness that scientists are just starting to unravel.
17:48Imagine a brain surgeon sitting beside his patient's bed after surgery.
17:53Oopsie daisy!
17:54The bad news he is about to deliver is all his fault.
17:57He went and operated on the wrong side of the spinal column.
18:01Talk about a major whoopsie moment.
18:03It turns out that mixing up left and right is a real blunder in the medical world.
18:08There have been cases where doctors injected the wrong eye or took a biopsy from the wrong breast.
18:13Now, for most folks, telling left from right is as easy as telling up from down.
18:18But for a surprising bunch, about 1 in 6 people, according to a recent study, it's a real head-scratcher.
18:24Even those who think they have it all figured out can get tripped up by distractions, like loud noises or
18:31unrelated questions.
18:32Believe it or not, figuring out the side is a complex process.
18:36It requires memory, language skills, visual and spatial processing, and some mental acrobatics.
18:43Scientists are still trying to figure out exactly what's happening in our brains when we try to do it.
18:49Why it is a breeze for some and a brain buster for others, that remains a mystery.
18:54To deal with this problem, people come up with all sorts of creative tricks.
18:58Making an L shape with your thumb and finger.
19:01Thinking about which hand you use to write or strum a guitar.
19:05Or even sporting a tattoo or piercing as a reminder.
19:09Hey, whatever works, right?
19:11Now, let's say you have to figure out someone else's left from right.
19:15That's when things get even trickier.
19:17You have to mentally rotate yourself to face the same direction as the other person.
19:22It's like a dance move, but in your head.
19:24People think, hmm, if I'm facing you, my left hand will be opposite your right hand.
19:29Wrap your mind around that one.
19:31Interestingly, research shows that people find it easier to judge left or right by imagining their own hand or body
19:38rotating.
19:39It's like we're our own compasses.
19:42We still don't have all the answers, but researchers have made some exciting discoveries.
19:46They say that people who already rely on hand-related strategies in their daily lives show the biggest performance improvements
19:53in differentiating left from right.
19:56Some of them say that it could also be something we learn as kids, just like other spatial skills.
20:01Younger ones who navigate and make decisions on their own tend to be better left-right pros.
20:07So, maybe let these small creatures lead the way once in a while, and we'll have a new generation of
20:13expert navigators.
20:14Alice Gomez and her team of researchers found another interesting nugget of information.
20:20Figuring out left and right can be taught to kids with the right program.
20:24They designed a two-week intervention to boost children's body awareness and motor skills.
20:29In the end, the number of left-right mistakes reduced by nearly 50%.
20:33We all know that left-right blunders can have consequences, just not in medicine, but also in other areas of
20:40life.
20:41Rumor has it that the helmsman of the Titanic, making a wrong turn, played a role in that tragic sinking.
20:47Since a lot of things are designed for right-handed people, left-handed ones have to adjust themselves to their
20:53surroundings.
20:54Well, that's not very pleasant, but at least this pain has been noticed, and people have started designing stuff for
21:00the lefties too.
21:00And by the way, surgeons now draw on their patient's skin with a marker to indicate which region to operate
21:07on,
21:08as well as don't-cut-here signs on the other part.
21:11Yeah, simple, but effective.
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