- 2 days ago
Category
π
LearningTranscript
00:00ΒΆΒΆ
00:30ΒΆΒΆ
00:59ΒΆΒΆ
01:04ΒΆΒΆ
01:09ΒΆΒΆ
01:14ΒΆΒΆ
01:18ΒΆΒΆ
01:28ΒΆΒΆ
01:33ΒΆΒΆ
01:38ΒΆΒΆ
01:41ΒΆΒΆ
01:42ΒΆΒΆ
01:43ΒΆΒΆ
01:44ΒΆΒΆ
01:45ΒΆΒΆ
01:46ΒΆΒΆ
01:47ΒΆΒΆ
01:48ΒΆΒΆ
01:49ΒΆΒΆ
01:50ΒΆΒΆ
01:51ΒΆΒΆ
01:52ΒΆΒΆ
01:53ΒΆΒΆ
01:54ΒΆΒΆ
01:56ΒΆΒΆ
01:57ΒΆΒΆ
01:58ΒΆΒΆ
01:59ΒΆΒΆ
02:00ΒΆΒΆ
02:01ΒΆΒΆ
02:02ΒΆΒΆ
02:03ΒΆΒΆ
02:04ΒΆΒΆ
02:05ΒΆΒΆ
02:06under the banner of Communism.
02:15Why, in spite of the well-known crimes
02:17and the reversal from its original ideas,
02:20was the big lie able to go on for so long?
02:25The answer is still unclear.
02:32Communism was a strange mix of humanism and terror,
02:35of brotherhood and cynicism,
02:37of self-sacrifice and misery.
02:42In it, we find a paradoxical juxtaposition of good and evil.
02:50Why, for so many years,
02:52did the image of earthly paradise
02:54mask the hell lying beneath?
03:05It's in this experience.
03:07It's just a novel that it begins.
03:09It's in this experience.
03:09Let the dream of Alles,
03:10it's in this experience.
03:10Very strange.
03:40In Eisenstein's film, October, the revolution was transformed into a struggle of epic heroism.
04:04From the very beginning, the revolution was staged.
04:07A huge gap opened between the real and the imaginary, truth and belief, which lasted until the end of communism.
04:14The glorious imagery of the revolution is far removed from the reality of a handful of Bolsheviks being almost unopposed as they took control of the Winter Palace and other strategic points of Petrograd.
04:37Yet, the transformation of the 1917 Petrograd uprising into the triumphant revolution of downtrodden proletariat, united behind its party and leaders, became the cornerstone of the faith.
05:03The October revolution was the example to follow, the model for the whole world.
05:12From Beijing to Havana, Prague to Saigon, the legend of the October revolution has continued to haunt the century.
05:33The new government quickly announced its intention to leave World War I.
05:45By declaring war on war itself, Bolshevism set an example to the civilized world and championed the idea of brotherhood between peoples.
05:56In the trenches of Europe, the slaughter had been going on for three years.
06:03In feudal offensives and pointless counter-offensives, the youth of the continent had been all but wiped out.
06:09Lenin had opposed the war from 1914.
06:12His declaration that the imperialist bourgeoisie was wholly responsible for this holocaust rang more than true in the ears of the young men faced with the daily barbarism.
06:21By demanding the opening of peace negotiations, the Bolsheviks were answering the call of 10 million soldiers still fighting the war.
06:32Some had rediscovered the old battle cry of internationalism.
06:44Workers of the world unite and even fraternized with the enemy.
06:51Hate for the war boosted the anti-capitalist revolt.
06:54In Moscow, Lenin paid homage to his forefathers by inaugurating a statue of Marx and Engels.
07:08In the eyes of the world, Lenin was seen to be putting Marx's predictions into practice.
07:14The abolition of capitalism, the overthrow of the bourgeoisie by the working classes.
07:18The fascination with the October Revolution still lays entirely in the belief that for the first time in history, revolution was led by the flags of the workers.
07:38For the workers of Europe, there was no doubt.
07:42The Russian proletariat had taken over the reins of power.
07:44Lenin was building utopia, right here, right now.
07:55In the eyes of the people, the October Revolution was of cosmic proportions.
08:00The star of the East was lighting up world history.
08:07A month after the revolution came civil war.
08:10Opposition to Bolshevik power came in the shape of the white army, supported by Western powers.
08:17The fledgling state was attacked on all fronts and needed to mobilize and whip up enthusiasm.
08:22What parts of the rise of the
08:50The victory of the Red Army under Trotsky's modernization reinforced further still the
09:12prestige of the young revolution. Alone for two years, it had triumphed against domestic
09:17and foreign enemies, and thus was born a new myth, that of the invincible army of people
09:23freed by revolution.
09:47The Bolsheviks were in power in Russia, but Lenin felt that power could only be maintained
10:01if the revolution was followed in other countries. We shall perish, he declared, if we cannot
10:06hold on until our revolution received sufficient help from revolts in every country.
10:15First in Lenin's thinking was Germany, the land of Marx, a powerful industrialized country
10:20with an organized proletariat. For the Bolsheviks, revolution in Germany meant their own survival.
10:28In January 1919 in Berlin, the Spartacist League, led by Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht, organized
10:34an uprising that was brutally crushed by the Social Democrat government.
10:40The two leaders were assassinated. The Red Commune was formed in Bavaria, but it too was squashed.
10:55Hopeful Russians followed these movements closely and took to the streets to demonstrate against
10:59the assassinations of Luxemburg and Liebknecht. Not put off by these early setbacks, the Bolsheviks
11:05continued to promote worldwide revolution, which more than strategy was their raison d'Γͺtre.
11:14And Lenin seemed to be right, as Europe was thrown into turmoil. The disbanding of the German
11:21and Austro-Hungarian umpires set off revolutionary fervor throughout Central Europe. In the spring of 1919,
11:28Hungary was declared a council republic led by Bela Kuhn.
11:33For 143 days, Hungarian communists kept alive the revolutionary dream.
11:54For 143 days, Hungarian communists kept alive the revolutionary dream.
11:59But in August, they made their last stand against troops sent by the West to crush Hungarian communism.
12:25In Moscow, Lenin held a congress to set up a new international, the 3rd, to replace the 2nd Socialist International.
12:39It was officially founded at the 2nd Congress in the summer of 1920 as the Communist International, or Comintern.
12:55Before they got down to a serious debate, the communists celebrated with a grandiose parade.
13:00The delegates acclaimed the life forces of the revolution.
13:15This was the joyous, almost innocent, forerunner of parades to come across Red Square.
13:30It was not a
13:45The
13:50On the balconies of the Kremlin, surrounded by the leaders of Bolshevism, Kamenev, Zinoviev
14:12and Bukharin, young revolutionaries from every continent, had fun in their own way.
14:18Most were in their early 30s and were already proclaiming themselves leaders of the world's
14:23proletariat.
14:24They danced on the Stadion of the Tsar.
14:27Moscow was at their feet, and so, according to them, was the word.
14:42All the believers in world revolution attended the Comintern Congress.
14:46217 representatives from 37 countries gathered in the Kremlin.
14:52John Reed, American journalist and militant, author of Ten Days That Shook the World, would
14:57catch typhus and die several weeks later.
15:01Militants met in the exalting and exalted communion of absolute faith to early communism.
15:06The delegates partook in fevered debate, as history was being made in the here and now
15:11before their very eyes.
15:13Revolution was sparked in Poland, and in support, the Red Army marched on Warsaw.
15:18Zinoviev, the head of the Comintern, followed events with hourly updates by telephone.
15:23All of the conditions were in place for the revolutionary flame to set alight the whole continent of Europe.
15:28The Red Army, though, was defeated.
15:30But this did nothing to stifle messianic fervor.
15:34Next year or the year after, in ten years or in two hundred, the revolution would triumph.
15:39It was preordained, part of future history.
15:42At the Congress, Trotsky gave the new creed for the militant communist.
15:51In all activities, the communist must be faithful to himself, a disciplined member of his party,
15:59an implacable enemy of the capitalist society, its economic regime, its state, its lies of democracy,
16:06its religion, and its morality.
16:08He is a devout soldier of the proletarian revolution and the indefatigable proclaimer of the new society.
16:38At the second Congress, Lenin laid out 21 draconian conditions for membership of the Comintern.
16:49One of these was a definitive break from social democracy, which was too inclined to ally itself with the bourgeoisie.
16:55Convinced of the imminence of the revolution, Russian communists wanted to see parties in their own image,
17:04sprouting up everywhere, disciplined, skilled in clandestine organization, and capable of taking and maintaining power.
17:11The voted manifesto put it in black and white.
17:14The communist international is the international party of insurrection and the dictatorship of the proletariat.
17:19It was an extremely centralized organization.
17:23On the revolutionary map, the Bolshevik leaders Trotsky, Zinoviev, and Bukharin carried a lot of weight.
17:31Having had their own revolution, the Russians felt they were the experts in revolutionary savoir-faire.
17:36Over the next few months, parties faithful to Moscow sprang up in Poland, Germany, France, Spain, Italy, Belgium,
17:53Czechoslovakia, Romania, Switzerland, Mexico, Uruguay, Brazil, Turkey, Egypt, Iran, Indonesia, China, Japan, Australia, and the United States.
18:06In Britain, home of capitalism, the communists recruited from the unions of miners and dockers.
18:27In France, one of the founders of the Communist Party was Marcel Cachin.
18:46Thirty-four years later, at the 50-year anniversary of the communist newspaper L'HumanitΓ©,
18:51he perpetuated the legend of those heroic days.
18:53It was the prelude of a new era in the universe of universal history.
18:58In June and July 1920, I was delegated to Moscow by the Strasbourg Congress to meet LΓ©nine,
19:09who provides us the most fraternal welcome.
19:14He said to us,
19:15I was waiting for you, you, you, the French.
19:18He had, for the old traditional revolutionary French tradition,
19:23the most great admiration.
19:26And he was declared himself,
19:29a Jacobin of 1993,
19:32in service of the world's proliferation.
19:36In 1920, a great congress,
19:39reunified by all,
19:40vote for an enormous majority,
19:44the addition of the French Party
19:46to the new international news.
19:50Most of the members of the new Communist Party
19:52were those who escaped alive from the trenches.
19:55They had an unconditional hatred of the bourgeoisie,
19:58whom they held responsible for World War I.
20:00Facing a world of anguish and hopelessness,
20:07they sought common ground.
20:08Small groups of miners, steel workers, and railway men,
20:11revolted by their living and working conditions,
20:14joined together under the banner of the new party.
20:23For all of them,
20:25membership meant total commitment
20:26and an acceptance of repression.
20:28But the Communist mystique
20:31gave them a strong sense of pride
20:33at belonging to an elite in full evolution.
20:51In January 1921,
20:53at the Italian Socialist Party Congress in Livorno,
20:56a splinter group broke away
20:57and became the Italian Communist Party.
21:05For several months,
21:07Italy seemed to be on the point of a revolution.
21:12The factories of Fiume and Turin
21:14were paralyzed by strikes.
21:15400,000 steel workers occupied factories
21:26above which flew the hammer and sickle.
21:35Machine guns were installed on the factory roofs.
21:37While in the country side, peasants raised a red flag
21:44and claimed the land as they had in Russia.
21:53The landowners panicked
21:54and called on squads of fascist black shirts
21:57who started a reign of terror.
21:58Overnight, Italy went from red to black
22:03and Mussolini marched on Rome to take power.
22:07For 20 years, Italian Communism would remain buried.
22:13Germany was finding it hard to shake off the ghosts of war.
22:28The economy was in crisis, inflation soared, strikes and demonstrations turned into riots.
22:34As a young man named Hitler joined the National Socialist Party and attempted a push in Bavaria,
22:40the Comintern thought the situation sufficiently ripe to take power.
22:44The Bolshevik leaders were convinced that this time revolution would triumph in Germany
22:49and that world history would be swept off its feet.
22:54From Moscow, the leaders planned an armed insurrection.
22:57But distance proved too much of a barrier in seizing power.
23:01Orders were lost or arrived late
23:03and the Comintern was left facing another failure.
23:06The German Revolution would have to wait.
23:14The beaten German Communists fled to Russia.
23:40But the beaten were received as victors.
23:44Poland, Germany, Hungary, Italy, the defeats did nothing to shake the faith.
23:50The next one would succeed.
23:52No momentary failure would get in the way of those who had been ordained to change history.
23:56The Communists, chased out of Hungary, arrived in Moscow with their holy banner held high,
24:18and the Ari flame fed the flame of revolt.
24:23Moscow became a sanctuary for refugee militants before they went out on new crusades.
24:28Once we have taken power, we shall never let go, forewarned Lenin.
24:37The Municipal Councils, or Soviets, which were established after the revolution as an important forum
24:43where the people could vote decisions, became a fiction that would abuse generations of believers.
24:49In fact, over several months, the Bolsheviks took complete control of the Soviets.
24:54These institutions for the people had come to be symbols of Bolshevik power over the people.
24:59The political police, the Cheka, which was founded a month after the revolution,
25:06grew from 1,000 members in 1918 to 500,000 members by the spring of 1921.
25:13The Cheka would remain until the fall of Communism under its different acronyms,
25:17GPU, OGPO, NKVD, MVD, MGB, and finally, KGB.
25:29The contradiction was total.
25:31While the proletariat of the world dreamt of a classless society where the workers were master,
25:36all of the components of totalitarianism were being put into place.
25:41The one-party dictatorship, the omnipresent political police, and the removal of opposition.
25:47From the very beginning, the need to believe was stronger than the truth.
25:51The power of belief refused to see the reality.
26:16But truth refuses to go away.
26:27After the civil war, Russia was drained.
26:30The economy was in ruins.
26:31War Communism, the migration of the population, and land requisition in the countryside
26:36resulted in a fall in agricultural production.
26:39The drought worsened the famine which caused the death of five million people.
26:45But the Bolsheviks were able to exploit this disaster,
26:48for which they were in large part responsible
26:51by organizing a solidarity campaign with Communist parties the world over.
26:55International aid finally arrived.
27:10The truth can be hidden, but never ignored.
27:37but never ignored.
27:39Economic disaster enforced a new direction
27:41which Lenin, in turn, forced on the country.
27:44The new economic policy, or NEP,
27:47gave the country some breathing space
27:49and little by little, things improved.
28:07In the countryside, the peasants were able to work their plots of land,
28:14and slowly agricultural production resumed.
28:28Supplies began to find their way to the cities.
28:31Industry started up.
29:01The NEP years were also years of cultural pluralism,
29:04social experimentation, educational reform,
29:07and legislation making divorce and abortion easier.
29:20The NEP gave rise to a cultural renaissance
29:23and a great vitality in intellectual domains.
29:26This shaking up of society,
29:31the movement of art away from the bourgeois imagery
29:34to that of the proletariat,
29:36architectural innovation,
29:38all made it seem to those abroad
29:40that a new state was inventing itself
29:42in much the same way as it was inventing in all fields.
29:46Very early on, the Bolsheviks developed an unparalleled mastery
29:58of the art of propaganda.
30:00Huge shows were as innovative as they were hymns
30:02to the glory of the working class and youth.
30:05Inland VΕ‘ro
30:26Trains crisscrossed the country,
30:28spreading communism's evangelical message.
30:30millions of posters, essays and newspapers bore witness to the power of the written word.
30:39This earthly paradise became a kind of tourist attraction, more often than not for foreign communists,
30:45but also for writers and artists like George Bernard Shaw,
30:48who thought they were witnessing, in the Soviet Union, the evolution of mankind.
30:53The new faith took its rituals from existing religion, like in the secular baptism,
31:02where the child of the revolution is baptized in the very factory where its mother works.
31:08The workers' down tools for the ceremony.
31:23The Bolsheviks wanted to change man completely, to purge him of all the alienation that existed in the old society.
31:33In the name of the future, despite a still uncertain present, the past was swept clean off the slate.
31:38There were organized demonstrations against alcoholism, with children holding banners saying,
31:44Daddy, please stop drinking.
31:47Vodka became the target of the communist moral majority.
31:50And in the name of the future, in the name of the future, the past was swept clean off the slate.
31:55There were organized demonstrations against alcoholism, with children holding banners saying,
32:01Daddy, please stop drinking.
32:03Vodka became the target of the communist moral majority.
32:23A huge campaign was launched to combat illiteracy, an obstacle to the diffusion of political ideology.
32:29Through the written word, communism would be able to reach even the remotest countryside.
32:39Children were at the forefront of the crusade to create new man.
32:43The pioneers represented the success of the revolution, the egalitarian society of tomorrow with complete integration.
32:54Communism was the youth of the world.
32:59Cinema developed hand-in-hand with the revolution.
33:04The best directors and cameramen worked for the cause.
33:10This footage by Vratov shows young communists arriving for a Saturday of voluntary work in the fields.
33:16Enemies of the people were invited to redeem themselves through hard work.
33:19In France, the war ran into retirees.
33:21ThisWestern Hadrian hadEN ready by the war.
33:23The war was left to attack all of the forces of the war.
33:24Aling and a commoner was set to achieve some joy.
33:25But she wanted to be the war.
33:27The war was terminated.
33:28The war was to demise.
33:29The war turned against the storm, who had been commanded to be the first ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π».
33:30When it came to be the war, the war was to invade.
33:32The war was demanded of all the war.
33:34The war was the war.
33:36The war meant to be the war.
33:38And this was killed.
33:40The war was not to kill them.
33:41The war was a war.
33:42The war was killed when the war was before that.
33:43were invited to redeem themselves through hard work.
33:55Opponents to Bolsheviks ideology were imprisoned in newly opened concentration camps.
34:00Over time these camps metamorphosed into the gulags of Siberia.
34:04This footage, shot in the 1920s in the Soloviki Islands, the regime shows its camps to be examples of the ideal society,
34:17where divines can be reintegrated as long as they are prepared to roll up their sleeves and get down to work.
34:34The camps turned so-called criminals into real men.
34:49We are not slaves, writes this woman with pride.
34:53Oi!
34:58A
35:03In the Gulag theater, prisoners put on plays and dream of becoming stars.
35:33Lenin suffered a serious stroke and was no longer able to fulfill his responsibilities
35:44as leader.
35:46Cinema Newsreel kept the country up to date with the leader's health condition.
35:58In January 1924, Lenin died.
36:23In January 1924, Lenin died.
36:30In January 1924, Lenin died.
36:36In January 1924, Lenin died.
36:38In January 1924, Lenin died.
36:43Lenin died.
36:44He vehemented Π
36:53The general secretary of the party, Stalin, organized the funeral.
37:15He also set up a commission to immortalize Lenin and turn him into a cult figure.
37:20His body was embalmed against the wishes of Lenin's wife and displayed to the faithful in the mausoleum.
37:28Was Stalin inspired by the discovery of Tutankhamun's tomb the previous year?
37:34The body of Lenin, atheist, empiricist and materialist, was turned into a sacred symbol, a sacrosanct part of Russia's heritage.
37:43Stalin, an ex-student of theology, surrounded the Lenin legacy with liturgy.
37:49Lenin's writings were posted as pontifical dogma, his theories translated into vernacular vulgate.
37:57With the death of Lenin came the birth of Leninism.
38:01At the party conference, several weeks after his death, Lenin's inheritors present a united front.
38:19And yet, the inner circle knew that in his will, Lenin had recommended that Stalin should not be allowed to come to power.
38:31Trotsky, who had already started to express certain reservations, was even self-critical.
38:43I know one cannot be right against the party, he said. One can only be right with the party and through the party.
38:59As head of the delegates, he did not yet stand out from the crowd. But soon, nobody or nothing would be able to impede Stalin's rise to power.
39:17Over the next few years, those surrounding him would disappear, either shot, imprisoned or exiled.
39:25But for the moment, he was content to be the modest Joseph Chukashvili and listen to his rival Trotsky.
39:32It was not yet time to turn the screw.
39:40In Paris, like elsewhere, Lenin was remembered.
39:46The communist worker of the Paris suburbs, eyes filled with the hope of changing the world and his life, saw in Moscow only a harmonious society.
39:55And when militants, such as Barbus or the young Torres, went on their pilgrimages to Moscow, what they saw and heard only reinforced their convictions.
40:08A revolutionary visit to the Soviet Union was the only way of discovering the truth.
40:14And the Russians were experts in selecting what truth could be visited.
40:17Here, de Jeter, the composer of the International, is received with great pomp.
40:32In the eyes of French communists, the Bolsheviks were the hire to the French Revolution of 1789 and the Communal of 1871.
40:40The taking of the Winter Palace sent out to the world the same message as the storming of the Bastille.
40:451917 was the realization of the French Revolution of a successful Commune.
40:51When a delegation arrived carrying the banner of the Paris Commune, they were merely transferring the eternal flame of revolution to Moscow.
40:58At the fifth Comintern Congress in 1924, the delegates inaugurated the visit to Lenin's mausoleum.
41:15Communist faith, like other religions, was fed by the cult of the dead.
41:18At this Congress, it was the delegates, from what would later be called the Third World, that held center stage.
41:36The fever was dying down in Europe.
41:37The Indian communist, MN Roy, announced, we have immense revolutionary potential, the Comintern must take advantage of it.
41:41Ho Chi Minh, from Indochina, denounced, the colonialism and colonialism.
41:44At this Congress, it was the delegates, from what would later be called the Third World, that held center stage.
41:47Fever was dying down in Europe.
41:50The Indian communist, MN Roy, announced, we have immense revolutionary potential, the Comintern must take advantage of it.
42:02Ho Chi Minh, from Indochina, denounced colonialism and called for anti-imperialist revolt.
42:12Revolution was brewing among the oppressed peoples of the tropics.
42:261920s China, ripped apart by civil war and swept up by nationalist fervor, seemed ripe for an anti-imperialist revolution.
42:44The Chinese Communist Party, made up of a few thousand militants, helped organize a series of strikes, demonstrations and riots.
42:56In 1927, they sparked off the Shanghai uprising, portrayed by Andre Malraux in The Man's Fate.
43:21The insurgents were crushed, some were even thrown alive into the furnaces of steam trains.
43:25One of them, they were just trying to kill something and clean.
43:27They continued to destroy their West Ham and the Soviet Union.
43:28The other, they looked at the
43:38distant generations, in the US, that is the same.
43:50Under the leadership of Mao Zedong, the surviving communists, learned a valuable lesson from this
43:54disaster. From now on, as the Chinese population was made up mostly of peasants, the revolution
44:01would take place in the countryside. Mao set up a base in Hunan and started his long march
44:22to power that would take twenty years.
44:46In Moscow, a parade was held in support of the Chinese revolution, but slogans alone were
44:51not enough for victory.
44:59After Lenin's death, Trotsky was continually claiming that the revolution had been betrayed
45:04by the party, which had established a dictatorship over the working classes. But it was too late.
45:11Stalin's men were in place. He had complete control in the Bolshevik party and the Comintern.
45:16In opposition to Trotsky, who continued to believe in international revolution, the new
45:20master of the Kremlin decided on the policy of revolution in a single country. The USSR was
45:29no longer the means to world revolution. It was the end.
45:36Expelled from the party in 1927, exiled to Kazakhstan in 1929, Trotsky, a leader of the October revolution,
45:44was reduced to preaching from soapbox to soapbox, pursued by Stalin's henchmen.
46:00For the militants of Europe and America, Moscow is now far away. They had their own battles
46:06to fight with their bosses, the police, and the army. Imprisoned, persecuted, beaten, they
46:16could only find solace in the belief that their ideology was the right way.
46:22In the meantime, these rebels without a revolution copied the Soviet model. German communists organized
46:38Spartan galas, or Spartacades, of Muscovite proportions.
46:43In France, each year, the party gathered its sympathizers at the FΓͺte de l'HumanitΓ©, where
47:04party leaders and members could rub shoulders in militant comradeship. This small clique started
47:11the ritual and established the ground rules for membership of the extended communist family,
47:16a county culture whose members had the heady feeling of belonging to a new aristocracy.
47:23Sheltered from a naturally hostile world by the certitude of their belief, microversions
47:29of the one-party state sprang up everywhere. The public and private life of a communist was entirely
47:39invested in the party. This quest for the absolute also became a personal quest, turning communist
47:51commitment into something sacrosanct where doubt was forbidden. The faith of the good could be nothing but good.
47:58At the end of the 20s, the strong attraction to communism was not based on the relatively unknown reality of the Soviet regime.
48:12The Russian Revolution had changed the course of history. That was enough to feed the imagination and intensify passion.
48:19The revolution was appealing because it demanded, above all else, the willingness of the people.
48:26If you want, you can.
48:28If you want, you can.
48:30Well, if you want me.
48:31If you want.
48:32The Russian Revolution
48:33is formed.
48:34Yeah.
48:35I know
48:37that is theRecrux, theocus is prepared to do.
48:39DC Mmm
48:41The Russian Revolution
48:45THE END
49:15THE END
49:45THE END
50:01THE END
50:03THE END
50:05THE END
Comments