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Cancer Detectives Finding the Cures Season 1 Episode 2
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00:01I'm creative.
00:03I don't see creativity being limited to artistic endeavours.
00:08Actually, it's there to be applied to everything.
00:13And applying it to a tricky scientific question is brilliant.
00:22You've got to think big.
00:25You've got to dream the dream.
00:30Cancer is a huge adversary that's trying to hoodwink you.
00:37Well done, Gary. Nice deep breaths for us.
00:41One, two, three.
00:44But now we're at the dawn of a new series of cancer treatments.
00:49We have the opportunity to change medicine forever.
00:53For generations, a cancer diagnosis left almost no hope.
00:59It's a terrifying disease that has stalked us for millennia.
01:04I didn't expect I had cancer because all the tests were coming back negative.
01:08I don't think my body can take any more.
01:11Science has fought hard against it.
01:13And now the tide is finally turning.
01:16One of our key goals is to transform this idea of cancer as a death sentence.
01:22A group of trailblazing scientists are making new breakthroughs.
01:29We now need to take those discoveries and make them work for patients.
01:33This is the world's first lung cancer prevention vaccine.
01:38Discovering cures and finding ways to stop cancer before it even starts.
01:44The tumor seems to be shrinking.
01:46Your scan shows no active disease.
01:49Creating a future where cancer doesn't win.
01:53We're getting very close to defeating cancer once and for all.
01:58What's not curable today could be curable tomorrow.
02:02What's not curable today?
02:03The human cancer is a very common disease.
02:05What's not curable today?
02:06We're getting very close to it.
02:07What is not curable today?
02:08What's not curable today?
02:09Cancer has been evolving with us throughout the history of humanity.
02:25humanity it's a notorious killer and very good at growing but very bad at dying
02:41cell division is vital to life most of your cells in your body will divide at some point
02:48a mutation is an error in the code that every cell has within its nucleus its DNA mutations are
02:58happening in your body right now but your immune system is very good removing them your body has
03:04lots of mechanisms to deal with interlopers and and problem cells what cancer is very good at is
03:12evading those natural mechanisms mutations cause cells to grow when they should have stopped and
03:22that can cause major problems for your body sure I not to move your head Gary in the battle against
03:37cancer neurosurgeon and scientist Richard Mayer specializes in fighting one of the disease's
03:43deadliest forms glyoblastoma a type of brain cancer while there have been advances in treating many
03:52cancers no one has made real progress against brain cancer for decades Richard is determined to change
03:58that I think there is something brilliant about everyone saying you can't do it and saying well
04:08sod you can so there's a little bit of the defiant spirit you have to think outside the box making
04:17good progress brain cancer is a very difficult disease to treat the treatment at the moment revolves around
04:25three distinct steps first is surgery second is radiotherapy and then chemotherapy which works
04:36reasonably well in about a third of patients and in two-thirds of patients less well and that's been
04:43the standard of care now for 30 years and we haven't seen any changes in standard of care over that time
04:50and so from our perspective that seems like a long time especially when average survival is a little
04:57over a year you've done really well Richard plans to revolutionize brain cancer treatment but he's up
05:06against a formidable enemy brain cancer is often fast growing and symptoms can appear out of the blue
05:15blue what did you have for lunch my head jacket but they've got the good cheese again yeah
05:25come on then give us a hug yeah my name's david go sit down have a drink take him in i live with my wife laura
05:41and my daughter lucy
05:46we were on a walk and i suddenly had a dizzy spell followed by at that stage it was just like a phantom smell
06:00and i continued to have them sporadically so we started pursuing the doctors and i got diagnosed with
06:08everything from inner ear infections upper respiratory infection and then they settled
06:15on sinusitis and had all sorts of medications and then a month ago i had a seizure where i actually
06:23passed out and collapsed at first i thought maybe he was having a stroke or a heart attack he clutched his
06:29chest his face dropped but then his whole body you know he just collapsed he was shaking all over
06:34struggling for breath um you know everything was clenched up and then i realized it was a full seizure
06:42david underwent a scan it showed a large tumor on his brain
06:47within a week he's sent to richard at addenbrookes hospital in cambridge
07:02so david not uncommonly for one of my patients has had a seizure which means he's had a fit and that's
07:08likely related to this tumor that we found so obviously that can generate a lot of anxiety
07:13and we need to treat those seizures that he's got but obviously we also need to treat the underlying
07:19tumor and that's what we're going to talk about today
07:27come through nice to meet you i'm richard come through
07:31my name is richard mayor one of the consultant neurosurgeons so what we can quite clearly see is
07:42asymmetry with an area of abnormality here okay my concern is that this represents some form of tumor
07:52okay and that may be a malignant form of tumor so a type of cancer so there are three options in
07:57neurosurgery one we do nothing we watch it but i think if we were to do that with serial mri scans
08:04say every couple of months my worry would be that this would increase in size quite quickly second
08:11option would be to do a biopsy which would tell us what this is but it wouldn't remove any of it
08:17the third option would be to try and do what's called a debulking operation we take out as much of
08:23the bulk of the tumor as we can and we send some of that off for analysis so we make a diagnosis but
08:29we also try and remove as much as we can safely all right so i think of those three options you
08:35discussed with my colleague the plan was for debulking yes is that right yes okay any questions about
08:42that at all we're happy to follow your recommendations fair enough even though there seems to be a sort of
08:51well demarcated region on the brain on the scan for where this tumor exists we will not be able to
08:58get out absolutely everything and it is just debulking it's taking out the bulk of it okay so the
09:04results are normally a week and then after that we can make plans for anything we need to do subsequently
09:09okay good all right nice to meet you both thank you yeah and i'll see you tomorrow yes thank you take
09:16care see you soon bye now my concern is that this is some form of malignant brain tumor most common
09:23being a glioblastoma but until we've actually done the operation and got the results back we try not to
09:30predict too much
09:35glioblastoma is richard's greatest nemesis as it's almost always fatal
09:40when you see these patients week in week out telling them i'm very sorry but there's nothing
09:48we can do by absolutely nothing i think if that doesn't motivate you to try and turn the train
09:55around and i don't know what will richard's frustration has inspired him and a colleague
10:02to pioneer a revolutionary new approach to treating brain cancer
10:06a clinical trial using personalized treatment i think this could absolutely change medicine for
10:15good because what we're trying to do is understand really the molecular level of what's going on in
10:21these tumors richard's plan is to pinpoint the specific genetic mutation causing each patient's
10:28cancer from hundreds of possibilities then as quickly as possible to match the patient with a drug
10:35thought to work against that precise mutation the whole process used to take months months that
10:44patients didn't have richard found a way to do it in weeks so this is a world first because we're
10:52putting together precision therapies and targets that we've identified in real time using whole genome
10:59sequencing and we think by bringing all of that together it gives us a much better chance of finding
11:05a genuine treatment that's going to work for these patients just a day after his appointment david
11:12is going under the knife obviously it's very very real now um but basically i just want to get it over
11:21and done with just get this part out of the way get the first step out of the way just wake up
11:29basically we go from there good morning david hiya how are you getting on yeah all right did you get
11:39any sleep on and off on and off okay someone will come and collect you take you upstairs and then we'll
11:47get on with it yeah all right keen to get it out of the way yeah indeed absolutely all right well i'll see
11:52you upstairs yes okay thank you what's your favorite place in the world
12:07with my family with your family yeah yeah
12:12for david family life came late
12:14wait for us play time i was very nervous about becoming a father at 50
12:27but i was there at the birth and when she came out that that's when it changed
12:34you know there was instant love there and it's just been an enjoyable experience from then to now
12:48she's always coming up with something new and yeah it's just a pleasure to be around
12:56he makes a laugh all the time and they're little jokes i'm doing this for gcs i did an engineering
13:04he's a big softy lets her get away with a lot
13:08when you get ill well it makes life more precious but not just your own
13:17you start thinking about others especially the ones close to you
13:26you know if the worst happens i want them secure i want to know they're not going to struggle
13:36don't know what i'd do without it
13:49this is just some oxygen nothing else all right nice big breaths david all right that's it
14:07oh lovely sun's shining having the best round
14:19in my childhood my parents had a really big bookshelf that was full of loads of books that
14:27were off limits and there was a book that looked like it had been well thumbed through
14:36and it was called gray's anatomy an anatomical textbook
14:42the book showed that there were other worlds that could be explored
14:46that might be interesting probably that's what does drive me is that there's something under the
14:51hood i don't understand and can we get down to the bare bones of what's going on
15:00okay to pin
15:05right roll on three one two three and back
15:09with david anesthetized the operation to remove his tumor can start
15:17if the tumor does turn out to be glioblastoma david's best hope would be if richard could match
15:22him to a drug on the pioneering trial
15:26all good okay can we make sure he has a strap please
15:31it's very privileged you know to be able to look at someone's brain
15:35without wanting to sound strange is is a great privilege and it's one that no one takes lightly
15:44knife back please
15:48brain surgery
15:49has the risk
15:51of a terrible disastrous outcome not that far away
15:56jorill please
15:57you can inadvertently damage something that leads to the patient's death or significant disability
16:11relatively easily and so you have to be concentrating throughout the operation to a very high level
16:23bone flat
16:24a lot of cancers when you come to operate on them they look like well demarcated lumps and
16:45you can be relatively confident that you've got all the tumor out
16:51with a primary brain cancer that's not the case
16:55glioblastomas are a group of tumors that are related to certain genetic mutations
17:02what this leads to is an uncontrolled cell growth and the way these cells grow
17:08and move is like tendrils leeching out from where they've started meaning that there are these long
17:16trails that go into the normal brain the cells will infiltrate deep into the brain and you can't cut
17:23them out you can't even see the edges because you have cells that are proliferating and cells that can
17:27migrate and invade into tissues and that's why it's called cancer because it's the claws of the crab
17:32what that means is it's essentially like trying to unpick two tins of paint that have mixed together
17:38you you just can't do it because we all would love to be able to take every last cell of the tumor
17:45but we know that's impossible so this is definitely tumor thank you a bit more tumor coming out
17:53the hope is there is a drug on the trial which can treat any tumor left behind
18:04to pinpoint the right drug samples of david's tumor are collected for genome sequencing
18:10to map its genetic code
18:16wonderful thanks david thanks everyone send to the next
18:23david we're just taking you around to recovery ward okay
18:31hi there it's richard uh the surgeon here calling from adam brooks
18:34hiya everything went really well um he's woken up in recovery and i was very pleased with how the
18:40surgery went i managed to get out everything that i wanted to i can't get out everything obviously but
18:47i was really pleased with the amount that we managed to remove
18:49oh that's fantastic thank you for calling me okay no problem at all
18:54thank you very much all right you take care now see ya bye bye
19:04with brain cancer time is of the essence so david's tumor is rushed to the lab
19:10if it is cancer they then need to find out which specific mutation is the cause
19:14so they can match it with an existing drug
19:19that's done through genome sequencing which once took a very long time
19:25whole genome sequencing used to be something that was you know otherworldly that was you know brand
19:32new um took forever was so expensive you had to batch the samples together which means you could
19:37only run them once every month or two and that's not the case anymore the costs have come down our
19:43pathways have got better so actually people can be put in for hold you know sequencing as they get
19:49on and have their treatment so really getting those results back more quickly is much more possible
19:56this would have been impossible five years ago just getting the infrastructure the sequencing
20:02um the analysis the drugs this is you know on point for something that is is groundbreaking
20:16it's been a week since david's operation
20:20today is results day for david so we're going to get him into the clinic and we'll talk him through what
20:25his tumor has come back as what pathological diagnosis this is and also how much we managed to
20:32remove that surgery it's a big day for him yeah it's a big day
20:41one of my first neurosurgical mentors told me that it's important to give people hope
20:48and similarly it's important to be realistic and we used to always skirt around cancer in terms of
20:57mentioning the word and talking about prognosis so i think it's important to get a balance of both
21:04and that's what i try and do
21:12david if you want to sit there all right oh god
21:19so you're obviously here for results
21:22so we have been able to make a diagnosis and it has come back as some form of tumor okay
21:28and it's a malignant type of tumor so a type of cancer and it's called glioblastoma it's a cancer
21:36that's treatable but it's not curable okay any questions about that diagnosis at all no i think
21:44we were pretty much expecting that yeah because we've we've always trusted your confidence and
21:50your sure and you know your your ability we have read up on these sort of things what's not
21:58clear it's just what happens next really okay well let's let's start with the scan so this is the
22:04post-operative scan on the left this is pre-operative on the right and so what we can see is there's a
22:09good amount of the lump that's been removed but as i mentioned prior to surgery not all the cancer
22:16will have gone because unfortunately we can never remove all of the the cancer so given that there will
22:23still be cancer cells there the next stage of your treatment is to go for radio and chemotherapy
22:30all right we also sent your tumor off for dna sequencing as we mentioned the results from that
22:36may or may not direct what we do next how long will chemo and radiotherapy keep this at bay
22:43okay so you're talking about prognosis is that something you want to talk about
22:47today oh yeah we we have discussed this yeah so prognosis is an average so it's not a specific
22:54figure for you personally but on average survival is in the region of about 14 and a half months
23:05so traditionally students don't like coming to our clinic because it's full of bad news
23:10and it is a very difficult environment to to work sometimes but i do think if you can do something
23:19that's difficult and not very nice in a compassionate and empathetic way then you can gain some sort of
23:28satisfaction from that but it is tough it's horrible you're telling people the worst news they've ever
23:33heard in their whole life you know we've got a young daughter sure we want to spend any you know
23:45what time is left is precious sure absolutely extremely precious and where we want to make the
23:51most of it it's all i want now it's been time with you and lucy so can it be a bit longer okay
23:56how many people have like gone on past you know 12 14 months yeah i mean we have a kind of five to
24:04seven percent five-year survival okay it's an average okay so let's hope you're on the other side
24:10let's face it law i've never been average have i or lucky oh of course i've been lucky you better
24:16win on that scratch of course i've been lucky
24:19don't you know he doesn't know at the end of the day you know you've been loved you know you will be
24:32loved right up to the end but they're gonna they're gonna be happy times what i've got okay
24:38okay take care okay all right i'll see you i'm gonna do without him
24:51it's trying to get up a bit please for me i don't like seeing the license that's even more
24:58it's um it's really tough for them really tough david's got a lot of positives despite this overwhelming
25:06negative he's had a good operation where we've managed to get a large chunk of this tumor out
25:12he's well and when we get his whole genome data back we can look and see whether there are mutations
25:20or alterations in his dna and regions that we can target with drugs that we've got on our clinical trial
25:27what we want to do is transform this idea of cancer as a death sentence into something that can
25:33not only be treated but that can be treated to give people a normal quality of life
25:42richard's revolutionary trial aims to rewrite the script
25:51one of the first patients to join the trial was amanda a former finance director
25:57you put half a pack of um butter on this did you yeah not that i'm complaining no
26:04almost two years ago amanda had surgery and post-operative treatment for a glioblastoma
26:10you got dirty face you've been digging again but a few months ago amanda's tumor returned
26:18patients with brain cancer will unfortunately recur very quickly if it takes months to get the results
26:32of the dna analysis you're going to use to plan their treatment they may have already died by the time we
26:39get those data amanda pre-cancer she worked 15 hours a day 16 hours a day she was up london looking after
26:51the grandchildren she had come back and hit work
26:54i've looked at these for years these wedding photographs long time ago amanda yeah and it seems like
27:07yesterday sit down baby i'm with her 24 7. i love it push pushing but break your leg no you won't go
27:20push like i'm gonna get a breakfast i'll take it get a tablets first thing in the morning give it to
27:26her and it's just that because she'll forget and i go you you ain't took your tablets manda just take
27:32your tablets i look at it it's my job ready yeah oh thank you come on then come on gary's
27:43very very kind he worries about me and he gives me lots of support especially now brain cancer robs
27:58the person of themselves as it grows it takes away that individual's personality their ability to
28:05function in this world and i really hope that our current approach will get some of that back for the
28:12patient to try and enable a normal life to improve amanda's future richard sought to get her onto
28:23his trial so he analyzed her tumors dna to see if it had a mutation that matched one of the trial drugs
28:32it's vitally important that we have the results back quickly so that we can plan
28:37what treatment and get them in a clinical trial as soon as possible and that's in a period of weeks
28:44not months and certainly not longer than that
28:50when amanda's cancer dna was examined a mutation was found that matched a drug on the clinical trial
28:56i was really surprised to find out that there was still some hope for me and when my oncologist informed
29:10me that richard would be phoning me to ask me to see if i was interested in joining this trial
29:18i was really pleased at that i was thrilled actually
29:21we both were how much hope does do you think we get from it that's all you had to do man
29:32that's all hope hope yeah that's all you've got is hope yeah and if that i want more well it's going
29:43the right way at the moment yeah time is everything but a new treatment might just give me a little bit
29:52more time my cups always are full so they always give you hope that they do something else
30:01and it's hope and that's all you can ask for is hope and therefore if there's a chance of a hope
30:08i'm with amanda you'll be all right what we're doing at the moment is trying to help the patients of
30:21today but that will also help the patients of tomorrow
30:38amanda's now been on richard's clinical trial for three months
30:52i feel so much better than i did when i was on the chemo
30:55so i'm hoping that's these are all good signs
30:58as part of her routine amanda has regular mris that take detailed images of her brain
31:11i have to have them frequently in order to spot any changes to my tumor
31:17and if there are no changes yay they're not a problem for me at all and in fact it's a reassuring
31:29confirmation clarification of your current situation so precision therapies are
31:38an interesting way of addressing cancer we know that in a majority of patients they have specific
31:46mutations that we can target with drugs a precision drug has to have a target what we need to work
31:54out is which of those targets and which of those drugs work in which patient
32:05a few weeks later amanda is back in cambridge for an appointment with richard
32:10and to collect the drug she's taking on his trial thank you so we got that door
32:20so the part of the clinical trial that amanda is on involves taking drugs that work on the kind
32:25of mutations we found in her cancer's dna
32:28once these drugs were absorbed into amanda's body they travel to the tumor in her brain
32:39and into the cancer cells
32:43the mutations in the cancer cells dna are causing too many out of control signals to be produced
32:49telling the cancer cells to keep growing when they shouldn't
32:52the drugs work by blocking these overactive signals to prevent cancer cells from multiplying
33:01and to prevent cancer cells invading amanda's brain
33:05in theory that means the tumor should stop growing or even shrink
33:10it's great to you know see how she's getting on
33:30it's great to you know see how she's getting on like most people here you all you do is you just hope that it works
33:44and that's what you want to do in it yeah we've got we just need to be positive all the time don't we
33:50hi there come and have a seat thank you how are you doing great good to see you both
34:01so i guess we're here to look at your scan so we probably should start with that this is you
34:08at the beginning of february and this is the scan from june and i hope you can sort of appreciate that
34:14that sort of distance there is a little bit smaller oh yes i can see that yeah i think that's very
34:22very encouraging really there's definitely no increase in size in the lump which is good and
34:29perhaps it's actually shrunk a little bit which is really really encouraging given the fact that you're
34:35on this trial and that's something that we are looking for okay yeah i'm amazed and how are you
34:43feeling how are things i feel absolutely fine yeah okay any symptoms at all no she's getting stronger
34:51okay good she's getting more and more back to normal okay although she's got a long way to go
34:58from where she was yeah she's doing absolutely fantastic well that's fantastic news and as i say
35:04from from our perspective you know we knew that you had these targets within the tumor these changes in
35:11certain genes yes that made this new type of treatment which sort of specifically targets
35:17those changes rather than the generic chemotherapy right as an appropriate thing for you yeah um so
35:25that's a really you know good thing that we were able to find that and to match that change to a drug
35:31you know through the clinical trial obviously hopefully and certainly at the moment is going to have some
35:36sort of benefit but it's in herself yeah indeed yeah the fact that she's feeling better as well yeah yeah
35:43yeah he just wants me to start cooking again yeah i don't know about that
35:50my wife is a nurse and when we discuss our day at work it often relates to bad news
36:13and i think it does give you a frame of reference okay it's dad's home have you had a good day
36:25most of the patients i see had planned for the future and boom it's gone
36:33and i think the thing i take home from that is make sure you enjoy what you're doing you live your life
36:38to the full and enjoy it okay have you been playing on the trampoline oh well done mate that was excellent
36:55family helps people get through difficult times
36:58things i think it's really important and i can see how families strengthen each other hello
37:11you have a good day at school yeah
37:13it's been two months since my operation then i had my chemo and radiotherapy
37:39bumper crop this year
37:43you slowly come to terms with it i think you have to
37:49whereas he's just going to eat you up
37:52so now it's just i just relish my time with my family really so many people in cry now we can
38:00we have to put five rows of benches instead of four you're getting too good you need to be off
38:05key a bit more now drive people away
38:08see the biggest focus so spend a lot of time with her try and keep things normal
38:17right another day closer to end of time
38:20lucy's coping with it very well i mean she's just
38:23she just keeps reminding me i've got to get better at this time i am waiting to hear
38:32from the neuro oncologist about the the trial what are you up to goose what are you playing well i'm hopeful for
38:44myself and hopeful for my long-term prognosis you know that i will get on to a clinical trial
38:54yeah where you got to on your hospital game you've got a radiotherapy department on your hospital
39:01that's where daddy goes a lot
39:02i really hope it works and i hope it works for other people as well
39:10you know it's not just about me
39:13my hopes for david are that we have a target and that with that target we can put him on a trial
39:19and that he has a good outcome from that trial you know every patient i see now in the back of my mind
39:26i'm thinking do they have a mutation can we put them on the trial and will we see improvement
39:33which i think is amazing and that's something that i've never experienced before
39:42all right you comfortable i am very comfortable five months into the trial and amanda is still
39:50responding well to treatment ta-da look at gaz's face
40:04look at this beautiful evening yeah we're lucky now we can plan for our future it's lovely to look
40:11forward to something like that booking holidays and picking places to go to how much do i love you
40:20answer that do you love me enough to buy me a boat i don't know about that
40:28i think if it weren't for the clinical trial amanda may well have progressed and her quality of life
40:34would have been impaired obviously with the trial drug it's gone the other way it's actually shrunk
40:41and obviously this is brilliant because she can still you know live her life and that's exactly what we want
40:46what i want to achieve is a significant difference for patients with brain cancer
40:56you know when i started in cambridge in 2013 there were very few scientists who were doing work in this
41:03field and now i think there are more and that's what i want i want us to build a village to try and cure this
41:09that village includes consultant oncologist professor juanita lopez who worked with richard for three
41:19years to get the groundbreaking trial up and running
41:24they're now finally starting to see the first patients benefit from their work
41:28i saw amanda in clinic recently the tumor seems to be shrinking so from my perspective this looks
41:36really promising and i'm really excited the other thing to say is that if she wasn't on this drug
41:43not only would it not have shrunk it would have increased in size so actually you know seeing it
41:48shrink is really quite different to the natural history of what we'd expect this tumor to do in this
41:53scenario this is david scan so we've removed all the tumor in his right temporal lobe which is great
41:59i think we're still waiting for the sequencing on him but i've just checked and that should be back
42:03within the next week or so um so it'd be good to discuss to see whether he has any targets as well
42:11you must remember i said well this is too big this is too hard it's challenging it was too difficult
42:17it was too hard to do yeah but you know if someone was brave enough to do it here it is yeah and i
42:23think that you had great ambition i had ambition and i think by putting that together we were able to
42:31be greater than the sum of its parts there have been moments along the way where it's been exhausting
42:39it's been we're quite good floods of tears and um chaos and crisis management but if if you know
42:48we're not going to do it kind of who is and they don't have a voice and i think that's a really sad
42:53absolutely right sad um you know bit of this story that patients they can't speak for themselves so
42:59so it's really you know championing those who you know have no voice yeah
43:05where do we think this will take us i think we want to cure brain cancer
43:14it's all there we just need to link it together and have the ambition sky's the limit
43:25the trial structure means that we can add new drugs as they come on board and that gives us the
43:30opportunity to just keep adding to it keep adding to it until we find
43:34a solution for every patient who has this problem
43:40this clinical trial will last for as long as it needs to last
43:44and we hope it's going to last for as long until we cure this cancer
43:50the ultimate aim is to cure brain cancer i think we have to be that ambitious now we are a long way
43:54away from that okay i'm optimistic but i'm not stupid and we have a lot that we need to do
44:00but we are on a trajectory we are on the first step and the ladder but we have to be ambitious we have
44:05to be positive we don't just want to improve how the cancer looks we don't want to get people a few
44:12months we want to change how we manage this cancer for good but you have to start somewhere and we're
44:19very much at the start of that journey
44:31so
44:40so
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