00:00So first of all, what is a clause?
00:03Well, a clause is also a group of words, just like a phrase.
00:08However, a clause has both a subject and a verb component or a predicate,
00:16whereas a phrase does not have both a subject and a predicate.
00:21And clauses can be independent or dependent.
00:25A dependent clause is also known as a subordinate clause.
00:31So we're going to talk about five types of clauses in this video.
00:36First, we're going to talk about independent clauses versus dependent clauses.
00:43And then we're going to talk about three types of dependent clauses.
00:49A noun clause, an adjective clause, and an adverb clause.
00:55So first, let's talk about independent clauses.
00:59And an independent clause is a group of words that can stand alone as a complete sentence.
01:07This is why it's called an independent clause.
01:11For example, my sister is a teacher.
01:15This sentence leaves us with no extra questions.
01:18If someone says that to you, it makes complete sense as it is.
01:24And remember that all clauses have a subject and a verb component or a predicate.
01:30So my sister is the subject and the predicate is a teacher.
01:35We should go bowling tomorrow.
01:37Once again, an independent clause can stand alone.
01:42It's a complete sentence.
01:45Cats and dogs make the best pets.
01:48So an independent clause can stand alone as it is.
01:52But sometimes we combine it with a dependent clause.
01:56Because a dependent clause, also known as a subordinate clause, cannot stand alone.
02:04And the reason for the name is that it depends on an independent clause for meaning.
02:11For example, because I was exhausted.
02:15Well, you can see, like all clauses, we have a subject, I, we have a predicate, was exhausted.
02:22But the word because makes this a dependent clause.
02:27So this cannot stand alone as it is.
02:30If we remove the word because and just have I was exhausted, that would be an independent clause.
02:39But combined with the word because, well, now we need more information.
02:43What are you trying to say?
02:45For example, I didn't go to the party because I was exhausted.
02:51This dependent clause needs an independent clause for meaning.
02:56There's another example, if it stops raining.
03:00Once again, the word if makes this a dependent clause.
03:05What happens if it stops raining?
03:08More information is needed.
03:10So this is a dependent clause.
03:12We could not finish this with a period.
03:15Another example, while Ben was sleeping.
03:18When we were kids.
03:21All of these dependent clauses require more information.
03:25They require an independent clause to make sense.
03:31So now that we know the difference between a dependent clause and an independent clause,
03:36let's go on to different types of dependent clauses, starting with a noun clause.
03:44So a noun clause acts as a noun in a sentence.
03:48And it's a type of dependent clause.
03:52Remember that all clauses have a subject and a verb or predicate.
03:57For example, whatever mom cooked smells delicious.
04:03Whatever mom cooked is a noun clause.
04:07And that's because these words together act as a noun in a sentence.
04:13A way that you can determine that this acts as a noun is if you try to replace it with
04:20another word.
04:21Imagine that the thing mom cooked was soup.
04:26This could be replaced with the noun soup.
04:30Whatever mom cooked smells delicious.
04:34Or, the soup smells delicious.
04:38Another example of this, what the teacher said hurt my feelings.
04:44What the teacher said is a noun clause acting as a noun.
04:50In this case, a thing or a comment.
04:54The teacher's comment hurt my feelings.
04:59Noun clauses can act as subjects, objects, or complements.
05:06In both of these cases, the noun clause acts as the subject of the sentence.
05:13And, these noun clauses come before the verbs.
05:17But let's view an example of a noun clause as an object.
05:22I can't decide what to wear.
05:27David finally remembered where he put his keys.
05:32In both of these examples, what to wear and where he put his keys are noun clauses
05:39that are acting as objects.
05:43I can't decide my outfit.
05:46So, what to wear is acting as a noun that replaces my outfit.
05:52And, David finally remembered where he put his keys.
05:56He remembered the place.
05:59Okay?
06:01Now, let's move on to an adjective clause, which can also be known as a relative clause.
06:08And, an adjective clause describes or modifies a noun or a pronoun.
06:15It is also a type of dependent clause.
06:19And, it begins with words like who, which, that, etc.
06:24Let's look at some examples.
06:26The book that I borrowed was incredible.
06:31That I borrowed is an adjective clause, and it's describing the noun book.
06:38It's giving us more information about the book.
06:43Everyone deserves a partner who is loyal.
06:47Who is loyal is also an adjective clause, as it's describing the type of partner.
06:55The necklace which I bought in Paris is missing.
07:00This relative clause or adjective clause is giving us more information about the necklace.
07:07So, relative clauses describe a noun, and they answer questions like which one or what kind.
07:16They give us more information about a person, place, or thing.
07:22Now, let's move on to adverb clauses or adverbial clauses.
07:28So, an adverb clause modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb.
07:33And, once again, it's a type of dependent clause.
07:37And, it answers questions like when, why, how, or under what condition.
07:44For example, you can sit down wherever you like.
07:48Wherever you like is an adverb clause.
07:51Because it tells us where you can sit down, it's giving us extra information about the verb.
07:59Here's another example.
08:00We will drive to the city as soon as it stops snowing.
08:06As soon as it stops snowing is also an adverb clause, because it tells us when the action will happen.
08:15So, now we're going to move on to a quiz, and there are two parts.
08:20In part one, you must identify if it's an independent or a dependent clause.
08:26Number one, because my little brother was ill.
08:32Number two, I love reading books.
08:36Number three, my parents arrived at the train station.
08:41Number four, if we have some spare time in the evening.
08:46And, finally, number five, when my cousin gets back from her trip.
08:56Okay, so number one is a dependent clause.
09:00This clause is not a complete sentence.
09:04We're missing information.
09:05The word because makes it a dependent clause.
09:10We need an independent clause to complete it.
09:14We didn't go to the party because my little brother was ill, for example.
09:21Number two is an independent clause.
09:23We could add a period, and this makes sense on its own.
09:27My parents arrived at the train station.
09:30Number three is also an independent clause.
09:34We're not left with any questions.
09:36It's a complete sentence on its own.
09:40Number four is a dependent clause, if we have some spare time in the evening.
09:46The word if makes this a dependent clause.
09:50We need more information.
09:51What are you trying to say?
09:53And, number five is also a dependent clause, when my cousin gets back from her trip.
10:00This is not a complete sentence.
10:02We need more information.
10:05So, let's move on to part two.
10:08And, you must identify if the highlighted clause is a noun clause, adjective, or adverb clause.
10:16Number one, the kids played outside until it got dark.
10:23Number two, whoever made this cake deserves a prize.
10:30Number three, the movie that I just watched was terrible.
10:36Number four, can you tell me why Doug left early?
10:42And finally, number five, my dog follows me wherever I go.
10:52Okay, so number one is an adverb clause.
10:57Until it got dark tells us when the kids played outside.
11:03So, this clause modifies the verb played.
11:09Number two is a noun clause.
11:13Whoever made this cake, this acts as the subject of the sentence.
11:19And, it tells us who deserves a prize, the person.
11:24Number three, that I just watched is an adjective or a relative clause.
11:32It describes the noun movie, telling us which movie was terrible.
11:38Number four, why Doug left early is a noun clause.
11:46Whereas, in number two, this noun clause acted as a subject.
11:52Why Doug left early is a noun clause that is acting as the object of the verb tell.
11:59Can you tell me the reason?
12:03And finally, number five, my dog follows me wherever I go.
12:08This is an adverb clause.
12:11It tells us where the dog follows.
12:15So, it modifies the verb follows.
12:18and I plaincloth says that you do not use the verb displaying indicators.
12:18But I'm sure the verb is absolutely correct.
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