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2015.07.15 - Chi l'ha visto_ Le Storie del 15_07_2015 - 04 Ettore Majorana
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00:02Is it possible that this postcard contains the whole truth about one of the greatest mysteries?
00:09of the twentieth century? It was in fact 1938 when one of the greatest Italian physicists passed away,
00:17Ettore Majorana. A few years ago, we, the people who saw him, were the ones who collected
00:23the statements of a gentleman who claimed to know the truth about that mysterious disappearance.
00:30He told us that a certain Mr. Bini, a man he had met in Venezuela over the years
00:35Fifty, he was actually the famous Italian scientist. The Rome prosecutor's office asked us to register him.
00:43of that interview and that's how he reopened the investigation. Thanks to the work of the Carabinieri
00:49of the RIS of Rome and to this postcard, the mystery of the disappearance of Ettore Majorana after almost
00:56An 80-year-old dilemma for the Italian judiciary has finally been resolved. Fiore tells us about it.
01:04De Rienzo.
01:11This question, who saw it? It was asked in the pages of the Domenica del Corriere in
01:171938, some time after the disappearance of Ettore Majorana, when the research ordered personally
01:23from Benito Mussolini to the police chief Bocchini had given no other outcome than some ambiguous
01:29uncertain sighting. It would take 30 years before anyone answered the question.
01:36This man, Francesco Fasani, got in touch with us to tell us, I have known him for many years
01:4217 years ago, after his disappearance, I have proof of this. And this evidence, as we will see, was acquired
01:49by the Rome Public Prosecutor's Office and subjected to scientific investigations. This had never happened before.
01:55before. Never before had any evidence been produced that the brief, almost legendary existence
02:01note by one of the most extraordinary Italian physicists had continued elsewhere, in distant countries.
02:08Everything we know about him, from his birth to his death, is extraordinary. Let's take a look.
02:15in the summary of the story that those who saw it broadcast about twenty years ago.
02:24Born in Catania on August 5, 1906, from Fabio and Dorina Corso, already destined to collect
02:31the heavy legacy that comes from being a Majorana. His grandfather, Salvatore, was an economist,
02:38jurist, writer, parliamentarian, minister several times. His father's brothers are all
02:43precocious geniuses. Uncle Quirino graduated in engineering at 19 and in physics and mathematics at 21.
02:50Father Fabio, who also graduated at 19 in engineering and then in physics, worries
02:56personally of Ettore's education, including school education, which will not go until he is 8-9 years old
03:01at school. And Ettore is also precocious. At 4 years old he performs in the family, solving problems in his head
03:08complicated calculations like square or cube roots, but hidden under a table, for
03:13shyness. Ettore is very close to his father and perhaps suffers the separation more than he would like.
03:19his letters from those years say, when he was sent to boarding school in Rome, at the age of 9,
03:23high school, until the family moved away 6 years later. After graduation,
03:29obtained in 4 years skipping one, he enrolled in the faculty of engineering, which he attended
03:34until two of his classmates, Edoardo Amaldi and Emilio Segret, decide to switch
03:40at the Faculty of Physics, where Enrico Fermi has just been appointed. His friend Segret insists
03:47to accompany Ettore, to introduce him to Fermi, only 4 years older than Majorana.
03:54Ettore listens with a skeptical air to the young professor who explains to him the theory on which
03:58He works, checks the calculations, redoes them, and finally Fermi passes the exam. Majorana
04:04he transferred to physics and graduated the following year, 110 erlode, with a thesis on quantum theory
04:10of radioactive nuclei, with Fermi himself as rapporteur. He is a full member of the group of the so-called
04:16boys from Via Panisperna. The results of the work of this group of young people were extraordinary,
04:23led years later to the atomic pile in Chicago and as terrible as the atomic bomb.
04:31His father died in 1934. We don't know if there was a relationship, but Ettore hardly ever went out.
04:37He's been away from home for four years. He's no longer involved in physics. Everything he's produced, Majorana.
04:45he wrote it before 1934. Suddenly, at the end of 1937, he decides to participate in a
04:52competition for a chair in theoretical physics, requested by the University of Palermo. But the commission,
04:58given his participation, which would disrupt the expected candidacies, suspends the competition
05:04and arranges for Ettore to be named for his clear fame elsewhere, in Naples. And here he moves
05:11in January 1938. He lives in a hotel, at the Hotel Bologna. His lectures are attended by very few.
05:19students. On Friday, March 25, 1938, the sixteenth of the Fascist era, he wrote two letters. One
05:28addressed to the director of the physics institute, Professor Carrelli, in which
05:33announces the decision to disappear, saying that there is not a single shred of selfishness in it.
05:39The other, addressed to my family, writes: I have only one wish, that you do not dress in
05:48black. If you want to bow to the custom, please bring, but for no more than three days, some
05:53sign of mourning. Afterwards remember me, if you can, in your hearts and forgive me. In the evening
06:01board the Naples-Palermo mail train, which leaves at 10.30. The purpose would seem clear
06:07of suicide. The letter to Carrelli ends with, I will keep a fond memory of everyone, at least
06:13until 11:00 this evening. But the next morning he writes another letter, from the great
06:19Hotel Sole in Palermo. Dear Carrelli, the sea has rejected me, I'll be back tomorrow. It's not
06:27there is certain evidence that Majorana returned to Naples. It is thought that he may have put
06:33carrying out his purpose on the return journey. In reality, the letter from Palermo
06:39it is the last documented trace.
06:44In reality there were later reports, alleged sightings, which spoke of the young Majorana
06:50who knocked on churches and convents, and all the reports were verified by his
06:55family. Over the years, other traces emerged that pointed to him in distant countries,
07:01in Argentina, for example. Then Francesco Fasani called us, and Giuseppe Rinaldi went to meet him.
07:09Well, I actually went to Venezuela because I didn't get along with my father.
07:13What year? In '55, April '55. He arrives in Caracas? I didn't like it. Then I left.
07:21I went
07:21in Valencia. In Valencia there was a friend of mine who had met on the ship, Ciro, and he reminded me
07:27he presented
07:28This Cristiastro, this friend here, this Bini, only Bini, only this name here did I know. How does he arrive?
07:35to connect Bini to Ettore Majorana? Because a gentleman from Argentina told me so.
07:43My dear Carlo. One day, while I was there at the Orinoco where I was staying at the guesthouse, I arrived in Bini.
07:52Checco told me, Checco. I say it's Mr. Carlo? I say that gentleman who is like that, that's a friend.
08:00my
08:00who's waiting for me well. I say, but do you know who that is? I say how I don't know? I know, it's
08:05a friend.
08:07Bini tells me, look, that guy over there is a scientist. He has a big head that...
08:13not even these images. That one's called Majorana, he tells me. So Mr. Carlo of this Bini
08:21He tells her that he's a scientist named Majorana and that he came from Argentina. And that he came from Argentina.
08:27That is, they had met in Argentina. You spoke Italian correctly, it was a
08:32A cultured person? Oh, yes, that's why. You could see he was someone who could read and write well, too.
08:37He was polite, when I ate, when I drank, they seemed like a prince. He knew where to put his fork,
08:43where to put the spoon. But where was it when? I don't know. And then he had a car. It was
08:49yellowish, I remember, two doors up there, in the Baccaro. He'd sometimes say to me, "But do you care so much?"
08:55to this machine. Be careful here, it's always full of pieces of paper. What can you do with it?
09:02This thing? I was telling you, but here, you really care about the car. And what's on these pieces of paper?
09:07'they were
09:07written? All commas, numbers and commas, numbers, mistakes, in short. I didn't do it.
09:13so many things, because I was trying to give it to him clean, to take this paper and throw it away.
09:18Look, you have a photograph in your hand. Yes. This photograph was taken of you and nearby.
09:25There's this Bini. This one, this is Bini. I'm Bini, look. This gentleman...
09:31Bini, however, never wanted to have his picture taken. You didn't take any pictures. That time because...
09:35Did he succeed? Because I had to lend him 150 bolivars. So he blackmailed him? Yeah, I did.
09:42a specialist, because she told us, look, what's this photograph? At home the parents
09:47Bini, I was sent a photograph, because there's no photographer here. I mean,
09:51Take a picture of me, but not a picture of my mother, my father. I mean, after all,
09:56not, what is there, what am I saying, and then this photograph was taken.
10:03This is the alleged proof of Majorana's survival at least until the years 1955 to
10:111959. After the interview was broadcast, the Deputy Public Prosecutor,
10:16Pierfilippo Laviani then wanted to question Fasani and acquired the photo. To have it examined,
10:22of the Carabinieri RIS. He handed it over to Colonel Luigi Ripani.
10:26This is the image where Mr. Fasani is portrayed together with Mr. Bini. Mr.
10:33Bini is somehow extrapolated from the photo and follows the activity cycle a bit
10:39technique, for comparison to effectively establish whether there is compatibility with Majorana.
10:46Majorana the photos available before 38, before his disappearance, at around 25-30 years old.
10:52Here we have the person to confront, Mr. Bini. The first thing to do is:
10:58you go to look at the proportions of the face, forehead, nose, mouth and more or less there they are.
11:06You can notice the plumpness of the lips, the type of chin. As for the nose,
11:11if we want something more particular, the fact that the nose was slightly tending
11:20to the right, this becomes a slightly more important feature. The same argument can be made
11:25be carried out on the ears, the right ear, Mr. Bini and Majorana and
11:31the left ear. Here too, there is a sort of compatibility. As for the eyes...
11:37especially the eyebrow arch, this is also an important element, it describes a
11:42broken line. This element is not very widespread in the population and therefore becomes peculiar.
11:49the fact of finding it both in Bini and in Majorana, this too is an element in favor of one hypothesis.
11:56I notice one thing though, the other eyebrow is straight.
11:59Yes, this combination, if we want, further supports this element of compatibility.
12:05But you went a step further, you also used another method.
12:09That's right, we used the system known lately with Age Progression, that is, aging
12:15of a face following certain parameters, certain physical, biological rules, but this aging
12:23It happens through software, specific software for this purpose. It is usually seen inside
12:29the person in the family who most resembles them. In this case, we had the father available.
12:34and the brother, but of the two the father was the one who presented greater, better elements
12:40compatibility features. Now we will see with effect, if we want, fading the
12:45transformation of the son, Ettore Majorana, into the father. Here, if we observe it slowly,
12:52We have this transformation of one into the other. So, in this way we reach an image
13:00which obviously does not exist, it is a sort of, if you like, an artefact, but it is the face that we believe
13:07resembling Majorana around 50-55 years old. And then we compared this image naturally
13:15with Mr. Bini. Here, this is the father's forehead. All in all, both are quite
13:23receding hairline and therefore have a very similar hairline. The cheekbones, quite pronounced,
13:30of the father's cheekbones. Here, father and Bini. Here too they are quite characteristic, certainly not unique,
13:39but... I mean it seems like the difference in expression in this case, but it seems like the same person.
13:45It looks a lot like me. All the elements we've seen are supporting elements.
13:49of the hypothesis that we are dealing with the same person, at least from what we can tell
13:55to demonstrate. There's nothing that precludes it.
13:57At least we haven't found any evidence... The evidence in favor is definitely superior.
14:02or almost absolute compared to the negative, contrary ones.
14:09Nothing was found to rule out that Bini could have been overweight. If the men
14:15of the RIS had had a DNA sample of Bini or at least an autographed document, it would have been
14:21had been certain. But another element would seem to confirm the hypothesis. Remember Bini's car,
14:28the yellow stud bagger? Fasani claims that among the many papers scattered in the cockpit
14:34There was also this postcard, which was presented to the prosecutor. Quirino had sent it.
14:40Maiorana, the physicist and uncle of Ettore, to a colleague of his in the United States, in Michigan, at
14:47date of September 24, 1920. It would seem to be further proof, even if we really can't
14:55to imagine how he could have found himself in Bini's car, even if Bini were Maiorana. How
15:01had come into possession of a postcard sent to Michigan when Ettore was 14 years old and
15:07was he in Italy? However, the prosecution concluded that Bini and Maiorana were the same person,
15:14closing the case. Closing the case not before meeting with a family member.
15:18Maiorana, the nephew of Ettore's cousin. Stefano Roncoroni, historian and writer. He,
15:26Like many others in the family, he doesn't believe this judicial truth. There is a truth
15:31family's own and not just now, but already a year after Ettore's disappearance. A
15:37truth guarded with jealous modesty, apparently arising from documents never exhibited in public,
15:43from testimonies never disclosed. Now Stefano Roncoroni, during a long meeting, opened up to us
15:49a glimmer of hope that would contradict the Rome prosecutor's ruling. In extreme, brutal terms
15:55summary. Ettore disappears in 1938, in March, he is wanted until a certain period, he is
16:04defended his chair until December 1938, the police no longer wanted him for half
16:09of 1939 and in 1939 Ettore dies. Would he have died in Italy? He died in Italy. She
16:19Do you think you know where he might have been buried? I think so. Let's go find this place.
16:24Where is Majorana buried in Italy? Yes. We take this as a promise and we
16:31we ask. But then, is the Majorana case really closed?
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