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01:01The Russian Revolution made history and immediately created myths which would stand the test of time.
01:07The October Uprising was a proletarian revolution.
01:10For the first time, the workers had taken power and were forging new men.
01:19The October Revolution was only the first step to worldwide revolution,
01:23a universal model that would free mankind.
01:26These two unshakable beliefs formed the basis of the faith, maintained enthusiasm and justified the sacrifice.
01:36By the end of the 20s, revolution had failed everywhere, in Germany, Hungary, Italy and China.
01:43The Soviet Union stood alone.
01:53Stalin had eliminated his opponents and had decided to build socialism in just one country.
02:00To build socialism in just one country.
02:03In the early 30s, Stalin reversed Bolshevik policy and announced his grand scheme.
02:09In the early 30s, Stalin reversed Bolshevik policy and announced his grand scheme.
02:13The new policy was greeted enthusiastically by the whole country.
02:23The people, the party and the intelligentsia all felt this was the only way to push Russia forward into the modern world.
02:33Stalin intended to build socialism with industrialization and industrialization.
02:40and collectivization and collectivization.
02:57The way forward for the second revolution was total collectivization.
03:17The method was clear, suppress private ownership and replace it with collective management through modern, mechanized techniques.
03:25Eisenstein's camera showed that the peasants could hardly contain their enthusiasm for collectivization.
03:37Eisenstein's camera showed that the peasants could hardly contain their enthusiasm for collectivization.
03:42The led-iron future.
03:44The Alexander's camera showed that the rozuttery would emerge various types of people,
03:57using the leader of金融 Bank is worthy experiencing the greatest law.
03:59This was given a launch of the alternative,iron Oathen Bank,
04:03second generation, citizenized esconder overinflation,
04:07But the truth was different.
04:18The Communist Party moved against the small, middle-class landowners.
04:22Stalin had decided that the Kulak class should disappear.
04:26Arrested, deported and executed, they did indeed disappear in their hundreds and thousands.
04:37The Brigades requisitioned land and cattle with brutality.
04:52The disruption to agriculture, due to this gunpoint collectivization and the slaughter of livestock by the peasants, caused a terrible famine which claimed 5 million victims.
05:03But the Holocaust was denied and hidden by the Soviet authorities.
05:14Visitors from the West marveled at the transformation of the countryside.
05:19Inventors of the organized package tour, the authorities blocked out the number of deaths with production figures.
05:25Leader of the French radical party, Édouard Heriot, who was escorted around the Ukraine in 1933 at the height of the famine, said,
05:32I have crossed the Ukraine, and I saw in it a burgeoning garden.
05:37Many say that this country is living through hard times.
05:40I only saw prosperity.
05:42A huge gap opened up between the truth of the tragic massacre of the Kulaks and the lies by the regime of widespread optimism.
05:49Moscow launched the first five-year plan and announced exaggerated figures further contributing to the myth.
06:12Industrial production had to reach 136%.
06:182,000 new factories were planned.
06:25The plan was instrumental in mobilizing the population for this new industrial war.
06:34Socialism was being forged in the red-hot furnaces of Russia.
06:38The plan was bodily and the
06:57IST and again, you know, the
07:01graves were legs not reduced to the
07:07The world watched the USSR grow into a giant.
07:25Communist volunteerism gave way to technical efficiency.
07:29Industrialization gave the country a modern infrastructure which turned old-fashioned
07:33rural Russia into a urbane society.
07:37Thirty million peasants left the countryside, the biggest and quickest urbanization in history.
08:03These soldiers of industry needed continual encouragement.
08:16Communism needed a hero, a hero with a human face, the face of a worker.
08:21In the 30s, he came in the shape of a miner.
08:29Stakhanov had invented a new method of extracting coal which smashed previous production records
08:34into the ground.
08:42He was presented to the whole country as a role model.
08:45Stankovism became a new word meaning surpassing in aid of socialism.
08:50At the same time, the party promoted thousands of workers to positions of responsibility.
09:04These would become the new red intelligentsia, faithful to the regime to which they owed their
09:09lives and their consciences.
09:13These managers were given material perks in proportion to their level of responsibility.
09:24Nice apartments in the newly built workers' towns and the right to buy in special shops,
09:30which even in this time of general hardship were filled by the state for the benefit of
09:34the nomenclatura, the new favored class.
09:46Popular opinion was in favor of the forced industrialization of the country.
09:50This allowed the party to rely on a newly formed social class.
09:57thick, thick, thick and thin, thick, thick, thick!
10:21For contemporary admirers, communist man defied nature.
10:44He could move mountains, make rivers flow, take a backward country out of the Middle Ages.
10:51It was a triumph of willingness to carry out a policy.
10:56The pharaoh-like ambition of communism to leave its mark was edified in enormous works
11:02like the Dnieper Dam or the White Sea-Baltic Sea Canal.
11:09These sites symbolized the titanic work of men.
11:14The authorities, however, did not hide the fact that most of the workers with Zex camped
11:19prisoners.
11:24Propaganda diffused in the West claimed rebirth by hard work.
11:30Historians have heard for the first time the poetry of work, the lyricism of building.
11:35There are no main channels and tunnels, but there will be several days of construction.
11:41There will not be a delay.
11:43The sun has determined the time.
11:45We need heroic efforts.
11:47The word is for you, the commander, is close to the sea.
11:50We must meet ready buildings, or the water that we have captured by dubs,
11:54and we must meet with our enemies, and we must meet the results of the
12:01recent years.
12:02Today, our enemy is in the water.
12:04THE END
12:34When the canal was finally finished, it was named after Stalin, who decided to inaugurate it himself.
12:54Man, the word sounds so proud, wrote Gorky after the ceremony.
12:58But hundreds of thousands of Zeks had died building the canal.
13:04The Russian Communist Party
13:10Bolshevik Agateprop spoke to the West of communism's merits.
13:16In this 1931 film, the French Communist Party shows the benefits of the socialist paradise.
13:23Communism had the uncanny knack of transforming history into mythology.
13:27G.
13:57The West was in crisis. The tremors from the Wall Street crash were felt across the USA and then in Europe.
14:08The Depression lined up the jobless and multiplied the bankruptcies.
14:12The previously all-conquering capitalism was failing and people in the West started having doubts.
14:19Could this be the end of the reign of free enterprise, profit chasing and the all-powerful market?
14:27In the presence of Hong Kong, Germany!
14:45Workers hit by the crisis in the US and Europe had good reasons to fight for better conditions.
14:50On hunger marches and in industrial action, the Communists were on the front line,
14:56leading by example, encouraging the troops like Maurice Thorez, head of the French Communist Party.
15:10In the face of the collapse of capitalism, the Communist militant appeared to be like a man
15:15rescued from the curse of profit, generous, arm-in-arm with his comrades,
15:19sure of his destiny. He was the man of the future.
15:49Germany was the worst hit by the crisis in Europe. By 1930, there were 4 million unemployed,
16:03and by 1932, 6 million. But it was the Nazis, not the Communists, who took advantage of the situation.
16:10In despair, large numbers of the young, the jobless, the worried middle classes,
16:21and downgraded workers saw Hitler as the answer to their problems.
16:28He promised Germany a solution, a Third Reich, revenge for the Treaty of Versailles.
16:33In opposition to the Nazis, the Communist Party continued to develop. But it had to follow a strict sectarian line, dictated by Moscow, not to collaborate with social democracy,
16:40better known as social fascism.
16:41In opposition to the Nazis, the Communist Party continued to develop. But it had to follow a strict sectarian line, dictated by Moscow, not to collaborate with social democracy, better known as social fascism.
16:47The Communists had never forgiven the socialists for their involvement in the assassinations of Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Lippknecht, and so attacked first and foremost the Soviet Union.
16:54In opposition to the Nazis, the Communist Party continued to develop. But it had to follow a strict sectarian line, dictated by Moscow, not to collaborate with social democracy, better known as social fascism.
17:02The Communists had never forgiven the Socialists for their involvement in the assassinations of Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Lippknecht, and so attacked first and foremost the Social Democrats.
17:17Social democracy is the most dangerous enemy of the workers' movement, claimed Ernst Thalman, leader of the German Communist Party.
17:24Opposition between the Communists and Fascists divided the working class, which made up half of the population.
17:37But Communist short-sightedness meant not joining the anti-fascist Popular Front, and nothing could stop the rise of the Nazis.
17:54Hitler's arrival in power was a tragedy of global proportions, and a catastrophe for the German Communists.
18:10The burning of Parliament, the Reichstag, sparked off a reign of terror.
18:19Communists were arrested in their thousands and thrown in concentration camps.
18:23The party was completely banned.
18:30George Dimitrov, General Secretary of the Comintern, was accused of ordering the fire.
18:35Before the court in Leipzig, Dimitrov, defending himself, managed to turn the trial into an attack on Hitler.
18:42And in the eyes of the world, the Communist Party became the defenders of democracy against the Nazis.
18:53Thalman, the head of the German Communists, was thrown in jail and became the symbol of the fight against fascism.
19:07Demonstrations for his release were held in London, New York and Paris.
19:11One of the ironies of this century's history is that Hitler's coming to power was a huge contributing factor in the development of anti-fascist fronts, in which Communists had an important role.
19:28Intellectuals, artists, and writers were among the first to join the anti-fascist ranks.
19:42Through fear of Hitler, Democrats and liberals became involved in a fight whose cause was never in doubt.
19:47With anti-fascism, Communism was given a new lease of life.
19:52In Paris, on February 6, 1934, the right-wing nationalists demonstrated in front of the French Parliament.
19:55In Paris, on February 6, 1934, the right-wing nationalists demonstrated in front of the French Parliament.
20:10The extremists tried to storm the building.
20:13Fighting went on through the night. By morning, there were eight dead.
20:18In Paris, on February 6, 1934, the right-wing nationalists demonstrated in front of the French Parliament.
20:23The extremists tried to storm the building.
20:28Fighting went on through the night. By morning, there were eight dead.
20:33One week later, in protest of the previous week's rioting, was an event of considerable political importance.
20:51Two distinct demonstrations, one socialist, the other communist, converged on the Place de la Nation.
20:57패t on the Place de la Nation.
21:08Leon Blum, the socialist leader, rallied his troops.
21:11groups.
21:41Aux hommes du fascisme et du royalisme, qu'ils ne passera pas ! La réaction ne passera pas ! Vive la république des travailleurs ! Vive la liberté ! Vive l'unité prolétarienne sans laquelle aucune victoire n'est possible ! Vive le peuple ouvrier de Paris !
22:08A Place de la Nation, the two groups met up with cries of,
22:11Unity! Unity! Grassroots members wanted union !
22:23Union.
22:33In July 1935, at the 7th Comintern, things changed.
22:39A lesson had been learnt from what happened in Germany.
22:46Nazism was denounced as the danger against which all democratic forces should unite.
22:51Although late, Stalin nonetheless took Hitler seriously long before the West.
22:56He knew war with Germany was an eventuality.
22:59New foreign policy was announced, and at the common turn, class-against-class strategy
23:04was replaced by the Popular Front.
23:12Wilhelm Pick, who replaced Thalmann as head of the German Communist Party, was acclaimed.
23:16At the stand, Palmiro Togliatti, leader of the Italian Communists, who was exiled by the
23:32Fascists, gave his opinion.
23:34From then on, there were only two camps, fascism and anti-fascism.
23:39In the new polarized order, Hitler was the bad guy, and Uncle Joe Stalin, the good guy.
23:46In the name of millions of fighters of the world's revolution, in the name of the workers,
23:55in the name of the workers of all countries, we address you, camarades Stalin, our head,
24:02Fidel continuateur de l'œuvre de Marx, d'Engels et de Lenin, sous ta direction, l'Union
24:09Soviétique est devenue un puissant rempart de la Révolution Socialiste, un rempart contre
24:13le fascisme et la réaction, un rempart contre la guerre.
24:16Comme si les bourgeois essayent aujourd'hui de demander aux peuples du monde s'ils veulent
24:23la paix ou la guerre, le fascisme ou le socialisme.
24:24Les peuples du monde ne veulent pas la guerre, ne veulent pas le fascisme.
24:28Voilà pourquoi ils se tournent de plus en plus vers l'Union Soviétique en fixant sur
24:33toi, camarade Stalin, chef des travailleurs du monde entier, un regard plein d'amour et d'espoir.
24:42The French Communists had a place of honour.
24:44Thorez, installed as leader by Moscow, explained how the Party was extracting itself from the
24:50isolation of sectarianism.
25:12France was the first country where political union was applied.
25:13France was the first country where political union was applied.
25:17France was the first country where political union was applied.
25:38France was the first country where political union was applied.
25:45僕isa wasn't it as esperar anymore guerre in one side and I have a lot that trophy
25:52took advantage of battle.
25:54In fact, we have no doubt about the September 1st.
25:59of our dear and great Stalin.
26:29And if we don't, we'll cut the gun.
26:33And if we don't, we'll cut the gun.
26:36In the sand of the carmignaux,
26:38live the song, live the song.
26:40In the sand of the carmignaux,
26:42live the song, live the song.
26:45Que demande un républicain,
26:47Que demande un républicain,
26:50Du père du flon et puis du pas,
26:52Du père du flon et puis du pas.
26:55Du père pour travailler,
26:57Du flon pour se pencher,
26:59Et du pas pour ses frères,
27:01Vive le song, vive le song.
27:03Et du pas pour ses frères,
27:05Vive le song, du canon.
27:07Assela, Assela, Assela,
27:09Tous les bourgeois à l'inventer.
27:11Assela, Assela, Assela,
27:13Tous les bourgeois, on les prend pas.
27:15On les prend pas.
27:17Et si on les prend pas,
27:19On leur cassera la gueule.
27:21Et si on les prend pas,
27:23On leurrend pas.
27:24On le fait,
27:25Ce n'est pas un krémien,
27:27Vive le song, vive le song.
27:29On les benefici,
27:31Vive le song, vive le sang du canon.
27:33French communists spread their message in the suburbs, where the working class lived
27:51and worked.
27:56According to Lenin, the newspaper had to be the mouthpiece of the party.
28:08L'Humanité, edited by Cachin, took communist ideology to the housing estates.
28:13L'Humanité, on the kitchen table, was part of everyday working class family life.
28:19The open policy of the Popular Front was attractive and seductive, and early figures showed that
28:34the Communist Party was growing.
28:38The 1935 local elections were a spectacular success.
28:42Marcel Cachin was congratulatory.
28:45Marcel Cachin was congratulatory.
28:54Our electoral success, in May and in July, have been important in all of France.
29:04A Paris d'abord, where the Communist Party is the first of all political parties.
29:17In the Paris Parisian, now, we take part of the half of all elections against all other parties
29:28reunions.
29:29We have gathered Paris.
29:30We have gathered Paris.
29:35The newspapers of the last election of our recent elections said that Paris is now invested
29:43by the Red Sature.
29:45It's true, comrades.
29:46It's the investment of Paris, of the bourgeoisie, by our proletariat.
29:51In the red belt of newly conquered workers' communities, the Communist Party established
30:01a counterculture with its own ideology, reference points, and way of life.
30:10A school, financed by the Communist suburb of Alfortville, built a showpiece school, and
30:16called it October.
30:40Children went away to holiday colonies, where, like their Russian cousins, they wore the uniform,
30:45scarf, and beret of the pioneers.
30:48It's over numerous countries that have been taken care of cabinet London.
30:56I was born in the 19th century for Such a dehydration a race with
31:17education games and shows were all based on commitment the red constituencies
31:41were seen as the soviets of tomorrow 1930s communism became a refuge an identity and a model
32:01in this 1936 film the people of france directed by john renoir and produced by the party an
32:09unemployed man is encouraged by the young communists to get his life in order
32:13on
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32:50Schumer, the young girls, the young girls, the youth, the young girls, friends, comrades,
32:55listen to the joys of the party!
32:58Come to fight for your fight!
33:00Come take your life in the war!
33:01Don't wait any time, the Communist Party calls you to take the future in hand!
33:07Friends, the life is to us!
33:10Friends, come with us!
33:12On avance, sous le grand et invincible drapeau de Marc, Tengel, Sénine, Saline!
33:20On avance, pour le succès du Front Populaire, du travail, de liberté et de la paix!
33:26On avance, pour le triomphe de la République Française des Soviets!
33:30Vive la France forte, libre et heureuse que veulent et que feront les communistes!
33:36...
33:42In the 1936 general election, the French Communist Party doubled its votes
33:47and supported the Popular Front led by Leon Blum.
33:50...
34:03A wave of strikes hit the country, resulting in benefits for workers, such as the 40-hour week and paid holidays.
34:09The Communist Party, under Torres, enjoyed such rapid growth, tripling its membership in just a few months,
34:28that it outgrew Blum Socialists and became the mainstay of the Popular Front.
34:34During this time, the Party had the ears of the large part of the French working class.
34:39It established power bases on the factory floors in the shape of the United Trade Union, the CGT.
34:45The Communist Party had become the Party of the Workers, at a time when the growing working class was making history.
34:54The effects of this period would remain with the left wing for decades.
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48:35to our colleague, Joseph Veselievich Stalina,
48:38Nikolai Ivanovich Ježovu,
48:40who managed to betray the court
48:44all the stupid band of murder,
48:47provocators,
48:49thieves from the Bukharin group
48:54from German and other fascist groups.
48:58The plot and its accompanying theme of the enemy within
49:07were used to justify crop failures and industrial delays.
49:11The treason of the leaders explained
49:13why the people were suffering daily hardships.
49:16Communism could only work if there was a scapegoat.
49:22The victims of the trials
49:24were forced to confess to crimes they had never committed.
49:28Their confessions would have an educational value.
49:39It was important the accused find their executions just.
49:42They had to be accomplices to their own death,
49:45forgive the system and thus prove its infallibility.
49:55The great terror got on the way
49:57and it pounced silently on industrial managers, writers, artists and military chiefs.
50:03Marshal Tukachevsky, author of the Red Army's modernization and a true Bolshevik,
50:17was condemned to death for spying and treason,
50:20and with him, the majority of generals and superior officers.
50:24The upper echelon of the Red Army was virtually wiped out.
50:27The great terror reached a peak in 1937 when 500,000 members of the party disappeared.
50:39They were replaced by people coming from the Nomenklatura.
50:42The great terror replaced the old Bolshevik party with a new one that had no memory.
50:52The new directors were ready to follow their guide, the pillar of the system to which they owed everything.
51:00This generation, symbolized by future First Secretary Khrushchev, would direct the regime until the end.
51:10Although the great terror singled out party members and the directors of the system,
51:26the whole population lived in fear of the dawn raids.
51:29The camps, opened by Lenin, were filled by Stalin.
51:36The gulags of Siberia continued to expand, fed by a constant flow of exiles and opponents that needed eliminating.
51:49In the USSR of the 1930s, the weakness of the industrial infrastructure,
51:54the shortage of technology and capital was more than compensated for with the abundance of cheap labor provided by the camps.
52:03Soviet concentration camps were more than prisons.
52:06They became essential to the system and to the economy.
52:09At Stalin's request, this film was made at Vorkuta.
52:12Obedient zeks drilled for oil under the very eyes of the political commissar.
52:17Forced labor was even taken into account in budgetary planning.
52:29In 1938, there were 8 million zeks representing 10% of the adult population.
52:34About 3 million zeks representing 10% of the U.S.
52:53Stalinist Russia turned a blind eye.
53:07While thousands died in Siberia, the nomenklatura celebrated the new year in the Kremlin.
53:14The new Stahannes' year, the new year of the socialist revolution!
53:33The new Stahannes' year!
53:41Nothing could tarnish the myth.
53:57At the peak of its worst crimes, communism continued to entrance.
54:01In the Soviet Union, the land of the lie, falsification took place on a gargantuan scale.
54:11Totalitarianism was wholly dependent on the denial of established fact, on the transformation of lies into truth.
54:22Reality was denied, the real, manufactured.
54:26With its own cryptic language, the party imposed as true every statement issued by itself and its leader.
54:41In September 1938, at Munich, the democracies conceded Czechoslovakia to Hitler.
54:52This capitalization was the catalyst for war.
54:54In November of the same year, Stalin pulled the International Brigade out of Spain.
55:08The war against Franco was lost.
55:10The farewell parade was held in Barcelona.
55:13Committed to the anti-fascist struggle, communist militants could not afford the luxury of doubt.
55:18The existence of camps in the USSR was for them unimaginable.
55:22To believe it would be to question their whole lives.
55:26In those dark times, to criticize Stalin was tantamount to supporting Hitler, Mussolini and Franco.
55:33A simplistic argument, but one which was easy to understand given the line of fire drawn between the two camps.
55:39The chciaων of France, who Yahweh, joust ten percent of邊ад Candash, quemimkida and Sinister.
55:46The war against Pakistan
55:48The war against theuka of Germany were extraordinary.
55:49The war against the peace of China.
55:49She really premiered the war againstillary, and that she most recently compiled on Israel.
55:53The war against theuttering side is the war against the revolution in Christmas resolution.
55:55The war against the battle of Germany were absolutelywoman beers before the war against the war against the Nazis.
55:58Thy couple centuriesona ro возвращ contacted some of thecias.
56:00The war against the arms of peace but польз really want on Israel to the freiожmen flag.
56:02Ah, she always said that they did not бой 시작.
56:05Israel was aktelessее is the first time theyельустить.
56:06The war against Iran citizens of the Maßnahmen that were a very well-made eins inesper cous мамE.
56:07In August 1939, the world was astounded by the German-Soviet non-aggression pact.
56:27For communist militants, it came as a crushing blow.
56:30For years, communism had been the champion of anti-fascism.
56:33The handshake between Stalin and Ribbentrop shocked all those that had opposed Hitler under the banner of Moscow.
56:40The reversal was too much.
56:56At the beginning of 1939, beaten Spanish-Republican combatants crossed the Pyrenees into France.
57:03France interned most of these refugees with women and children in camps in the southwest of the country.
57:20These people, along with the German communists dying in the camps of Daschow or Brückenwald,
57:25would have needed to summon all their faith to swallow the glass raised by Stalin to the health of the fur.
57:30A vast number was born.
57:32A vast number was born.
57:34Always admiring the Christmas январ.
57:36Whether the supremeism I finally discovered was bornaranthians from the Middle East,
57:37thechool as part of Australia had been stranded by the German-American communities.
57:39The New Yorker Rural Square
57:42The New Yorker Rural Sports üç dólares
57:48This is the New Yorker Rural List.
57:50The New Yorker Ruralden
57:51The New Yorker Ruralли
57:53Suopardies
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