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This powerful and gripping series examines the course of the Iran-Iraq War over eight long years, the unprecedented slaughter on both sides of the conflict and the damaging legacy it has left on the region.
Muslim cleric Ruhollah Khomeini ascends to power in Iran in the Islamic Revolution of 1979. Seeking to take advantage of a tumultuous Iran, Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein commands his forces to invade his neighbouring rival.
Muslim cleric Ruhollah Khomeini ascends to power in Iran in the Islamic Revolution of 1979. Seeking to take advantage of a tumultuous Iran, Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein commands his forces to invade his neighbouring rival.
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00:02The year was 1979.
00:08Saddam Hussein, the charismatic president of Iraq, was ruling with a rod of iron.
00:15Anyone who stepped out of line faced imprisonment, torture or death.
00:24Saddam Hussein was killed by the Iraqi society by force and by force.
00:32The main fear of Iraq is on his life.
00:36It's not a fear that he will eat, or he will travel, or he will study.
00:42It's a fear that he will live in another day, or not.
00:49Saddam was endlessly ambitious.
00:55Modeling himself on Stalin, he dreamt of ruling through his Ba'ath party the entire Arab world.
01:11Across the border, Iran was undergoing an Islamic revolution.
01:18At its head was someone every bit as charismatic, ambitious and ruthless as Saddam.
01:26Ayatollah Rouhala Khomeini.
01:32His people were in awe of him.
01:34His friend Robert Said Law himself.
01:43Professors of American culture where the nations of the Middle East are a college,
01:46andartz of President go to the floods.
01:48The political culture of Allah had me in their eyes told him that he had on their path had профессions.
01:55And he renowned for them of ordinary culture and museums.
02:02He believed that this medicine could tell him us to go better.
02:07Khomeini dreamt of exporting his revolution
02:10and through his autocratic religious government
02:13leading the entire Islamic world.
02:17A clash with Saddam was just a matter of time
02:21and it would kill or injure
02:23two and a half million people.
02:49A clash with Saddam was just a matter of time.
03:04A clash with Saddam Hussein had spent his life
03:15scheming and murdering his way to the top.
03:18He had recently seized leadership of the Ba'ath Party,
03:22an authoritarian organization modeled on the Communist Party.
03:33After Saddam declared himself president,
03:37he announced to Ba'ath Party officials
03:39that there had been a plot against him.
03:53The traitors were in the audience.
04:14He'd made it all up,
04:15but the fiction would serve his purpose.
04:32He announced the so-called traitors
04:34and ordered them to leave the auditorium.
04:36Ahmed Ibrahim Salih
04:40Mohammed Menafeel Yaasim
04:46Ahmed Ibrahim Salih
05:16Twenty-one men were executed.
05:35Those spared were made to shoot their comrades.
05:40This was ruled by fear.
05:50Saddam may have achieved the success he craved at home, but he'd recently made a fateful
06:07enemy abroad.
06:17Saddam had allowed Khomeini to shelter in Iraq for years to plot the overthrow of the Shah
06:22of Iran.
06:26But he'd decided to change his policy to the Shah, and had exiled the troublesome
06:32cleric.
06:36Khomeini had left Iraq humiliated.
06:38He would never forgive Saddam.
06:42But politics is unpredictable, and within months it was the Shah of Iran who was fleeing.
06:49And Khomeini was making a triumphant return.
07:20Khomeini was the father of the revolution.
07:27He was quick to impose his authority on Iran.
07:32First he hunted down supporters of the Shah's regime, like members of the hated secret police,
07:40Savak.
07:42Khomeini was the country.
07:44Now, at the temple, he was killed by the other side.
07:52He was sold to the sand, to be a soldier, who was forced to destroy others.
07:57The crime of Iran was only the case of the war.
08:06Groups identified as counter-revolutionary were also arrested and executed.
08:19Khomeini blamed much of this opposition on America.
08:22He despised its non-Muslim values and inflamed hatred of the foreigners.
08:42They were in Iran, and the shaitans who were in the border were assembled and had a chance to escape.
09:03To further secure the revolution, the government decided to marshal its supporters.
09:07They dreamed of a fanatically loyal volunteer army, 20 million strong.
09:16We went to Khomeini to visit Khomeini.
09:21I remember that Khomeini's history was the same.
09:25We had a few questions.
09:27We had a few questions.
09:29We had a few questions.
09:30We had a few questions.
09:31We had a few questions.
09:35We had a few questions.
09:36We were telling for the questions and not to answer the questions.
09:42There was no shortage of volunteers.
09:47We were saying that without a lovely religion,
09:52our father walked over by him
09:54and did their Son for himself and his son for one more встреч.
09:55We had's bitten.
09:55We'll quit itsến Mostmes.
09:56A róż we have!
10:00to become the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps.
10:10But Khomeini didn't just want to protect the revolution.
10:13He wanted to export it to neighbouring states, especially Iraq.
10:42He started encouraging Shia groups to rise up.
10:56In Iraq, Saddam could see the danger.
11:01He warned Iraqis on state television.
11:18When Iranian groups started a terrorist campaign,
11:22Saddam promised revenge.
11:34Hundreds of suspected supporters of Iran were tortured and executed.
11:46Then Saddam expelled tens of thousands of Shias he considered too Iranian.
12:19Saddam was still worried that Iran wouldn't back off.
12:20But Saddam was still worried that Iran wouldn't back off.
12:34It is believed that he secretly gave support to Iranian military officers planning to overthrow Khomeini.
12:41They were confident that they could take advantage of a new and growing unrest in Tehran.
12:51A year after Khomeini's triumphant return,
12:54his faction of the revolution was clashing violently with rival groups.
13:08But Khomeini discovered the military coup,
13:11and he was ruthless in his reaction.
13:15He ordered a purge of the armed forces' senior officers.
13:28The pilot killed all 500 people.
13:31Some almost 300-700 ships was Sicilian.
13:35Some of them disappeared.
13:38Their allies fell in the military coups,
13:38and the d�erous troops fell into their hands.
13:39The lineman of Zerahi's Seraphis were killed in Khomeini.
13:42But once again, they remained responsible for their arms.
13:43The lineman of Zerahi's was killed.
13:46They ran the downbeat,
13:46and they were killed after the pilot.
13:48Khomeini had stifled the coup, but in purging the armed forces, he was playing into Saddam's hands.
14:06In Baghdad, as he went through the charade of parliamentary democracy, Saddam Hussein, a man who preyed on weakness, was
14:15already hatching a plan.
14:18He had decided to take advantage of Iran's infighting and military vulnerability.
14:26Five years earlier, Saddam had relinquished half the Arab waterway, the Shat al-Arab, to Iran.
14:36It was his only link to the sea.
14:41He decided now to take it back by force.
14:48His plan was to send his army 20 kilometers into Arabistan, the ethnically Arab region of Iran, and dig into
14:56what would be friendly territory.
14:58It would be a short, contained war.
15:03But before Saddam could launch his secret plan, events again played into his hands.
15:18Iran began shelling Iraqi border towns.
15:22Border skirmishes between the two countries were common.
15:25But it gave Saddam the perfect pretext for war.
15:32There is someone who says,
15:34did Iraq start the war, or did Iran start the war?
15:39It seems that Iraq started the war in 4-9-1980.
15:48Saddam summoned his general staff.
15:51They said they weren't ready for a war against the larger Iranian army.
15:55But the self-appointed commander-in-chief, with no military experience, pushed on regardless.
16:03A recording of the meeting exists.
16:06It's important that we can return to the Arab, and we have to return.
16:11If we have to put our hands on our own,
16:14then we have to protect our political values.
16:18And now it's possible to be the soldiers.
16:27At midday on September the 22nd, 1980,
16:31Saddam ordered 200 fighter bombers into Iraq.
16:37His tanks rolled east.
16:45His troops were optimistic.
17:08Iraqis compared the war to the ancient battle of Qadisiya between Muslim Arabs and infidel Persians.
17:20Iraqi forces surged forwards.
17:24Iraqi forces surged forwards.
17:25In the first few days, there was little resistance.
17:29Over in Tehran, Khomeini addressed the nation to quell rumours.
17:59The government was in shock.
18:07Iraqi forces said that the Taliban had to strike the force.
18:11Iraqi forces in Iraq were 그 builders of Iraq.
18:15They were losing their shoulders.
18:17They had taken us for the money and served with Iran.
18:18But the regime had to catch theääk.
18:21They were taken the way to Iran first and to kill Iran.
18:23They had taken against Iran two people.
18:25They were taken the way to Iraq now.
18:26then but the regime found help from its air force despite particularly heavy
18:36losses from purges and executions Iran's pilots were keen to prove their
18:42patriotism key targets in Iraq were selected for counter-attack
18:57so we would try to go on and get the next line
18:59in our home someday we went to the right table but I am able to travel
19:04and see my children and only two-three hours at home
19:09and this is the time I'm going to drive this road
19:17and the feeling of how my body is frozen
19:39And if you leave the name of the name of the Serbaz,
19:43it will be a real meaning.
19:46It will be a real meaning.
19:50And I am the Serbaz.
20:01Over the following days, Iranian pilots took out key targets,
20:06including bases in Baghdad, just six minutes by air from the border.
20:35Within days, Iranians right across the country were beginning to unite against the threat posed by Saddam.
20:43The country was not splintering into civil war as Saddam had predicted.
21:14The troops were urged on by Khomeini.
21:17The troops were urged on by Khomeini.
21:22The soldiers were urged to join the military and the soldiers of Islam who were used.
21:28And they would be guided by Khomeini.
21:32The soldiers were urged to join them.
21:32If they did not join, they would be prepared for you.
21:35And if they did not join you, they would be prepared for you.
21:46Volunteers poured in to join the Revolutionary Guard.
21:51They had no experience of war and no command structure, but they had endless zeal.
22:09They rushed to the front, keen to give their lives.
22:16The mission was great and they were hurts.
22:24They were helping the idol of the people.
22:27They were helping the idol of the people.
22:28The hope for the people who are helping the idol of the people.
22:45It was soon clear to the world that the conflict wouldn't be a short-lived border dispute.
22:51The global oil supply was under threat, and America was worried.
22:58Freedom of navigation in the Persian Gulf is of primary importance to the whole international
23:05community.
23:06It is imperative that there be no infringement of that freedom of passage of ships to and
23:13from the Persian Gulf region.
23:17The United Nations called for an immediate ceasefire, the first of many attempts to bring
23:22peace.
23:24I share the view and the fear expressed yesterday by the Secretary-General that this conflict
23:32could have serious and unpredictable consequences.
23:36And I echo his call for a negotiated settlement.
23:45Saddam indicated that he was prepared to accept the ceasefire if Iran recognized Iraqi sovereignty
23:52over the Shah al-Arab.
23:56But Khomeini announced that he was totally opposed to any talk of negotiations.
24:03Saddam's invasion was not the push-over he'd expected.
24:05It was clear that Saddam's invasion was not the push-over he'd expected.
24:34To increase pressure on Iran, he focused on taking the oil refinery town of Abadan, vital to the Iranian economy.
24:45But his men had to capture the neighboring city of Horem Shah first, and they were already
24:52meeting serious resistance.
25:17Saddam's forces pushed forward street by street.
25:39Saddam's forces pushed forward street by street.
25:41Finally, they gained control over Horem Shah's docks and port.
25:45Their main goal, Abadan, was just down the waterway.
25:53For the Iranians, the loss of this port is economically disastrous.
25:57For the Iraqis, if they can secure further down this waterway, then they do have at least one bargain encounter
26:03with which they can now try to secure what this war is really all about,
26:07the sovereignty over this waterway, the Shah al-Arab.
26:14But in the month it had taken for Iraqi troops to capture Horem Shah, Abadan had been fortified.
26:25Saddam ordered his exhausted troops to surround the town and prepare a siege.
26:31His whole strategy was in tatters.
26:42Iran now took the initiative.
26:45It attacked Iraq's valuable offshore oil rings.
26:50Spurred on by patriotism, its troops were also having success on the front line.
27:02Spurred on the night.
27:08We will be in the evening and we will be in the evening.
27:13We will be in the evening and we will be in the evening.
27:23The smoke will be more than I can go to Khuzestan.
27:29I can't sleep in the morning, I can't sleep in the evening.
27:45Nothing would hinder Iranian determination.
28:07Four months into the war, and Iran now launched a major counter-attack to break the siege of
28:14Abadan and expel the Iraqis from their territory.
28:22The attack began well, but their best
28:34generals had been imprisoned or executed and their main tank column was sent into an ambush.
28:59The Iraqis had won an overwhelming victory.
29:14Saddam Hussein urged his people to remain resolute in the face of a war he argued had been started
29:21by Iran.
29:22And how can Saddam Hussein be able to make such a statement like this?
29:30And I believe that a small group of 14 million is able to stand in front of a war.
29:36a large country, if they wanted to criticize Iraq.
29:42But the truth came, ladies and gentlemen,
29:47that the Iraqi community is a great day,
29:51as it is a great day, on the history of the day.
30:05Saddam's best hope was still in the ongoing attempts by the UN
30:09to start negotiations.
30:13And the UN was becoming increasingly worried about the war escalating.
30:20In the first of several missions to the region,
30:22UN Special Envoy Olaf Palmer saw the destruction for himself.
30:28Everybody understands the risks for the region,
30:33for the spread of the war,
30:34and the harm it does to the peaceful development
30:37of these two great countries.
30:40Do you think there is still a long way to a peaceful settlement?
30:44I hope not. I mean, logically.
30:47I think, when working on it,
30:49I see that, logically, there should be a rapid peace.
30:53But there are so many factors playing that you never know.
31:00Not least of these factors was Iran's intransigence.
31:05The ailing 78-year-old Khomeini was in no mood to negotiate with the unbeliever,
31:11and demanded the UN punish Saddam.
31:14He explained his position.
31:16Netherlands and Muslims between Islam and salt
31:30cannot find any meaning.
31:33Therefore, the identity of one who Otisová and Saddam should not share the word neutral,
31:45there can no additional reason.
31:46Islamist.
31:51But Saddam had a back-up plan.
31:54With French help, he was building a nuclear reactor, OSIRAC, and it was nearing completion.
32:02Saddam made little secret of what it was for, as he'd even admitted to a journalist.
32:11This agreement with France is the first concrete step towards the production of the Arab atomic
32:19weapon.
32:20The French were prepared to look the other way.
32:24The nuclear affair would cause immense nervousness.
32:28It wasn't an ordinary research reactor.
32:31OSIRAC was fueled with highly enriched uranium, which in itself was sort of unusual by that
32:38time.
32:39Now, highly enriched uranium is uranium you can practically use directly to produce a nuclear
32:43weapon.
32:47France was making a pragmatic calculation.
32:50They knew they were dealing with a dangerous and unpredictable tyrant.
32:56About Saddam, the person, the French had absolutely no illusions.
33:01But, of course, such considerations are not the primary considerations when you're making
33:08your strategic and military choices.
33:13The Iraqis were paying top money.
33:16In effect, the Iraqis were subsidizing our own national defense effort.
33:25But, unexpectedly, Saddam's hopes to use nuclear weapons to end the war were dashed.
33:40The Iraqis had absolutely no illusions.
33:41His anti-aircraft crews were on dinner break when jets destroyed the reactor.
33:48The attacker was Israel, supported by Iranian intelligence.
33:54Saddam had made threats previously to annihilate Israel.
33:58Israel, and this had provoked the raid.
34:04The President was furious.
34:06He executed the commander responsible for the anti-aircraft units.
34:17Meanwhile, Khomeini was preparing a major new offensive.
34:22This time, the revolutionary guard, not the less trusted army, would be key.
34:27The commander, who was the leader of the anti-air God of Islam,
34:37his beautiful army, hisи tried to accept this.
34:40For those who have been hardened by Israel for all these enemies.
34:45They have to take the advantage of the anti-aircraft units.
34:50They had to do the anti-aircraft units to allow them to convince them to allow them to live.
34:59A war of national defense
35:01was taking an increasingly religious tone.
35:10The Revolutionary Guard were fueled by fanaticism
35:13and a desire for martyrdom.
35:17Their units joined the main army
35:19and together moved to the Abadhan front.
35:28The war of the Abadhan was sent to the actual war.
35:31At 2-4 hours, the war started.
35:35There was no one would go to the Abadhan.
35:37Everyone should go to the hospital.
35:40Everything he has to do is go to the hospital.
35:42They go to the main or the main chimney.
35:46I can't control the farm.
35:48I can't control the farm, without the farm.
35:51I can't control the farm.
35:54and a company will be able to do it.
36:17After three days of fierce fighting,
36:20Iranian forces finally lifted the ten-month siege of Abadan.
36:25Khomeini had prayed for success,
36:28and his men had delivered it.
36:32Iranian forces now started preparing a series of offences
36:35to dislodge the Iraqi army altogether.
36:41The Revolutionary Guard was being led by 27-year-old Mohsen Rezaei.
36:50We were visiting the cities of Islam,
36:56the soldiers, the soldiers, the soldiers, the soldiers,
36:58the soldiers, the soldiers, the soldiers, the soldiers and soldiers.
37:01We would have to see in the last days of the days of the war,
37:07the soldiers would see the Iraqis and the American regime
37:11that would be a destroyer of the war.
37:16Rezaei introduced a new tactic the plan was to use mass infantry assaults to draw enemy fire
37:29the soldiers were little more than cannon fodder with a population three times that of Iraq Iran
37:42had a vast supply of potential manpower over the following months the tactic was tested with success
37:51so I'm all I'm all I'm all I'm all I'm all I'm all I'm all I'm all I'm all I'm
38:02all I'm all I'm all I'm
38:15the general's in the regular army preferred a more considered strategy but many ordinary soldiers
38:21were in awe of what they saw I don't know if you push the bunny but don't know more about
38:29it can
38:30myself is the idea of connie hamler issue record and there are the name side of all high cheese
38:35about so good can't man did I'm key stepfather who is above the kushten me dot but I think it's
38:42trying to go buzz as media name and will make a book a link in the far out of the
38:46piano book on
38:56it Iran was now ready to launch operation undeniable victory they hoped it would turn the war
39:18When the assault began, a hundred thousand men advanced towards the enemy lines.
39:32And on the other side of the front line, Iraqi soldiers were happy to deliver the martyr's
39:37dream of paradise.
39:45The human waves were relentless, and Iraqi ammunition began to run out.
39:52Their lines began to crumble.
39:58After six days, Saddam ordered a retreat.
40:14Iraqi morale, already poor, was collapsing.
40:19All Saddam had left to bargain with was the town of Qoram Shah.
40:27Eighteen months into the war, and Saddam now offered to abandon all his territorial claims
40:31and withdraw his troops from Iran, if they would, in turn, just respect Iraq's borders.
40:40Tehran didn't bother to respond.
40:44The leadership were preparing for a new and final assault.
40:56Now the Revolutionary Guards volunteer wing, the Besiege, sought to expand their numbers
41:02further.
41:02They formally offered the opportunity for martyrdom to a source of keen recruits, children.
41:25Khamenei had decreed that children could fight without their parents' permission.
41:31And they had no doubts about their parents' permission.
41:37They had no idea how to retreat.
41:37My mother always was against me.
41:40My mother was a feeling that the child is going to go and not want to get their children.
41:45But most of the time, the country was a way that it was going to continue to become a martyr.
42:06Not all child soldiers were so willing.
42:40The young fighters were given no more than a week's training.
43:08The new recruits were now tasked with liberating Khuram Shah, Iraq's
43:13last major foothold in Iran.
43:16They faced a heavily entrenched Iraqi force.
43:43They faced a lot of war, and they faced a lot of war.
43:56200,000 Iranian soldiers were assaulting Khuram Shah.
44:06They faced a lot of war, and they faced a lot of war, and they faced a lot of war.
44:21They faced a lot of war, and they faced a lot of war, and they faced a lot of war.
44:34They faced a lot of war.
44:43They faced a lot of war.
44:49They faced a lot of war, and they faced with their first two men.
44:52They faced a lot of war with them.
44:53They faced a lot of war and their own men who were imprisoned.
44:59They faced a lot of war, because they didn't realize what they were, they had to fight for their lives.
45:04You give your eyes and give your hand to me.
45:08What do you want to say about this last sentence?
45:11What do you want to say about your words?
45:27Meter by meter, they pushed through the defences at Kharam Shah.
45:32And finally reached the outskirts of the city.
45:42As the Iraqi defences collapsed, they took thousands of prisoners.
46:15Animosity between both sides had reached the door to the guards.
46:17reached such new heights that those captured
46:19were often treated without mercy.
46:30The POWs marched in captivity
46:32past scenes of total devastation.
47:04For Iranians, the victory at Haram Shah
47:06signified the end of Iraqi occupation.
47:12The people of Iran, who died for the war,
47:15created the war.
47:16The war and the people of Iran
47:23were all over.
47:23The war made the war,
47:24the war made the war.
47:31The war made it.
47:33We needed to be a war.
47:33The war made it.
47:34The war made it.
47:35Saddam Hussein
47:36In his mind, his mind was thinking that
47:38three days of Iran, it was like a dream.
47:47The mood of the retreating Iraqi army
47:50was very different.
47:54The attack of the army was released by the Iraqi forces
47:58in a very natural way.
48:00The first time the Iraqi army happened
48:02like this, the siege or the siege,
48:05and it was the same thing that I could
48:08achieve in the same way.
48:12Saddam had to recognize that not only
48:14was his reckless invasion over,
48:16but Iraq itself was now threatened.
48:22Khomeini and his advisors were already discussing
48:25how they might wreak God's punishment on Saddam
48:27and liberate the holy sites in Iraq,
48:31like Kabbalah.
48:32even the two of them would be
48:41in the same way.
48:43What about him?
48:44George Smith,
48:50the city behind the Jews of the Jews of the Jews of the Jews of the Jews of the Jews
48:51of the Jews of the Jews of the Jews of the Rehs, in the West.
49:00Our exploration of the Iran-Iraq war continues here on PBS America tomorrow night at 5 to 10.
49:06Next, they draw visitors from all around the world with their tales of myth and legend.
49:11We explore Britain's fortified history of the castle.
49:30The
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