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Conclusion. An examination of the dangerous rivalry between Iran and Saudi Arabia, which has plunged the Middle East into sectarian war. While Iran extends its power from Iraq into Syria and Lebanon, Saudi Arabia is making a stand in Yemen, with deadly consequences for the region.
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00:15Tonight, the continuing story of two countries at war across the Middle East.
00:21On one side, Iran.
00:23So Iran becomes basically the war ministry in Syria.
00:27And on the other, Saudi Arabia.
00:30We support the Syrian people.
00:31The Iranians are killing the Syrian people.
00:34A devastating war in Yemen.
00:36Yemen was taken over by a militia allied with Iran and Hezbollah.
00:41The Iranians have no business in Yemen.
00:43We know that Yemen is important for Saudi Arabia.
00:45And we never want to stab Saudi Arabia in the back.
00:49There's another destroyed building there.
00:51When elephants fight, it's the grass that suffers.
00:54There's been over a million casualties in the Middle East over the last decade.
01:00They've been Syrian.
01:01They've been Iraqi.
01:03They've been Yemeni.
01:04Where did the missile hit?
01:05Iranian and Saudi citizens aren't the ones that are suffering.
01:10Iran and Saudi Arabia.
01:12Bitter rivals.
01:13Of the coronavirus.
01:33Listen, if you want to.
01:4013 year old.
01:42Absolutely.
01:56On the edge of the Shia city of Najaf in southern Iraq is the world's largest cemetery, the
02:03valley of peace. Fifteen hundred acres, five million bodies. The cemetery has been open
02:15for over seventeen hundred years. Today among the dead are the Shia martyrs killed in the
02:22sectarian war that has torn Iraq apart. At the nearby shrine of Imam Ali, the son-in-law
02:37of Prophet Muhammad, bodies of newly deceased fighters are carried past the tomb of Ali to
02:43receive his blessing. Some are Iraqi army, others are members of private Shia militias backed
02:54and trained by Iran, who have been fighting the Sunni extremists of Al-Qaeda and ISIS.
03:13Today, both those militias and Iran have emerged as victors in Iraq.
03:27I was in Baghdad on the day that ISIS was driven out of Mosul. The crowd, mostly Shia, cheered
03:35for the victory.
03:48A victory against ISIS has been declared in the Iraqi city of Mosul.
03:54For Sunnis, this is what victory looks like.
03:57What was once the capital in Iraq of ISIS's caliphate, now reduced to rubble around us here,
04:03the devastation of this city.
04:05In city after city, it is Iraq's Sunnis who have borne the brunt of the fight.
04:11These were the cities where some had at first welcomed ISIS. Places like Tikrit, Beji, Tal Afar,
04:19and Ramadi.
04:32Ibrahim Asaj is Ramadi's mayor.
04:41Ibrahim Asaj is Ramadi's mayor.
04:54Today, few have been able to return to their homes.
04:58Across Iraq, millions of Sunnis have been displaced.
05:04Tens of thousands are stuck in camps like this one.
05:10Some are still suspected of being ISIS sympathizers.
05:17Ibrahim Asaj is Ramadi's mayor.
05:18As a 여자, I'm so proud of my wife.
05:20We have to write that to me, not to be in the water, not to be in the water.
05:25But I feel like I have to vote.
05:27I don't want to send it to her to come for a year.
05:50The sunnahs are suffering a lot.
05:53You can't leave them in the camps.
05:56If we don't get back to the camps,
05:59we bring these people back to their places.
06:01If we don't find them jobs,
06:02if we don't embark on getting rid of sectarianism,
06:06then I assure you the civil war will rage
06:08and will expand to the whole region.
06:12Look at this.
06:15What about apocalyptic?
06:18In the West, today's sectarian conflict
06:21has been characterized as part of an ancient war inside Islam.
06:24But on the ground, the reality is more complicated.
06:31There is no doubt that the historical schism
06:36between Sunnis and Shias has been there since the 7th century.
06:44But the violence that we are seeing today is new.
06:49It is modern political violence.
06:55It is a power struggle between Iran and Saudi Arabia
06:59for dominance of the Middle East and the Muslim world.
07:08That power struggle started here in Iran almost 40 years ago,
07:13with Ayatollah Khomeini's Islamic Revolution.
07:26Every week at Friday prayers in Tehran,
07:29a leading imam reiterates the core principles of Khomeini's revolution.
07:33No, no, no!
07:34We believe the leader and the Islamic ministry
07:40And the ultimate authority of the supreme leader.
07:43And the question of the Muslim history
07:49Khomeini's doctrine was based on the Islamic law
07:52and the ultimate authority of the supreme leader.
07:56The rejection of Western domination
08:01and the overthrow of the Gulf monarchies,
08:04particularly the Saudi royal family.
08:09It also included the command to spread Islamic rule to other countries.
08:34Mohsen Rafakdoust, a founding member of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps,
08:38the IRGC, believes they have a continuing duty
08:42to spread Khomeini's revolution.
08:44Iran is not going to be able to support them,
08:47but it is not going to be able to support them in a violent fight.
08:54Iran is not going to be able to support Syria and Iraq.
08:58The first is Arabistan.
09:00The people of Israel have been able to support them.
09:04We are going to be able to support them.
09:12At a pro-government rally, it's clear that opposition to Saudi Arabia is central to their world view.
09:22So in the Iranian case, Saudi Arabia is an agent of the United States.
09:27It is there to keep a global order in which the U.S. dominates the world.
09:35And Saudi Arabia's control over Mecca and Medina, the two holiest shrine complexes in the Muslim world,
09:41is unacceptable.
09:47If you read Imam Khomeini's Last Will and Testament,
09:50if you listen to the sermons of the Supreme Leader who succeeded him, Ayatollah Khomeini,
09:56Saudi Arabia is a state that needs to be destroyed, a state that needs to be eradicated, really.
10:04«Amais, Israel, America, America, and Iran aremailed by the United States.
10:06It seems to be the case that Iran is a security.
10:09So, we are to wait for our enemy to escape.
10:13You want to say, the war is the danger to our forces."
10:16«Amaid! ESA! ESA! ESA! ESA! ESA! ESA! »
10:32around the region, how do you respond?
10:35Well, talk is cheap.
10:38Let's look at the actions.
10:41Saudis helped Saddam Hussein for eight years.
10:45Saudis helped al-Qaeda.
10:48Saudis created Daesh.
10:51Saudis created al-Nusrah.
10:53Saudis are funding terrorists who are operating in eastern Iran.
10:58So they started this sectarian message, not us.
11:03The Iranians look at you and they say you've been busy supporting and exporting extremism.
11:11What's your response to that?
11:13Nonsense.
11:14The Iranians are the ones who are exporting terrorism.
11:18They're the ones who are stoking the fires of sectarianism.
11:22They're the ones who are violating international laws and norms and acceptable behavior.
11:27And they are the ones who have been on an aggressive path since 1979.
11:32Despite the fact that the United States and almost every other powerful nation
11:39supports Saudi Arabia actively and tries to undermine us actively,
11:46we are still the most influential power in the Middle East.
11:51that should tell you something.
11:55That should tell you that we have made the right choices,
11:58and they've made the wrong choices.
12:05One of the most important choices Iran made has been in Syria,
12:10where war has raged for almost seven years.
12:28Today, over five million people have fled Syria.
12:34Millions more have been displaced, hundreds of thousands killed.
12:43The last time I was in Syria, the ancient city of Aleppo was divided.
12:49East Aleppo was held by rebel forces.
12:55East Aleppo was held by rebel forces.
12:56After a long, brutal siege, the Assad regime finally retook control in December 2016.
13:05Today, in East Aleppo, people are trying to resume their lives.
13:20I spoke with some regime supporters.
13:22So, how are you doing? How's your business?
13:39Who are your friends? Who is helping Syria?
13:42Iran, Russia, Iran, Russia, Syria, and Syria.
13:52We asked people what Iran was doing here now, and they pointed us to this school.
13:59Next to portraits of President Assad, in Iran's Ayatollah Khamenei,
14:04the sign reads, Gaza School, a gift from the Islamic Republic of Iran.
14:09Yes!
14:10Are you sure?
14:11Yes!
14:11How do you like the school?
14:13Yes!
14:14Very, very?
14:15Yes!
14:17They are happy, because they lived now maybe eight years.
14:21Six years of war.
14:22Yes.
14:23And they're eight years old now.
14:24Yes.
14:26Yes.
14:29This is the first school opened after the war.
14:32Uh-huh.
14:34It was built by whom?
14:35It was a worker from Aleppo.
14:37But the money comes from the people of Iran to help us.
14:45India, America, Russia, France...
14:49I was told Iran has contributed to the rebuilding of 47 schools in the province.
14:55It seems to be part of a larger strategy.
15:05The Iranians are here for their interests.
15:08Nobody would send money and fighters and others for, because they are a charity.
15:14They are here for their interests.
15:18I first met Anas Jule in Damascus in 2015, when he was leading a group of pro-democracy activists.
15:35The Iranian interests is obvious.
15:37Now we are seeing it.
15:39Iran mainly wants to be recognized from the United States and the international community as a normal country.
15:46Not as a part of the access of evil, not as a country that is not part of the international
15:51community.
15:55From the start, Iran backed Assad.
15:58Syria has really been Iran's only continuous ally since the 1979 revolution.
16:07And when the uprisings began, the Iranian regime was determined to do all in their power, both financially and militarily,
16:17to prevent the Assad regime from collapsing.
16:25Back in 2011, inspired by the Arab Spring, protests began against the Assad regime.
16:33The first six to ten months of the uprising, this was truly a civil uprising that was motivated by the
16:44rest of the Arab uprising.
16:45The need for political participation, asking for freedom, reining in the security services of the Syrian regime.
16:59It was led by a fairly non-violent civil movement of students, laborers, villagers.
17:10Then I think what happened is a decision was made by the Assad regime that we are not going to
17:17negotiate.
17:30New deadly violence in Syria.
17:33Army and security forces fired on peaceful protestors.
17:37The government denies anyone who was killed.
17:39Once the violence began, Iran sent in money, weapons and military advisers from the IRGC to help Assad crush the
17:48protests.
17:49To Syria, violence and protests. Will the government there buckle?
17:54The official line, both here and in Iran, is that the uprising in 2011 was really a foreign plot.
18:02Was there never a popular revolution prior in the first month or weeks of the uprising?
18:09In fact, it has never been there. I'm living here. I know what happened.
18:15It was a prepared, prefabricated scenario of what will happen.
18:20Since the beginning, we have said that this is a war against Muslim fanatics.
18:29In fact, armed opposition to Assad grew gradually and was made up of many different groups backed by many countries.
18:38You had Saudi Arabia, who was an important patron. Qatar, who was an important patron.
18:45UAE, to a lesser extent, was a patron. You had Turkey, who was a patron.
18:48You had the United States, who was a patron. You had the EU, who was a patron.
18:54Everybody is giving money to different people. Everybody is giving different types of weapons to different groups.
19:03The Saudi Arabian government supported two hardline Sunni Islamist groups.
19:09You paid millions of dollars into groups like Ahrar al-Sham and Jaysh al-Islam.
19:14And who are Ahrar al-Sham and who is Jaysh al-Islami?
19:17They're Syrians. They're Syrians being killed by whom? They're being killed by Iranians.
19:22So we're giving them the means to defend themselves.
19:27We support the Syrian people.
19:32The Iranians are killing the Syrian people. That's the difference between us.
19:41Saudi Arabia tried to play the Iranian playbook, which is, let's find groups which share sectarian identity with us
19:51and which are willing to fight and die for the cause.
19:55And the groups that they were able to find were Salafi groups.
20:02These are the groups that they could find, fund, share with them sectarian identity.
20:07And they were willing to fight to stand up to the Iranian Revolutionary Guards, but also the Iranian proxy groups,
20:14be it Hezbollah or be it the Shia militia.
20:17There's another militia.
20:21The Shia militia groups, backed by Iran, are hard to track down here.
20:27We'd been discouraged by Syrian officials in Damascus from visiting a famous Shia holy site.
20:32We decided to go anyway.
20:38This is the shrine of the Prophet Muhammad's granddaughter, Sayyida Zainab.
20:46We arrived on the day of Arbayin, where pilgrims mourn Zainab's brother Hussain,
20:51the revered Shia figure who was brutally murdered in the 7th century.
21:09Worshippers ceremonially strike themselves for failing to save Hussain from martyrdom.
21:18What does it mean to you to be here?
21:21We're very happy to sing the Shia. We're very happy to sing the Shia.
21:25We're very happy to sing the Shia.
21:25Every year we come and visit him to the Shia.
21:29We're very happy to sing the Shia.
21:30Thank God of the world.
21:36Among the pilgrims were Shia fighters recruited by Iran.
21:41This was why we were not supposed to film here.
21:44Uh-huh.
21:45Okay, okay.
21:48They're Afghans.
21:49They don't want to be filmed.
21:52Yeah, yeah.
21:53All right, so we just passed a group of Afghan volunteers,
22:00soldiers who've come to fight in the Syrian war.
22:05There was the Fatimiyun Division.
22:07Afghan Shia trained by the IRGC.
22:13And all around town, there were posters
22:15of Iranian-backed Shia militia leaders from Iraq.
22:20Most significant here, among the Pilgrims, Hezbollah fighters.
22:26Iran's proxy army from neighboring Lebanon.
22:35Supported by Iran since the early 1980s,
22:38Hezbollah has become a major political party
22:41and the most powerful military force in Lebanon.
22:46They were secretive about their involvement in Syria.
22:49Coming to the defense of Assad was politically controversial in Lebanon.
22:54But Syria is strategically important for their survival.
23:00Iran has basically been using Syria as a thoroughfare to arm and finance Hezbollah.
23:07And so, for that reason, I think both Iran and Hezbollah saw the potential fall of the Assad regime in
23:15Syria
23:15as an existential threat to them, certainly for Hezbollah.
23:22And Iran had a much larger regional ambition.
23:25A land route from Tehran all the way to the Mediterranean and the border with Israel.
23:31Iran has now secured a land corridor stretching from Tehran through Iraq and Syria all the way to Lebanon.
23:38To me, that's really the key to their foreign policy for Iran.
23:42A lot of what gives them any say in the region, any say with the United States,
23:49is that they are able to constantly put pressure on Israel
23:53and constantly threaten that they can attack Israel.
23:57It's an ideological goal. It's a political goal.
24:01But it's also a goal that they feel like they are slowly, gradually making progress on.
24:07Hezbollah is projecting Iranian influence across the Middle East
24:11by fighting in Syria alongside the Syrian military.
24:14Meanwhile, Iran continues to say they don't have a military presence in Syria
24:19and only provide advisers at the request of the Syrian government.
24:24Hezbollah has supplemented its knowledge of guerrilla warfare
24:27with conventional warfare and played a critical part in turning the war Assad away.
24:33In the end, the war in Syria will be recorded as among the most brutal in modern times.
24:39An aerial attack in Syria's Aleppo province,
24:42using improvised munitions like these, the so-called barrel bombs.
24:55Assad has been guilty of horrific violence.
24:59Barrel bombs packed with nails and shrapnel.
25:04Chemical weapons.
25:06Whole cities have been under siege.
25:10An estimated half a million dead.
25:14And the war is not yet over.
25:17Human beings inside Syria, on all sides, have suffered in the course of this war.
25:22You know, nearly 10 million people made homeless.
25:25Almost half the population of Syria having left their homes.
25:28You know, the sheer magnitude of what's happening in Syria...
25:30But the opposition has been unable to topple Assad.
25:35The Saudis believe the U.S. shares part of the blame.
25:40There was regional willingness to undertake action that U.S. and other countries were reluctant to lead in.
25:51But it would have required joint action by the United States.
25:56And when Mr. Obama began to talk about red lines...
26:00Naturally, the regional states thought that he was serious about it.
26:06He was stepping up.
26:06That he was stepping up.
26:08But we know what happened.
26:10Getting reports minutes ago that Russia has launched airstrikes in Syria.
26:18Two years later, when the Russians began aerial bombing, Iran sent in even more ground troops.
26:25And the war turned decisively in Assad's favor.
26:28Russia wants to keep Assad in and working with Iran...
26:33Saudi support for the rebels has declined.
26:36There's going to be a power vacuum developing in Syria.
26:38The Saudis have withdrawn from Syria.
26:41If they are talking about vacuum, about filling power, they withdraw.
26:44Nobody told them to go out.
26:46They withdraw.
26:47And by de facto, the power who is here will fill the vacuum.
26:51And what does it mean to you that these outside players have been destroying your cities...
26:57...and are making decisions outside the country as to what happens?
27:01For us, it's a matter now to choose between the bad and the worst.
27:12Sadly, the interest of the average Syrian now is security.
27:16Just to be safe?
27:17Just to be safe.
27:20A way that they can send their children to schools.
27:23That they can provide food to their families.
27:27They can live safely.
27:31We are against the regime, the political power he is controlling the state.
27:35Yes.
27:36But we can't leave the country.
27:38We can't afford not to work for this country.
27:42We can't.
27:44We can't.
27:44It's our destiny.
27:52What happens in Syria will go a long way in shaping the perception throughout the region...
27:59...of who is the winner in this contest.
28:03And right now, as of today, the winner in this contest in Syria is Iran.
28:10We have now an Iranian expeditionary force that includes Hezbollah, includes Shiite militias from Iraq, Shiite from Pakistan, Shiite from
28:23Afghanistan...
28:24...that now can be deployed at Iran's wish and under Iran control.
28:38...confronted by Iran's expansion and nervous about America's commitment to the region, the Saudis made a show of force.
28:46In 2016, with a coalition of 34 mostly Sunni states, they staged a massive military exercise.
28:55They called it Northern Thunder.
29:00Everybody in the neighborhood knows the truth about Saudi Arabia.
29:03You know, it's a powerful, very well-financed, very economically important country.
29:08But there is a little bit of a hollow core there.
29:10And that's what makes the Saudi royal family so insecure.
29:18The coalition was driven by the new, young minister of defense, Prince Mohammed bin Salman, who sat just behind his
29:26father, the aging King Salman.
29:29The prince also intended Northern Thunder to send a message to the Americans.
29:36The Americans had been feckless in Syria and had left them with a regional conflict on their border.
29:43And then to learn that the Obama administration might be making a kind of Nixon to China pivot in favor
29:48of Iran was infuriating and really disorienting, I think.
29:56The Saudis felt betrayed by Obama's nuclear deal with Iran, saying it would do nothing to curtail Iran's military adventures.
30:09Our concern was what is being done about Iran's nefarious activities in the region.
30:16And what did the Americans tell you?
30:18We are dealing with this.
30:19This is only strictly the nuclear talks.
30:22The view in the U.S. was that we deal with this separately.
30:26But the Iranians are making threatening moves in the Gulf.
30:30Are we supposed to sit there without any defenses?
30:33Of course not.
30:34Do you believe they have designs on Saudi Arabia itself?
30:38I hope not.
30:38But from their actions and from their attempts to destabilize and their attempts to cause mischief, that may not be
30:49the case.
30:54South of Saudi Arabia, bordering the strategic passage to the Suez Canal, is Yemen.
31:01Here, in the poorest country in the Middle East, is where Prince Mohammed bin Salman decided to draw a line
31:07against Iran.
31:12This is Sadat, in Yemen's far north, close to the Saudi border.
31:19It is the tribal stronghold of the Houthi rebels.
31:23The Houthis are from Yemen's Zaidi sect, an ancient offshoot of Shia Islam.
31:31It took us nine hours to get here last night.
31:33They estimated it would take us four, but with checkpoints and bad road and bridges that were blown out,
31:38it took us nine hours.
31:41This is a town that's seen an immense amount of destruction.
31:44There's a building right here that's been rocketed.
31:50Airstrikes by a Saudi-led coalition have destroyed most of the city center.
31:54There's another destroyed building here.
31:57It's a hard war to cover.
32:00Outside media is rarely let in.
32:05We were the only American reporters allowed inside Houthi-controlled northern Yemen in all of 2017.
32:17In the old city, the marketplace had been bombed the previous year.
32:29So what are you going to do now?
32:37What do you say to the people who did this?
32:39This is not a crime or a crime, it's not a crime, it's not a crime.
32:46It's a crime.
32:47It's a crime.
32:49It's a crime.
32:56Missile strike right here on the map.
32:59Everywhere we went, we saw and heard about the devastation from Saudi bombs.
33:04Why would they bomb that?
33:09In the towns and in the countryside.
33:30We're friends of yours inside the funeral.
33:33A crime.
33:36What happened to them?
33:38What happened to them?
33:40What happened to them?
33:42What happened to them?
33:42Look at them, the castle.
33:46The castle is never seen before.
33:50War is not new to Yemen.
33:53The country has been wracked by civil wars for more than 50 years.
34:07But in 2015, the Houthis seized the capital.
34:16Although the Houthis had a relationship with Iran and Hezbollah, at this stage there was
34:22little evidence of direct military support.
34:30The Saudi-backed president fled to Riyadh, where he was met at the airport by Prince Mohammed.
34:36The prince had made a crucial decision.
34:40Convinced that the Houthi rebellion represented a threat from Iran, he ordered a bombing campaign
34:46together with a coalition of Sunni states called Operation Decisive Storm.
34:51These Saudi fighter jets are on their way to attack rebel positions in Yemen.
34:58Saudi Arabia has long been known for getting Washington to fight its battles.
35:03Not this time.
35:06The Saudis didn't consult with us.
35:09They told us about 48 hours before they started the campaign.
35:14Chaos in Yemen has suddenly expanded into a dangerous regional...
35:18We were the closest of allies in the Middle East.
35:22And that decision shows how badly the relationship had unraveled, where they would take a military
35:28action again without consulting us on it.
35:39The prince said the war was necessary because Iran's goal is to get to Mecca and, quote,
35:45we will not wait for a war on Saudi soil.
35:50I had met the prince in Riyadh last year.
35:53He didn't want to do an on-camera interview, but we had a long talk.
35:57He told me how he wanted to reform and modernize Saudi society.
36:01He dismissed the rivalry with Iran.
36:04But, he said, he would stop them once and for all in Yemen.
36:10I met with Prince Mohammed bin Salman the other night and he told me, quote,
36:14there's no rivalry with Iran.
36:16This is Iranian propaganda.
36:18They are not worthy of our attention and not even number 20 on our list of concerns.
36:25You buy that?
36:27Of course.
36:28We don't.
36:29Of course, because it's from...
36:30No, what we have with Iran is, when you see rivalry as competition, we're not competing
36:38with Iran.
36:39We don't want to compete with Iran.
36:41We just...
36:42We're fighting a war against them in Yemen.
36:44We're not fighting a war against them in Yemen.
36:46We want them to get off our case.
36:48That's what we want.
36:50Yemen was taken over by a militia allied with Iran and Hezbollah that is now in possession
36:56of ballistic missiles.
36:57The Iranians have no business in Yemen.
37:02The spokesman for the Saudi-led military coalition at the time was General Ahmed Asiri.
37:09The Houthi, they hijacked the country.
37:11They hijacked the parliament.
37:12They seized the institution of the country.
37:15They imprisoned the president.
37:17We decided to protect our national security and to help the Yemeni government.
37:23So, you launch airstrikes?
37:25No.
37:25We launched a military operation.
37:27We don't want to emphasize in using this kind of sensitive war bombing, airstrike.
37:33We launch a military campaign.
37:37Whatever the general wants to call it, the bombing has been relentless.
37:43In October 2016, Saudi warplanes struck the Al-Khubra Hall in the capital Sana'a.
37:50Hundreds of people, including some Houthi officials, were attending a funeral.
37:55Officials say at least 140 people were killed and hundreds more injured when the bombs fell
38:01on this funeral hall on Saturday afternoon, the single deadliest attack in its 19-month war.
38:09The Saudis fired two American-made precision weapons.
38:12As people ran back inside to save lives, the second missile hit.
38:36This man told me 26 members of his family died.
38:51The Saudis say this was a mistake, that they didn't intend to bomb a funeral.
39:24Abdul Aziz bin Haptur is the Houthi-led government's prime minister.
39:47We have in March the market bombing in northern Yemen, and then in May we have the bombing of Sada
39:52and Mehran, and in October 2016, a Sana funeral bombing.
39:57People say the Saudis have not complied with generally accepted rules of warfare in terms of protecting civilian populations.
40:06The question is, why do these persist?
40:09No, let me tell you something. When you conduct a military operation, mistake could happen.
40:15How many civilians have died as a result?
40:16No, we don't have numbers of civilian deaths because of the Yemeni government.
40:22What was their number?
40:23Ask the Yemeni government.
40:28But no one could give us accurate numbers.
40:31The UN last estimated 10,000 civilian dead, but that was over a year ago.
40:38Saudi Arabia's air campaign against Iranian-backed rebels in Yemen is setting off concerns for far-reaching regional war.
40:44The Saudis have always regarded Yemen as their backyard and as their ward, geopolitically but also economically.
40:53And what you're seeing with the Saudis in Yemen is the building their capacity to project force.
41:02And Yemen is, in fact, in some ways a training ground for them to be able to do that.
41:07Ultimately, not with the aim of, you know, destroying Yemen, but building up the capacity to be able to confront
41:14Iran should there ever be a war with Iran.
41:191,500 miles away in Tehran officials blamed the Saudis for Yemen's trouble.
41:25What is the importance strategically of Yemen?
41:28What's your interest in Yemen?
41:30It's not.
41:30We know that Yemen is important for Saudi Arabia.
41:33And we never want to stab Saudi Arabia in the back.
41:37We send messages to them before Yemen erupted into this, that Yemen is in turmoil.
41:44Let's work out something.
41:46And the only response we got, you know, what was the response?
41:49Arab world is none of your business.
41:52Yes.
41:53We try to solve this.
41:55We try to talk to the Saudis.
41:57The Saudis say Iran is involved in Iraq, Iran is involved in Syria, in Lebanon, in Bahrain, and in Yemen.
42:05And they fear...
42:07Finally, the two final countries, Yemen and Bahrain, are not really there.
42:13But you're still involved in, you've chosen sides.
42:17Yes.
42:19You're still involved in Iraq.
42:21A few hours outside Sana'a, we came upon a graduation ceremony for fighters about to set off for the
42:28front lines.
42:33Their slogans sounded like what I'd heard in Iran and with Hezbollah.
42:47While the Houthis continue to deny they're getting military help from Iran, analysts believe some has been getting through.
42:57What I think Iran is trying to do is to fund and support an insurgency in Yemen that should it
43:03succeed, Yemen suddenly becomes an ally of Iran.
43:08But even if it fails or it just lasts a long time, you have completely distracted your chief adversary, Saudi
43:14Arabia, from the war in Syria, from the war in Iraq.
43:21And how much is it costing Iran?
43:24It's hard to say, but it does not seem that it's costing them all that much.
43:29They're not able to give them enough for the Houthis to succeed.
43:32But what they are able to do, I think, is perpetuate that conflict and to fuel the fire as long
43:38as it goes.
43:41It's hard to track how much help Iran is providing.
43:45If indeed the Iranians are providing support to the Houthis, that should show up in the weapons record.
43:51To determine the level of Iran's engagement, conflict armament research has analyzed Houthi weapons.
43:59CAR is a private group with funding from the EU and a contract with one member of the Saudi coalition.
44:06We were able to determine that these drones were not indigenously designed nor manufactured.
44:14Its design was essentially identical to an Iranian drone called an Abbil-2.
44:21The serial number prefixes were almost exactly the same.
44:24The internal components matched up with internal components used in Iranian drones.
44:29And then we traced some of the components back to an Iranian distributor.
44:33So when the Houthis say we're not getting any kind of support from Iran in terms of weapons or material,
44:40what do you say to that?
44:42The evidence clearly shows otherwise.
44:47Are you familiar with conflict armament research group?
44:51Their conclusions are that Iran has provided technical know-how at least, and in some cases armaments to Yemen.
45:26They are not helping us. We will wish they are doing so.
45:30They are not helping us. We will wish they are doing so.
45:31The problem is that nobody believes you.
45:36Yes, I know that.
45:37Americans don't believe you when you say that there's no help from Iran.
45:40Yes, let them believe that. I believe what I say. I'm very happy with that.
45:48There are no questions about who supplies weapons to the Saudis.
45:52The largest amount comes from the United States.
45:58This is the Amran cement factory.
46:01After successive Saudi air attacks, it was shut down.
46:041,500 workers lost their jobs.
46:09We were looking for our children and our families.
46:14We didn't do work. We didn't do work.
46:17We were sitting in the house.
46:19We were sitting in the house.
46:19We were sitting in the house.
46:23The Saudis say that they're fighting Iran in Yemen.
46:28We were working for.
46:29and they're fighting for a war.
46:32We were fighting for a war.
46:34We were fighting for a war.
46:34We were fighting for a war.
46:35We were in Iran, not a war.
46:41So who makes this?
46:43America.
46:44This is America.
46:45Made in the United States of America.
46:48It's a CBU-105.
46:50A U.S. made cluster bomb.
46:53It delivers 40 separate explosive projectiles.
46:58following reports of their use in Yemen, they were discontinued.
47:02How many are left in Saudi stockpiles is unknown.
47:08In 2016, the Obama administration halted shipments
47:12of both cluster bombs and precision-guided weapons.
47:16But the damage had been done.
47:27Back in the capital, Sana'a, we came across a rally called no to U.S. terrorism.
47:33What brought you here today? Why'd you come?
47:35I came here to tell the world that we are suffering. We are dying here.
47:42The rally was timed to coincide with President Trump's arrival in Riyadh,
47:47the first foreign visit of his presidency.
47:50He pledged to renew America's relationship with the kingdom.
48:02Trump promised another $110 billion in weapons to the Saudis.
48:07And we will be sure to help our Saudi friends to get a good deal
48:12from our great American defense companies.
48:19The Houthis greeted him by launching a missile at Riyadh.
48:31The U.S. has been fighting in Afghanistan for 10 years.
48:39You've been fighting in Iraq for how many years?
48:41The coalition against ISIS in Syria has been conducting operations for how many years?
48:47Longer than our war in Yemen.
48:54The war in Yemen is now in its fourth year.
48:59Both sides stand accused of war crimes.
49:04The country is failing.
49:07Garbage lies uncollected.
49:11Drinking water is polluted.
49:15And there's the biggest cholera outbreak in modern history.
49:22In addition, there is widespread malnutrition.
49:26In Hajah, one of Yemen's poorest provinces, I met five-year-old Ruqayyah.
49:34The hospital up near her home, hours away, had been bombed.
49:40Other children can't even reach here.
49:42The hospital up there were no specific nurses.
49:48They'd be fine.
49:51They'd be behind.
49:52The hospital up to the hospital, they wouldn't have any problems.
49:57They'd be fine.
49:57Just a day or two before, a severely malnourished boy had come in.
50:15And who do you blame for the war?
50:32Yemen now is facing a dual humanitarian crisis.
50:37Does that matter to Tehran?
50:39I don't think so.
50:41And the reason I don't think so is because I don't think they see it as their fault.
50:45Any of the injustice that's happening, any of the suffering, the entirety of the humanitarian
50:50crisis is being blamed on Saudi Arabia.
50:57But what Iran never does is take responsibility for any of the bad things that happen in the
51:02areas that it's involved in.
51:05Together they have done this to the region.
51:09But neither of them see themselves as responsible.
51:12They all see it being driven from the other side.
51:21When elephants fight, it's the grass that suffers.
51:26And in today's Middle East, the two elephants are Iran and Saudi Arabia.
51:33There's been over a million casualties in the Middle East over the last decade, but they've
51:39been Syrian, they've been Yemeni, they've been Iraqi.
51:47Iranian and Saudi citizens aren't the ones that are suffering.
51:52Iranian and Saudi Arabia.
51:57Meghan, España, Spain and Saudi them over the last decade.
52:03That means if we enter the warning, a UK family's right now, law
52:27Go to pbs.org slash frontline
52:30to read extended interviews with Iranian Foreign Minister Javad Zarif.
52:35So they started the sectarian message.
52:37Saudi Foreign Minister Adel al-Jubeir.
52:40They are the ones who have been on an aggressive path since 1979.
52:43And others.
52:44Learn more about the making of bitter rivals.
52:46They just passed a group of Afghan volunteers.
52:51Connect to the Frontline community on Facebook, Twitter, and pbs.org slash frontline.
52:58He gripped my arm.
53:00And he started to massage my shoulders.
53:02In a forceful way.
53:03Stories with uncanny similarities.
53:06He came back in a robe.
53:07Just like an open robe.
53:08If you were in his movie, you had a shot at an Academy Award.
53:12He used his non-disclosure agreements.
53:13It was a show of power.
53:15I think a lot of people turned a blind eye.
53:17And control.
53:17I think his career is over.
53:19But, you know, who knows?
53:21Anything can happen.
53:23Don't miss this Frontline at a special date and time.
53:55For more on this and other Frontline programs, visit our website at pbs.org.
54:10Frontline's Bitter Rivals is available on DVD.
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54:20Frontline is also available for download on iTunes.
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