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The Earth is a dynamic and restless planet, constantly changing and evolving. But sometimes, these changes can be sudden and violent, causing massive destruction and chaos. In this video, we'll tell you the story of the major underwater explosion that cracked open the Earth and created a new ocean. #brightside #brightsideglobal TIMESTAMPS: 0:01 Explosion happened 09:23 What if we replaced the sun 17:53 Mind-blowing space facts This video is made for entertainment purposes. We do not make any warranties about the completeness, safety and reliability. Any action you take upon the information in this video is strictly at your own risk, and we will not be liable for any damages or losses. It is the viewer's responsibility to use judgement, care and precaution if you plan to replicate.
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00:02Back in 2018, the biggest active underwater eruption ever happened, at least the one that
00:09we could officially record. Scientists followed earthquakes that struck the area in the western
00:14Indian Ocean off Madagascar. Between 2018 and 2021, over 11,000 earthquakes struck a small
00:23island called Mayan between Madagascar and Mozambique. The strongest one had a magnitude
00:29of 5.9. Until then, this area had been pretty peaceful. There had only been two earthquakes
00:35recorded over 50 years. Along with regular earthquakes, there were also some unusual
00:41seismic hums, like earthquakes at pretty low frequencies, forming deep underground. People
00:47couldn't feel those hums at the surface, but researchers around the world discovered them
00:52and realized they were related to volcanic activity no one actually noticed coming.
00:57Something strange happened. That underwater eruption created a giant skyscraper-sized volcano.
01:04This new underwater volcano turned out to be around 1.5 times the height of One World Trade
01:10Center in New York, and almost 10 times bigger than the Statue of Liberty. The area where it
01:16appeared had been explored in 2014, but it was almost flat, peaceful, and empty back then.
01:22Now, there is an actual volcano nearly 8,500 feet below sea level. The volcano gets its magma from a
01:31super-profound reservoir located nearly 34 miles underground. It's the deepest reservoir of volcanic
01:38magma that we know about. The Earth has layers, and the middle one is kind of chunky. It's very much
01:45like
01:45peanut caramel filling many chocolates have. Research shows there are probably hunks of oceanic crust
01:52deep inside the Earth's liquid mantle. They're stuck there, creating large lumps in something that was
01:58supposed to be a smooth layer. Our planet has a rigid outer layer. It includes a hot upper mantle and
02:05cracked crust. The hot mantle moves and churns all the time, making the crust at the surface move too.
02:12This way, the oceanic crust dives into the depths and makes huge magma plumes go up toward the planet's
02:19surface. Scientists even found an ancient piece of the Pacific Ocean hundreds of miles underneath China.
02:26Those are the old remains of the Pacific seabed from long ago, and they were pulled downward below
02:32Earth's surface into the mantle transition zone. This rocky slab that used to be at the bottom of the
02:38ocean is made of the crust and some solid parts of the upper mantle. Most of the volcanic activity on
02:45our planet happens where we don't even see it, under the surface of the ocean. About 70% of all
02:52volcanic
02:52activity happens in the oceans, and mostly in the area of the South Pacific, with over 1,100 volcanoes
02:59squeezed into that area. Coastal cliffs, mountain changes, soils, and sediments that line valleys.
03:06These are only a small portion of the rocks on our planet. Oceans hide so much more deep down below
03:13the Earth's surface. In between the Earth's surface and its core is the mantle. It's a warm, thick layer
03:19of rock that moves and flows constantly. Some hundreds of miles below, there's a place where diamonds grow.
03:26As they form, they go through high temperatures and pressure, after which they eventually freeze.
03:32That way, when they arrive at the surface, scientists can explore their structure, find out how they formed,
03:38and understand better what's going on in the depths of our planet. Thanks to diamonds, they realized the
03:45mantle was very wet, and it possibly contained much more water than all the oceans on Earth.
03:51Our planet is eating up its own oceans. As its tectonic plates move, dive, and go beneath one another,
03:58they drag huge amounts of water into the Earth's interior. The water beneath the surface of our
04:04planet can help with developing magma and lubricate faults, which actually makes earthquakes more likely
04:10to happen. Water is actually stored in the minerals. It gets incorporated into the planet's crust when new
04:17oceanic plates form. They go through the process of bending and cracking as they grind under other plates,
04:24and huge amounts of water then go deep into the crust and mantle. Scientists research an area that's 18
04:31miles under the surface. They realize these zones pull 3 billion teragrams, which is more than 2 billion
04:38pounds. Any ocean is like a whole new world. There are incredible sceneries below the surface,
04:45magnificent waterfalls, lakes, and rivers. There are thick layers of salt beneath the seafloor,
04:51and rivers and lakes form because seawater goes through those layers and dissolves them,
04:56creating something that resembles pools. The dissolved salt makes the surrounding water denser.
05:02That water then settles there, which eventually forms underwater lakes or rivers.
05:07But there are also mountain chains, trenches, canyons. There's a canyon in the Bering Sea with more than
05:148,500 feet of vertical relief. This makes the Grand Canyon look way smaller than it is,
05:20since the underwater canyon is nearly 2,500 feet deeper.
05:26Deep parts of the ocean are really cold. The temperature of the water can be about 40 degrees,
05:31but at the bottom, water can get boiling hot. There are hydrothermal vents in the seafloor.
05:38Those are the hot springs located at the edges of tectonic plates. The water they release can reach a
05:44temperature of up to 750 degrees Fahrenheit. But the pressure at such depths is very intense.
05:51So intense, no human being can handle it. Still, it's the pressure that keeps the water from boiling.
05:58Ocean depth is on average 2.3 miles. Light waves can still enter at 3,280 feet,
06:05even though it's in a very small amount. So all the mysteries hidden below that point
06:10remain in total darkness. The actual illuminated part of the ocean goes until 600 feet.
06:17Even though the sun gives us light, most of our planet is dark all the time. It's all because of
06:23the oceans, covering over 70% of our planet. The loudest sound that came from an ocean,
06:29and of the loudest sounds ever recorded, came from an ice quake. It was so loud,
06:35researchers picked it up by sensors more than 3,000 miles away. There was a seismic activity that made
06:41frozen ground break down. The Antarctic ice sheet is bigger than the continental part of the United
06:47States and Mexico together. A big iceberg from Antarctica holds over 20 billion gallons of water,
06:54which could make a five-year water supply for a million people. Humans can generally drink sea ice,
07:00although we can't drink sea water. As time goes by and the ice ages, the brine trapped between ice
07:07crystals drains out. That way, ice becomes fresh enough to consume it. If all the ice sheets and
07:13glaciers we have on the Earth melted at the same time, the sea level would rise another 260 feet, which
07:20is just a little shorter than the Statue of Liberty, the height of a 26-story building. Clams lived long
07:27enough to tell us more about oceans past. Ancient mollusks could live for more than 500 years.
07:33To learn more about a tree, you can use its rings to see how old it is. To learn how
07:38old a mollusk is,
07:40you can examine its rings within the shell and tell. This is also how scientists get information about the
07:46ocean, climate, and whatsoever. Clams can help take a look at what happened about a thousand years ago.
07:53The Earth doesn't have four, but five oceans now. The new one, called the Southern Ocean,
07:58was officially recognized only a few months ago. It borders the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans,
08:05so scientists couldn't agree if it's really a new ocean or just part of the colder regions of these three.
08:11We don't only divide oceans en masse. Each has different conditions for unique marine species.
08:17For example, the Southern Ocean has leopard seals, orcas, minke whales, emperor penguins, and other animals that live in cold,
08:26icy seas.
08:27It's also home to krill, small creatures that look like shrimp and are food for many bigger animals that live
08:34there.
08:34Life on our planet started about three and a half billion years ago. I wasn't around that.
08:40It's still a mystery how and when exactly, but some theories say life could have first emerged in the depths
08:47of the ocean.
08:48A few years ago, scientists found microscopic tubes and filaments within rocks formed about four billion years ago.
08:56These rocks are fragments of ancient oceanic crust.
09:00Also, these tiny tubes and filaments are similar to microbes that can still be found on
09:05hydrothermal vents in deep parts of the ocean. The idea is these living cells found conditions to stay alive
09:12in tiny rocky pores inside the chimneys of those vents and started the amazing adventure of the
09:19evolution of life on our planet.
09:21Our sun. Scenario one. Something strange just happened now.
09:27Every TV channel, the news, they're all talking about a black hole that came closer to us.
09:33On the spot where our sun used to be. You can even see an accretion disk and the background of
09:39the sky
09:40looks kind of distorted, which means it got really close. Normally, black holes are so far away that we
09:47can't see them with the unaided eye. You can't even see them with a telescope directly. What's it doing here
09:53so close? And where's the sun? Did the black hole swallow it? The sun used to be in the center
09:59of our solar
10:00system. Far enough not to burn us, but still close enough to give us light, warmth, and beautiful
10:06scenes when it rises in the east and goes to rest in the west. Hey, this one even rhymes. Well,
10:12it gave
10:13us life. The most massive body in our solar system contains 99.8% of its total mass. It's so
10:20wide, you
10:21could fit more than a million Earths inside of the sun. Maybe our sun turned into a black hole,
10:27but it's way too early for that to happen. I mean, that's how they form. When enormous stars come to
10:33the end of their life cycle and explode, which is called a supernova, they end up collapsing on
10:38themselves, becoming very small. It's a tiny size and a huge mass. That's what makes black holes' gravity so
10:45strong. And even light that comes too close can't escape. And all the stars in the universe are
10:51shrinking and will disappear at some moment. Our sun loses 4 million tons of mass every second.
10:58And eventually, the only energy left in the universe will be generated by black holes. A black hole is
11:04surrounded by dust, gas, and radiation. The radiation is very dangerous, so we hope our planet won't come
11:11near it. Our solar system doesn't have light anymore. No light and no heat either. So even
11:18Mercury and Venus will probably get covered in ice pretty soon. Not to mention Earth. Do I need to say
11:24nothing will survive this new ice age? The only salvation might come from the accretion disk that spins
11:30so fast it generates heat. But that's too many chances to take. Still, at least if the black hole has
11:37the
11:37same exact mass as the sun before it, all the planets will remain in the same orbits. Earth included.
11:42But if it has a mass bigger than our sun, which is something our scientists are currently trying to
11:47figure out, then bye-bye solar system. It was nice knowing you. Scenario two. Oh no, what's happening?
11:57It was supposed to be a nice sunny day, but now you see darkness descending so abruptly.
12:02How come it's night? Yet the clock says it's 2 p.m. And the moon looks different.
12:09The TV reports say our sun is gone. And due to some mysterious events, the moon is not orbiting
12:16the Earth anymore. It's in the center of our solar system now. We don't have much time left. Since the
12:22sun is not in the center of our solar system, we now have 8 minutes and 20 seconds to become
12:27aware of it.
12:27It may take millions of years for the sun's energy to travel from its core to the surface,
12:32but 8 minutes and 20 seconds is exactly how long it takes for sunlight to reach Earth. The light takes
12:38a journey across 93 million miles, which is the distance that separates us from the sun.
12:44We're not in the habitable zone anymore. The habitable zone is the distance from a star,
12:49in our case, the sun, at which liquid water could exist on the surface of a planet. Now that the
12:54sun's gone,
12:55its light won't reach us anymore, and our planet will gradually become a frozen, lifeless rock.
13:01Who knows if we'll have enough time to come up with some technologies that would provide us with
13:05the solar energy we need to sustain life on Earth. If not, well, millions or billions of years later,
13:12scientists from some other civilizations would explore it, trying to find evidence if life ever
13:17even existed there. It would be the same as we do with Mars and other planets in our solar system,
13:22trying to figure out if they've always been lifeless or if there might be a sign that some
13:27organisms used to live there. Something else, also vital for our life, travels at the speed of light.
13:34Gravity. Without the sun, for roughly 8 more minutes, the planets would continue circling the empty
13:39center of our solar system, until the clock ticks and they finally drift somewhere into an unknown
13:45direction of outer space. Our moon doesn't have a strong enough gravity to keep us in place.
13:50It can't shine so brightly to give us warmth and support life. It's so far, we can barely see it
13:57now.
13:57Without the moon that peacefully travels close to our planet as it used to, we can see tides are
14:02getting lower incredibly fast. Oh, and it's becoming really windy. Winds are so much stronger and faster now.
14:10When things were normal, our planet sat at a 23.5 degree tilt, which is the reason we had changing
14:17weather and seasons. Now the tilt is so extreme, it's getting very cold very fast.
14:23And our time is almost up. People are screaming. Everyone's in panic. We still have maybe one minute
14:29left until we sink into eternal darkness. Scenario number three.
14:34We're not sure what exactly happened and how the life we carelessly lived yesterday came to an end.
14:40No one could predict it. But it seems that, out of nowhere, a giant neutron star took the spot where
14:46our sun used to be. It's not something we'd recognize on our own. We just noticed something
14:51was different. And the sun kind of got smaller and weirder. The rest we heard on the news. And no
14:57one
14:57knows how it happened. Maybe our sun is somewhere behind the neutron star. Or the star pushed it out of
15:03our solar system and into an unknown direction. A neutron star is the densest space object we know
15:09about. It has almost twice as much mass as our sun. But it's all squeezed into a star only 10
15:15miles,
15:1615 kilometers, across. Which is about the size of a city on Earth. A neutron star forms when a huge
15:22star runs out of fuel. It collapses in a big explosion. Its very central region, the core, collapses.
15:30Which is why every electron, negatively charged particle, and proton, positively charged particle,
15:36crush together into a neutron. Which is either uncharged or neutrally charged. We're in a very tricky
15:43situation now. Basically waiting for our end to come. This neutron star has gravity two billion times
15:49stronger than the one Earth has. This means our new sun will pull all the planets in our solar system
15:56towards itself. And eventually destroy them. It's already started. For the first time that we know of.
16:02The planets are leaving their stable orbits. Attracted by the powerful force of the neutron star.
16:08It's becoming chaotic pretty fast. And it won't stop there. A neutron star rotates more than 700 times
16:16every second. Which is incredibly fast. Our sun rotates once every 27 days. So, after it destroys
16:23all the planets, including us, this star will continue whirling throughout the universe at about
16:28one-fifth the speed of light. Maybe it will slow down and fizzle out with time. But maybe not.
16:35After thousands of years, many neutron stars begin to slow down and blow out. But that doesn't always happen.
16:42If it meets another star, it will orbit it and start to feed off its atmosphere until it collapses at
16:47some point and turns into a giant black hole. Eh, our sun was going to burn out anyway.
16:57Until the neutron star showed up, the sun was 4.6 billion years old, which was about halfway through
17:03its lifespan. It had already burned off about half of its hydrogen stores and had enough supplies for
17:09another 5 billion years. It was eventually supposed to end up the size of the Earth. After running out
17:14of fuel, it would have simply collapsed. It would have retained its enormous mass, but its volume was
17:20going to be similar to that of our planet. No sun, no life. So the results would have been basically
17:26the
17:26same. But this way, it would have been a slow process. Who knows if humans would even inhabit this
17:32solar system in those times. But with neutron stars, things move towards the end pretty quickly.
17:37And it's way more chaotic. If the neutron star was going crazy somewhere far away in another galaxy,
17:44we'd only see it in the shape of a distant flashing light that we call a pulsar. But this way,
17:51boom!
17:57At a distance of 640 light-years from the sun, scientists discovered planet WASP-76b where it
18:04rains iron. The planet is very close to its sun and always turn to it in the same side. The
18:10term is
18:11tidally locked. The temperature on the sunny side is so high that metals melt and evaporate there.
18:17The other half of the planet is cool enough so that metals condense again and fall down as rain.
18:23Speaking of tidal locks, our moon is the same way. There's no dark side to our satellite. It's just
18:29always turned to us with one side. When the moon happens to be in between the earth and the sun,
18:35what we call its dark side becomes brightly lit. We just can't see it from our planet. Figures.
18:41A recent study claims that the moon has a tail. And every month, it wraps around our planet like a
18:48scarf. A slender tail made up of millions of atoms of sodium follows Earth's natural satellite. And
18:55our planet regularly travels directly through it. Meteor strikes blast these sodium atoms out of the
19:00moon's surface and further into space. You won't believe it, but the moon seems to be shrinking.
19:06Earth's natural satellite is now 150 feet smaller than it used to be hundreds of millions of years
19:12ago. The reason for this phenomenon might be the cooling of the moon's insides. It could also explain
19:19the quakes shaking the surface of our planet's natural satellite. Astronomers have recently found
19:25out that Mars is seismically active. Mars quakes occur there on a regular basis. For several days
19:31every month, the moon remains between the sun and our planet. That's when Earth's gravity picks up
19:37that sodium tail. Our planet drags it into a long stripe that wraps around its atmosphere. This lunar tail
19:44is totally harmless. It's also invisible to the human eye, 50 times dimmer than what you can perceive.
19:51But on those rare days, high-powered telescopes can spot its faint yellowish glow in the sky.
19:57The tail looks like a gleaming spot that's five times the moon's full diameter.
20:03Turns out there are plenty of planets in the universe, and even in the Milky Way galaxy,
20:08that have liquid or frozen water on them. The closest one is within our solar system.
20:12It's Europa, one of Jupiter's moons. Scientists are almost sure that underneath its frozen surface,
20:19there's an actual ocean of water. But it's too soon to be hyped about possible life on such planets.
20:25Liquid water is only one of many things that have to come together for life to appear on a planet.
20:31A star in the galaxy GSN 069 is likely to turn into a planet the size of Jupiter in the
20:38next trillion
20:39years. It might happen because of the star's regular encounters with a black hole. First,
20:45astronomers noticed unusual X-ray bursts that were strangely bright. They went off every nine hours.
20:51After studying this phenomenon for some time, the scientists realized it was a star moving in a
20:57unique orbit around a black hole. The dazzling flashes? It was the material getting slurped off
21:03the star's surface by the black hole. It turned out that over millions of years, the black hole had
21:09already transformed the red giant into a white dwarf. And the process isn't going to stop whatsoever.
21:16Astronomers have found some traces of phosphine in the atmosphere of Venus. On our planet, this gas,
21:22colorless and flammable, is often found where microbes live. No wonder a new theory suggests
21:28that there might be life on Venus. But even if there was some life on the evening star, it could
21:34have only appeared in its atmosphere. Probably no living organism would be able to survive the planet's
21:40extreme environment. Venus's surface is extremely dry. There's no liquid water on the planet. And the
21:46pressure there is 90 times greater than that on Earth's surface. The temperatures often rise higher
21:51than 900 degrees. That's hot enough to melt some metals. As for vacations there, I'll pass. In fact,
21:59there's a place millions of light years away where there's a whole floating space cloud made entirely of
22:05water. There's so much of it that we could fill all our oceans 140 trillion times over. Slightly more
22:12than what we need. Water on Earth is actually a puzzle shrouded in mystery and covered with riddles.
22:18The most popular theory is that it was brought to our planet by icy comets and asteroids that left
22:24behind not only mighty craters, but the liquid substance thanks to which we can now thrive. But in space,
22:31there's a whole lot of organic matter. And under specific conditions, it could yield so much water,
22:37it would be enough to fill our oceans thousands of times over. Researchers conducted an experiment
22:43in which they heated this organic matter and obtained clear water and oil. If this is confirmed in future
22:49studies, it could mean that even oil appeared on Earth not only thanks to fossilized remains of living
22:55beings, but came from outer space as well. And yet, there might just be about 6 billion Earth-like
23:02planets in the Milky Way galaxy alone. The latest data has shown that every fifth sun-like star can
23:08have at least one planet in its habitable zone. And not just any planet, mind you. It has a rocky
23:14core
23:14and surface, and it's of comparable size to the Earth. Being inside the habitable zone of its star,
23:20such a planet would have high chances of becoming home to living creatures, microbes at least. And if
23:27there are billions of these planets in our galaxy, you could safely say that at least one of them is
23:32not only habitable, but inhabited already. And now, multiply this by the number of galaxies in the
23:39universe, also considering that many of them are much bigger than the Milky Way. This gives us billions
23:45upon billions of sun-like stars and Earth-like planets, and some of them are surely more like
23:51ours than others. And get this, we might be able to walk upright because of supernova explosions.
23:57About two and a half million years ago, a supernova sent cosmic rays to our planet.
24:02They triggered a series of electrical storms in the Earth's atmosphere, which turned into thunderstorms.
24:08Those in turn caused wildfires in Northeast Africa, where our earlier ancestors lived.
24:14Fires turned the forest area into a savanna, the atmospheric pressure changed, and our ancestors
24:20had to stand on two legs to survive. The biggest explosion since the Big Bang was registered in 2019.
24:26This happened in the Ophiuchus cluster, which unites thousands of galaxies. According to scientists,
24:32the blast was equal to 20 billion billion, that's 18 zeros, megaton explosions happening once a millisecond
24:39for 240 million years. Um, I'll have to trust that. My math is not that good.
24:45In 2019, NASA's InSight lander, whose goal was to study the interior of Mars, registered the first
24:52Marsquake ever. These quakes were coming fast, about two per day. Most of them were tiny. You wouldn't
24:58even feel them if they happened on our planet. So far, more than 300 Marsquakes have been detected.
25:04Those are the first quakes on any space body other than Earth and the Moon. Another mysterious
25:10phenomenon discovered by the mission was bizarre magnetic pulses. They occurred every midnight
25:16around the lander. It's still unclear what those pulses were. Maybe after midnight they're going to
25:21let it all hang out, or something. Pluto's atmosphere rises much higher above the surface
25:26of the dwarf planet than, let's say, Earth's. It also has more than 20 layers, all of them freezing cold
25:33and extremely condensed. Remember the asteroid that wiped out the dinosaurs on Earth? Hey,
25:38I wasn't around then. But who could forget? There might have been another space show that ended badly
25:43for at least 75% of all life on our planet in the past. Roughly 360 million years ago, a
25:50supernova
25:51explosion occurred about 65 light-years away from us, and the cosmic rays sent by it swept away the
25:57ozone layer of our pretty blue ball. Wow, tough neighborhood.
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