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00:01:00After World War II, Communism was given a new lease of life thanks to the Red Army's victory.
00:01:12But Nazi barbarity masked the crimes of Stalin.
00:01:18The reputation of French and Italian Communist parties had grown, bathed in the glory of the resistance movement.
00:01:30In Eastern Europe, Stalin advanced his pawns.
00:01:37In Budapest, Warsaw and Prague, the USSR imposed its political and economic model.
00:01:49In 1949, Mao seized power in Beijing.
00:01:52From the River Elbe to the China Sea, half the world's population lived under the Red Flag.
00:02:01Communism was an irresistible, unstoppable force.
00:02:04The West was terrified of the Red Menace.
00:02:14The Cold War had divided the world into two blocks.
00:02:18The USSR had a new enemy in the shape of America.
00:02:22In the early 50s, the movement reached its peak.
00:02:40When Stalin died in March 1953, the Red Church had never had so many believers.
00:02:45Even the death of Stalin could not halt the expansion of Communism.
00:03:06In May 1954, after seven years of guerrier warfare, knee-deep in mud and horror, the French garrison at Dien Bien Phu surrendered.
00:03:26In the eyes of the world, this battle represented the conflict between the East and the West.
00:03:30The flag of the Viet Minh flying above the ruins of Dien Bien Phu symbolized socialist expansion into Asia.
00:03:48North Vietnam passed into the hands of Ho Chi Minh.
00:03:51This was just the first step for the Vietnamese communists.
00:03:53In Moscow, the race to become Stalin's successor was heating up.
00:04:14Who would it be?
00:04:16Malinkov, Beria, Molotov, Boghanin, or the jocular Khrushchev?
00:04:24They all looked the same, those men in grey, those accomplices to Stalin's crimes, who had climbed to the top during the Great Terror.
00:04:32But now, they were convinced it was high time, repression stopped, and the regime changed.
00:04:37Cracks started appearing around the edges of the Soviet Empire, showing it was indeed time for change.
00:04:53The first crack appeared in East Berlin.
00:04:55In June 1953, the city's workers rose up against enforced price rises and demanded free elections.
00:05:02It marked the first popular uprising against communism for 30 years.
00:05:18Soviet tanks crushed the demonstrations.
00:05:23Nineteen leaders were rounded up and executed.
00:05:27The silence from the West was deafening.
00:05:30Over several months, Nikita Gruchev managed to eliminate all rivals.
00:05:42Khrushchev moved shrewdly between factions, gradually establishing his power base.
00:05:53He soon had enough support to undertake his first feat as leader.
00:05:57The reconciliation with Tito, who had been accused of fascism five years earlier, was a turning point in communist history.
00:06:13For the first time, believers were allowed to admit that errors had been made by the great Stalin.
00:06:18But bear-hugging Tito was just a starter.
00:06:21The 1,400 delegates from the 55 brother parties that attended the opening of the 20th Congress on February 14, 1956, had no idea of what they were about to witness.
00:06:48The Congress started with the usual formalities, followed by a minute's silence for Stalin.
00:07:00Then, new First Secretary Khrushchev presented a report which underlined the important changes being made to party policy.
00:07:07On February 24, it was announced that an extraordinary meeting would be held behind closed doors that very night.
00:07:19During the meeting, Khrushchev read a document he had commissioned from historians.
00:07:23The leaders of foreign parties were excluded from the hall.
00:07:34Toliaty and Torres, among others, heard the contents of what was to become known as the Khrushchev report during the night.
00:07:40In this top-secret report, First Secretary Khrushchev had listed Stalin's crimes.
00:07:59The Red Army Purge, the fixed trials, and the liquidation of millions of Soviet citizens.
00:08:08He gave a portrait of a bloodthirsty tyrant, building up his own personality cult.
00:08:13Khrushchev denounced the crimes, taking care to attribute them to Stalin alone.
00:08:24By criticizing the man and his cult, Khrushchev exonerated the party from any collective responsibility.
00:08:30In the USSR, the report was printed and distributed. Within a few weeks, millions of Soviets had read it.
00:08:48In the West, the report was leaked and published in the press in June.
00:08:52The French Communist Party refused to recognize the authenticity of the text, supposedly from comrade Khrushchev.
00:09:02Maurice Torres said there was nothing to learn from the report and the questions it raised.
00:09:11He was well aware the system was based on certitude. The slightest doubt would prove fatal.
00:09:16In Italy, however, Togliatti decided, after careful consideration, to release the Khrushchev report,
00:09:26and to announce a slow reform policy.
00:09:29After years of towing the Moscow Party line, the Italian Communist leader stated that from then on,
00:09:36each party would have to find its own way, what he called polycentrism.
00:09:40The era of unconditional adherence was over. Moscow was no longer the center of the world.
00:09:48While Torres refused the Stalinization, Togliatti applied it.
00:09:53The split between the two biggest parties in Western Europe had just begun.
00:10:01The Khrushchev report had unleashed a political storm.
00:10:04Although not the full list of crimes, its existence was explosive.
00:10:10Khrushchev was the first communist to denounce the evil deeds of communism.
00:10:14The pillar of the faith had crumbled.
00:10:25Reaction to the report in the 20th Congress was strongest in Eastern Europe.
00:10:29In Hungary, disgust turned into revolt.
00:10:39The symbols of communism were torn down or attacked from Stalin's statue to the political police.
00:10:45The insurgents set up committees demanding free elections and liberty.
00:11:04Russian tanks intervened and crushed the uprising, claiming the defense of socialism against the fascist threat.
00:11:12Street battles left thousands of victims. Repression was swift and efficient.
00:11:19From then on, the threat of the Red Army put an end to any hopes of independence in the satellite states.
00:11:35The brutal intervention in Budapest distanced many of the parties in the West and provoked mass resignation of membership.
00:11:46But this didn't stop the French Communist Party from supporting the action taken by the Red Army.
00:11:53In Paris, demonstrators attacked their headquarters of Humanity and the Central Committee, respite for the party which took advantage of the situation to preach to its members the simplistic sermon of good against evil.
00:12:06This propaganda film confirmed the Russian theory. In Paris, like in Budapest, those that attack communism must be fascist.
00:12:16November 1956.
00:12:17November 1956.
00:12:18La lueur blafarde de l'incendie allumé en Hongrie a fait croire un moment à la réaction que le socialisme allait être abattu.
00:12:23Mais l'Union soviétique a mis un terme à cet espoir.
00:12:27Défenseur de la liberté et du socialisme ? Ceci ? Non.
00:12:32Élément abreuvé de propagande anticommuniste et entraîné par des fascistes semblables à ceux contre lesquels l'Union soviétique était intervenue en Hongrie
00:12:40et qui s'apprêtait à réanimer le spectre de la guerre au cœur de l'Europe.
00:12:56For the USSR, the Khrushchev era was a time of thaw. The youth woke up from its long hibernation.
00:13:10C'est parti.
00:13:11La lueurnaise
00:13:26C'est parti.
00:13:30La lueurnaise
00:13:32La la Lueurnaise
00:13:35Khrushchev wanted to get back to basics.
00:13:53He proposed a new communist utopia, a new challenge in the east of the country.
00:13:58Harking back to the mystique of the huge public works of the 30s, he launched an ambitious
00:14:08program to develop virgin land.
00:14:12300,000 young men and women chosen as volunteers set off to conquer Siberia.
00:14:18The land of the Gulag became land of the pioneers.
00:14:21In 1956, the gates of the camps were opened.
00:14:36Millions of Zeks were set free.
00:14:51The end of the terror was a sure sign of a new era.
00:15:10Once again people could walk, talk and sleep without fearing the dawn raids.
00:15:20critics and artists began to believe times were changing.
00:15:31Khrushchev himself authorized publication of One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, the
00:15:36story of a Gulag prisoner.
00:15:38He even met author Alexander Solzhenitsyn.
00:15:49In September 1959, Khrushchev made the first ever state visit by a Soviet premier to the
00:15:55United States.
00:15:59This new Pacific coexistence helped change the image of the Kremlin.
00:16:03Russians were no longer seen with knives between their teeth.
00:16:10When presenting Eisenhower with the model of the recently launched Sputnik, Khrushchev promised
00:16:15him, your grandchildren will live under communism.
00:16:17When Yuri Gagarin became the first man in space, communists around the world felt great pride.
00:16:36This first step for mankind showed the October revolution was still alive and kicking.
00:16:47The conquest of space, the taming of the cosmos, was symbolic of how inventive communists could
00:16:52be.
00:16:56Gagarin was the new smiling hero who could mask the crimes of the KGB.
00:17:03Camarades, l'extraordinaire exploit de Yuri Gagarin, que notre congrès salue avec enthousiasme,
00:17:12est venu illustrer une nouvelle fois l'incontestable supériorité du régime socialiste sur le régime capitaliste.
00:17:20L'avenir pour les jeunes, il a un visage bien précis.
00:17:34L'exploit de Gagarin résume magnifiquement la supériorité désormais incontestable du
00:17:39socialisme sur le capitalisme.
00:17:42Il est le symbole même du communisme, jeunesse du monde.
00:17:45Il permet de mieux mesurer le chemin parcouru depuis octobre 1917 par l'Union soviétique
00:17:50berceau du socialisme.
00:17:52Ce n'est pas un hasard si c'est la science soviétique qui a ouvert les routes de l'espace
00:17:56infini.
00:17:57Ce n'est pas un hasard si au jour de cet exploit l'Union soviétique et son parti communiste
00:18:02ont une fois de plus déclaré la paix au monde.
00:18:10The Chinese had not accepted destalinisation.
00:18:15Mao, the supreme ideologist, knew that the personality cult of a leader was the corner
00:18:20stone of the faith.
00:18:25After the 20th Congress, Chinese Communists continued to venerate the name of Stalin.
00:18:33In Red China, Mao launched a great leap forward, a utopian policy designed to catch up with capitalist
00:18:39countries in 15 years.
00:18:41Based on volunteerism and productivity in small workers communities, the policy was an economic
00:18:46disaster.
00:18:47Crop failures led to a terrible famine which had 30 million victims in just a few years.
00:18:52The West knew little of the extent of the disaster.
00:18:55Like in the Soviet Union one generation before, the gap between the real and the imaginary
00:19:08was huge.
00:19:09Maoist China was a celebration of youthful vigor ready to attack their Herculean task of bringing
00:19:14the country into the 20th century.
00:19:17The revolutionary message had not lost its charm.
00:19:31When Khrushchev visited Beijing in 1959, the meeting appeared friendly enough as the two giants
00:19:36toasted the Communist movement.
00:19:43The truth was, Mao had rejected Moscow's leadership.
00:19:48China demanded equal status in running world communism.
00:19:54Mao saw himself at the helm of a pure, stricter, more intransigent religion.
00:20:02Over the next few months, tension mounted.
00:20:05Talks went from friendly to confrontational.
00:20:08Khrushchev repatriated the Soviet advisers and refused to help Mao build atomic weapons.
00:20:24The break was final.
00:20:27The split with China meant that there was no longer one church founded on only one gospel.
00:20:41From then on, no one party was the keeper of the sacred word.
00:20:45Communism now had two capitals.
00:20:54In January 1959, Fidel Castro entered Havana and wrote himself into 20th century legend.
00:21:07The epic journey of his band of Barbudos from the Sierra fit the revolutionary mythology.
00:21:32At first, there were just a dozen men left over from a failed landing.
00:21:47After two years of guerrilla warfare, they finally ousted Batista, head of the corrupt regime.
00:21:57With their olive fatigues, scruffy beards, and ever-present cigars pointing in defiance at neighboring America,
00:22:04Castro, Che Guevara, and the other commandantes epitomized youthful, radical intransigence.
00:22:15Along with Petrograd 1917 and Beijing 1949, they gave the name of Havana, a place in the revolutionary pantheon.
00:22:22The message throughout Latin America was simple.
00:22:27They armed themselves and took power.
00:22:29Revolution is possible, you just have to want it enough.
00:22:33He promises his people freedom.
00:22:35Che Guevara summed up Castro's voluntarism.
00:22:39The duty of all revolutionaries is to revolt.
00:22:44Viva la revolución, viva la reforma agraria, viva Fidel Castro Ruz.
00:22:49Viva Fidel Castro Ruz.
00:22:50Viva Fidel Castro Ruz.
00:22:54En un tiempo se vivía oprimidos y sufriendo sin poder decir verdades.
00:22:58Hasta el noble campesino que sufria su pobreza lleno de necesidades.
00:23:04Castro decreed agricultural reform and redistributed the land among the peasants.
00:23:34The shockwave from the Cuban revolution was felt everywhere. Havana became the new revolutionary
00:23:48Mecca visited by pilgrims from around the globe. Jean-Paul Sartre was encouraged by the storm
00:23:58that swept through the sugar cane. Even the leaders rolled up their sleeves and got down
00:24:03to work. Cuba nationalized the large American companies. But the Cuban Fiesta was short-lived.
00:24:31The USA stopped purchasing Cuban sugar. The Russians came to the rescue supplying oil and arms.
00:24:37In a matter of months, post-revolution Cuba had become a Soviet satellite.
00:24:46Khrushchev turned the island into an aircraft carrier, installing with Castro's agreement
00:24:51nuclear-capable warheads pointed at the US. In autumn 1962, the missile crisis sent the world
00:24:57to the brink of apocalypse.
00:25:03When several months later, Castro visited the USSR, the Sovietization of Cuba was complete.
00:25:10The Caribbean island was in Moscow's hands. But Castro's coup had planted the idea of revolution
00:25:16firmly into the Latin American psyche.
00:25:22On his 70th birthday, Khrushchev was decorated by Leonid Brezhnev.
00:25:34It was the kiss of death. Brezhnev and his acolytes had already decided to ooze Khrushchev.
00:25:43The split with Mao, the failure of economic reform, his backing down from Kennedy over Cuba,
00:25:49were all blemishes on Khrushchev's CV in the eyes of the Politburo.
00:25:53What Khrushchev had done was to put an end to the terror.
00:25:57By doing so, he had unwittingly planted the seeds of doubt and revolt in the satellite states,
00:26:03especially in Czechoslovakia.
00:26:07Cenzura ceased to exist. Hurrah!
00:26:12Cenzura ceased to exist.
00:26:16Cenzura disse about hamING
00:26:23It was huge.
00:26:25To truly pride in CNN.
00:26:28Can you speak?
00:26:29I think he was� Excelesty a teacher regarding the freedom of the commencéSon One
00:26:36I think that the freedom of the word in the civilized state is completely fundamental.
00:26:42Because it is not logical to be able to talk so long and then not speak.
00:27:06Dubček represented the liberal arm of communism. As the new general secretary of the party, he wanted to implement reform from the top, loosen the screws, wipe out the Stalinist past and give a voice to the people.
00:27:23For a while, the spring uprising in Prague gave the illusion that socialism could have a human face.
00:27:40But the Soviets did not even give Dubček enough time to implement a single reform.
00:27:53In August, the tanks of the same Red Army that had liberated the city from the Nazis rolled in to imprison it.
00:28:00Reform of the communist system was impossible.
00:28:10Either the steps for democratization were too tentative and changed nothing, or they put the role of party leaders into doubt, which was something that Dogma and the Red Army would not tolerate.
00:28:25The
00:28:52After the spring thaw in Prague, the Communist parties in the West moved away from Moscow.
00:29:18A decision easier to make now that the old guard of the Comintern era had gone.
00:29:24Torres and Togliatti, the two charismatic leaders of French and Italian Communism, had both died in the summer of 1964.
00:29:31The symbolism of the coincidence escaped nobody.
00:29:34They both died in the USSR for so long their promised land.
00:29:43At the funeral of the two Ts, a whole era of Communism was buried with them.
00:29:47Of course, it was the era of Stalin and subordination to Moscow.
00:29:51But for the militant, it was also the era of the great struggles against fascism and colonialism and the class war.
00:29:58The successors, who were brought up during the peak of Communism, were faced with a huge reversal.
00:30:11In France, Val de Crochet initiated a strategic alliance with the socialists.
00:30:17In Italy, the young Enrico Berlinguer spoke out in confirmation of his party's autonomy from Moscow.
00:30:24The quest for pure Communism and self-sacrifice was taking place far from Moscow.
00:30:29in much warmer climes.
00:30:30The quest for pure Communism and self-sacrifice was taking place far from Moscow, in much warmer climes.
00:30:42The hope for world change was symbolized by new idols.
00:30:49The icons of the Kremlin were fast becoming old-fashioned.
00:30:55An archangel-like, asthmatic Argentinian doctor named Ernesto Guevara was the biggest idol of them all.
00:31:13When he left for Bolivia to plant the seeds of revolution, Che Guevara reached the end of his quest.
00:31:28His revolutionary passion had raised him to Christ-like proportions.
00:31:33Young people across Latin America took up arms shouting victory or death.
00:31:47But most hopes of victory were dashed, blindfolded and shot against the wall at dawn.
00:32:03The real alternative to Moscow was Beijing.
00:32:14To consolidate his power, Mao launched a cultural revolution.
00:32:18In 1966, he sent the Red Guard, made up of millions of students across the country,
00:32:36to spread the word of the Little Red Book.
00:32:39But the Red Guards were soon out of control.
00:32:54They targeted party directors and the symbols of the past.
00:33:01For three years, China was plunged into violence.
00:33:04Yet, many in the West saw the Cultural Revolution as a reaction to the stagnation of the party,
00:33:12an appeal to the massed proletariat to regenerate communism.
00:33:16The Cultural Revolution caused millions of deaths, and Mao was obliged to call in the army to restore order.
00:33:37In 1969, the parade for the 20th anniversary of the revolution went back to being a military march past.
00:34:07In fact, China was in dire straits. The youth was disoriented and the economy in ruins.
00:34:16The purges and power struggles that followed Mao's death in 1976 signaled the end of Chinese communism's allure.
00:34:23Meanwhile, in the rice paddies in Indochina, another page in history was being written in Nepal.
00:34:30Vietnam was fighting for communism against the all-powerful U.S. Army.
00:34:31Vietnam was fighting for communism against the all-powerful U.S. Army.
00:34:33The purges and power struggles that followed Mao's death in 1976 signaled the end of Chinese communism's allure.
00:34:37Meanwhile, in the rice paddies in Indochina, another page in history was being written in Nepal.
00:34:53Vietnam was fighting for communism against the all-powerful U.S. Army.
00:35:00As Charlie, in his black pajamas, fired at supersonic military aircraft with his rusty old rifle, he seemed to be fighting for the whole planet.
00:35:08In Tokyo, Rome, Berlin, Paris, or at Berkeley, the struggle of the Vietnamese against the economic and military might of the U.S. was the very symbol of revolt.
00:35:31Vietnam incarnated the suffering of everyone across the globe, the hopes of all the down-rodden.
00:35:37Never had the cause of war been so clear-cut.
00:35:40Vietnam is fighting.
00:36:06The taking of Saigon by North Vietnamese troops was seen as a victory against the Imperialist Yankee.
00:36:36It didn't take long for the illusion to be destroyed by the harsh reality.
00:36:53The Vietnamese communists were, after all, communists that imposed the same one-party system, centralized economy and political control of the population.
00:37:06For the Vietnam War, we all know the world.
00:37:10And the world will be destroyed by the land.
00:37:14We will be the same, we will be the same, we will be the same.
00:37:20We will be the same, we will be the same, we will be the same, we will be the same.
00:37:30The images of thousands of Vietnamese boat people,
00:37:33fleeing the re-education camps to risk their lives on the China Sea at the mercy of the elements and sea pirates,
00:37:39put paid to any dying illusions.
00:37:46A few months later, worse was to come when the horrors of the Cambodian killing fields were revealed,
00:37:51chilling to the bone all those who had celebrated victory in Phnom Penh.
00:37:55The Third World Revolution collapsed dramatically in crime.
00:37:59The idols of the 60s, Castro, Mao, Ho Chi Minh, were just vestiges of bygone hopes.
00:38:05…
00:38:24…
00:38:26…
00:38:28…
00:38:32Traumatized by the crushing of the Prague Spring Uprising, opposed to the radical leftism
00:38:41of the Third World, the large Western Communist parties entered the Seminese disoriented.
00:38:52They found themselves unable to answer certain questions.
00:38:55How could they claim to be revolutionaries without preaching revolution?
00:38:59How could they offer an alternative society when the society they had drawn up as a model
00:39:04was now despised and discredited?
00:39:14And yet, in France and Italy, Communists looking for a new way took the initiative, reintegrated
00:39:20themselves into politics and planned for government.
00:39:24I'm Всё Na니까ååååååååååsk
00:39:30tuğzaf
00:39:33kan
00:39:34viz
00:39:47Bella, chao, bella, chao, bella, chao, chao, chao,
00:39:52soy de apoyo a Pantilano,
00:39:56son mi pebis que te vi.
00:40:00Siempre tiene, sin montaña.
00:40:05Bella, chao, bella, chao, chao, chao,
00:40:10sué venire a sin montaña,
00:40:14In Rome, Enrico Bellingwer brought party policy more in line with the Italian socialists.
00:40:28The strategy worked, as in the next election the Communist Party snatched up a third of the votes.
00:40:44The Honorable Enrico Bellingwer.
00:41:03Velo comunista garantito, comunista garantito.
00:41:10Io vorrei prendere un collo ma lui non si farà prendere.
00:41:14Ce serait un mio sogno prendere un collo ma lui non si farà prendere.
00:41:29Pour aller au socialisme, on définit dans le projet de document la façon dont on veut y aller.
00:41:34On veut une voie démocratique.
00:41:38The price for a role in government was to abandon the dogma that had been the basis of communism's identity for 20 years.
00:41:45And that's why there is a connection between the way that we chose and the suppression of the term dictatorship of the proletariat.
00:41:55Only one party in Europe refused change, the Portuguese Communist Party.
00:42:02After 40 years of clandestinity, during the dictatorship, it stuck to the party line of the 30s.
00:42:08Power would be won on the street, the socialists were the enemy.
00:42:13Following the carnation revolution of 1974 and urged on by Moscow, the communists mobilized.
00:42:20Although the context of Western Europe was hardly right for the repeat of Petrograd 1917,
00:42:27it didn't stop this old country from dreaming of revolution.
00:42:30In 2017, it didn't stop this old country from dreaming of revolution.
00:42:34St. Sp.
00:42:38P.
00:42:42P.
00:42:43P.
00:42:45P.
00:42:46P.
00:42:47P.
00:42:48P.
00:42:51Enrico Berlinguer was taking the Italian Communist Party
00:43:09further and further away from Moscow.
00:43:11To lend credibility to their conversion to bourgeois democracy,
00:43:14the French and Italian parties voiced their criticism
00:43:18of the people's democracies of Eastern Europe.
00:43:21Infine, e questa è responsabilità che noi comunisti, noi marxisti,
00:43:29dobbiamo sentire e assumerci più di ogni altro,
00:43:34occorre che con audacia e con intelligenza
00:43:38ci si sappia liberare da ogni scolastica applicazione della nostra dottrina
00:43:43intesa come dogma e da orientamenti che non sono più adeguati
00:43:48all'experienza e alle condizioni storiche attuali.
00:43:52Per camminare verso di nuovo!
00:43:55In fact, the Italian Communist Party was giving its support to those in Russia,
00:44:01Poland or Czechoslovakia,
00:44:03who opposed their repressive regimes.
00:44:06The emblematic figure of resistance was Solzhenitsyn,
00:44:10who was exiled once again for smuggling the manuscript for his book,
00:44:13The Gulag Archipelago, into the West.
00:44:17The publication of this book sent an ideological shockwave around the globe.
00:44:21The totalitarian nature of the communist system exposed by Solzhenitsyn
00:44:27caused a complete collapse in the faith.
00:44:29But it was in Poland that the real collapse started.
00:44:40When the workers of the Gulag Archipelago went on strike in the summer of 1980,
00:44:44they didn't realize they just had unleashed the unstoppable force.
00:44:49This time the revolt wasn't led by a handful of intellectuals like in Budapest and Prague,
00:44:54but by the working class itself.
00:44:55The Polish Communist Party was forced to negotiate with Leszwa Leza
00:45:05and to take the unprecedented step of recognizing an independent trade union.
00:45:11The proletariat in whose name the communists were running the country
00:45:14was now organized and committed.
00:45:25Go to the 위
00:45:46The first one is the first one is the second one.
00:45:49The third one is the third one.
00:45:51The second one is the second one.
00:45:53The third one is the second one.
00:45:54Maybe they will take us to the next one.
00:45:56That's true.
00:45:57But we don't give it.
00:45:58We all have to be responsible.
00:46:00Not myself.
00:46:01But all together, it's strength.
00:46:03We are already doing this.
00:46:05We have our work.
00:46:06Solidarność will be our pism,
00:46:08which will be done without any censure.
00:46:10We will write about what we want.
00:46:16In December 1981, the Polish army intervened.
00:46:22A state of war was decreed,
00:46:24and the leaders of Solidarność were imprisoned.
00:46:27But the effect was temporary.
00:46:29No one could stop what had been started.
00:46:31The working class was an open rebellion
00:46:33against a one-party state.
00:46:35The workers were not in power,
00:46:37as 64 years of communist propaganda
00:46:39tried to have us believe.
00:46:41They were imprisoned.
00:46:43Warsaw was a living proof.
00:46:46The decrepit gerontocracy of the Kremlin
00:47:01was a fitting image of the country and its system.
00:47:04Never had the gap been so pronounced
00:47:06between the surreal language of the ideal
00:47:08and the daily realities.
00:47:11The ideological varnish was beginning to crack.
00:47:14Belief in the superiority of the communist system
00:47:17was on the wane.
00:47:18The disruptors of this world
00:47:45As the image of the USSR began to fade, so did the memory of October 1917.
00:48:15And the more communist ideology was threatened, the more the Soviet Union showed its military might.
00:48:25The Red Army had a personnel of 4 million. The arms race with the US was eating up 30% of gross domestic product.
00:48:35The superpower was getting ready to attack. The more unattractive the model, the more the empire needed to expand.
00:48:45In 1980, the Red Army entered Afghanistan to hold up a pro-communist regime which was under threat.
00:48:56This war would provoke for young Russians the same traumas and rejection that Vietnam had caused in young Americans.
00:49:04The Red Army entered Afghanistan.
00:49:07The Red Army entered Afghanistan.
00:49:11The Red Army entered Afghanistan.
00:49:13The Red Army entered Afghanistan.
00:49:18The Red Army entered Afghanistan.
00:49:21The Red Army entered Afghanistan.
00:49:23The Red Army entered Afghanistan.
00:49:24The Red Army entered Afghanistan.
00:49:25The Red Army entered Afghanistan.
00:49:26The Red Army entered Afghanistan.
00:49:27The Red Army entered Afghanistan.
00:49:28The Red Army entered Afghanistan.
00:49:29The Red Army entered Afghanistan.
00:49:30The Red Army entered Afghanistan.
00:49:31The old guard was dying off.
00:50:01Brezhnev, Andropov, and Chernenko fell in just three years.
00:50:31The young Gorbachev took over the past.
00:50:38The young Gorbachev took over the past.
00:50:46The young Gorbachev took over the party, he had already come to the conclusion that things
00:51:04couldn't go on as they were.
00:51:06The real analysis must help us solve today's problems.
00:51:16The real problem, democratization, lawlessness, justice, overcoming bureaucratism, the real
00:51:22problems of the perestroika.
00:51:24The perestroika is not only to remove the stability and conservatism of the previous period,
00:51:29solving the wrongful mistakes, but also to overcome the historically limited and alive
00:51:34parts of the public organization and methods of work.
00:51:39By launching Glasnost and perestroika, Gorbachev unleashed a process he couldn't control.
00:51:52He wanted to create breathing space for the Soviet economy, to free it, decentralize it.
00:51:57In a word, he wanted to use his power as general secretary of the party to unburden the USSR from the party.
00:52:09But this was not the only contradiction of the plan.
00:52:15Glasnost was meant to revive the system, but in fact it sapped it.
00:52:21The required transparency on the past dealt a fatal blow to the ideological foundations late 70 years before.
00:52:29The shock felt by revealing the truth destroyed the whole myth.
00:52:33The big lie was stripped bare.
00:52:35In truth, communism found transparency unsupportable.
00:52:40The movement started from the top by Gorbachev, threw the country into turmoil.
00:52:58The Kremlin boss had tried, like Khrushchev and like Dubček in Czechoslovakia, to reform communism.
00:53:05This time though, there was no stopping it.
00:53:09Gorbachev refused the use of force.
00:53:22This time, the satellite states knew the Red Army would not intervene.
00:53:27No stop it, Olga it made theizes of chaos.
00:53:29The colonists would successful.
00:53:30Nope Andy Z Boris possible.
00:53:32For the human rights ahead message.
00:53:34He lifted up!
00:53:35It was a sharp focus.
00:53:37The whole people are with us.
00:53:40Solidarity will win the world.
00:53:45Solidarity will win the world.
00:53:51Solidarity will win the world.
00:53:56Solidarity will win the world.
00:54:01Pullman was the loose thread that started unraveling,
00:54:04in just a few months, the whole Soviet empire.
00:54:14In Warsaw, East Berlin, Prague, Bucharest, Budapest,
00:54:18communism just simply fell apart.
00:54:34How many times are theshot in the Soviet Union?
00:54:37The Soviet Union was the Soviet Union…
00:54:38The Soviet Union was the Soviet Union of the Soviet Union's
00:54:49The Czechoslovak TV TV has announced that all members of the president of the U.V.K.S. ČEK and the secretariat of the U.V.K.S. ČEK
00:55:09and the secretariat of the U.V.K.S.
00:55:23and the secretariat of the U.V.K.S.
00:55:27The secretariat of the U.V.K.S.
00:55:31The secretariat of the U.V.K.S.
00:55:49The secretariat of the U.V.K.S.
00:55:54The secretariat of the U.V.K.S.
00:55:59Is it a system that soleism should be swallowed from the U.V.K.S.?
00:56:05Is it an organization that U.V.K.S.
00:56:07does not judge the U.V.K.S.
00:56:12That the UNPH pes 서er somehow
00:56:15should be transformed for dessa organizing organization?
00:56:19Thank you very much.
00:56:49Thank you very much.
00:58:37I have a lot of confusion, confusion,
00:58:41pain,
00:58:43many questions,
00:58:46but especially these are these,
00:58:48what could be now,
00:58:51what could be,
00:58:53we will see.
00:58:55But for me the point is just this,
00:58:57what have been these 40 years of history,
00:59:02in the East,
00:59:04where who had the power in hand was communist,
00:59:09and where almost everything was revealed
00:59:12to the people of the people,
00:59:19with whom we will work and we will work and we will work.
00:59:26I in this moment
00:59:29I feel,
00:59:31I don't feel like I'm going to take the picture of the Communist Party,
00:59:35but not because it has said to change,
00:59:39but because the word communism for me has lost its real and real meaning,
00:59:44what my father had taught me.
00:59:47So,
01:00:07¶¶
01:00:37¶¶
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