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German women may be perceived as passive witnesses to the horrific crimes committed by the Nazi regime, but many were active participants that were as brutal and merciless as their better-known, male counterparts. Over the past 15 years, a new generation of international historians has been digging into the truth of how deeply the Third Reich’s women were involved in the atrocities. Combining their fresh analyses with striking archival footage, this film reveals previously unknown stories about the women who refused to live in the shadow of Nazi men.
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00:32In the crowd, despite the freezing cold, a 15-year-old girl, Melita Mashman, was kidnapped.
00:42The crashing thread of the feet.
00:44The somber pomp of the red and black flags.
00:48The flickering light from the torches on the faces.
00:52I longed to hurt myself into this current.
00:54To be submerged.
00:56And born along with it.
01:12Melita wasn't the only young woman to be kidnapped by the new regime.
01:16Their names were Hertha.
01:20Liesel.
01:22Liesel Lotte.
01:24Hildegard.
01:26They would be among the hundreds of thousands of women to actively serve the Third Reich.
01:32Trained in Nazi ideology, they became secretaries, nurses, concentration camp guards, and wives of SS officers.
01:42History has forgotten them, but recent academic research has lifted the veil on the involvement of women in criminal Nazi policies.
01:52I think they were ordinary women until they found themselves in an extraordinary situation.
02:00Societies think of women as nurturers, as caregivers, as mothers.
02:06But the history of the Holocaust shows us, in fact, they can be socialized to be violent.
02:13It really cuts against our perceptions of women and our bias about women and what their behavior should be.
02:19We thought they were the passive witnesses of a genocide carried out by men.
02:25But we have discovered that these women were indispensable cogs in the works.
02:32Their commitment and violence is intriguing.
02:36How did they end up as accomplices, and in some cases, murderers?
02:42Why did post-war justice close its eyes to their crimes?
02:46What taboos still prevent us today from recognizing the violence of these women?
03:04No sooner had Hitler come to power than Milita Mashman decided to become part of what she saw as a revolution.
03:14Despite her parents forbidding it, she secretly enrolled in the BDM, the girls' branch of the Hitler Youth.
03:24It was a way of rebelling against her well-to-do family, which saw the Nazis as a bunch of thugs.
03:35Like many of her comrades, Milita had grown to despise her restricted life as a model little girl.
03:43In her memoirs, she wrote...
03:45At that age, one finds a life which consists of schoolwork, family outings and birthday invitations wretchedly barren of existence.
03:55Nobody gives one credit for being interested in more than these derisory trivialities.
04:00I needed to free myself from the narrow boundaries of my childhood and attach myself to something great and essential.
04:10The BDM seized upon these hopes.
04:24The new regime was intent on attracting teenagers to ensure its future.
04:28During 1933, more than 200,000 girls joined the BDM.
04:44The girls met up at summer camps, far from their parents, in the great outdoors.
05:08Nazism was very ingenious.
05:17It used educational methods, which today might be called innovative,
05:22because they didn't openly indoctrinate young people,
05:26but rather present them with lots of leisure activities,
05:29which made them feel like they were having fun.
05:33Melita and her companions had an unprecedented feeling of freedom.
05:40Melita and her companions had an unprecedented feeling of freedom.
05:42I remember with pleasure the week-long outings, hikes, sports, campfires and youth hostelling.
05:49They could play tennis and go horse-riding, which for most working-class girls had been unconceivable a few years earlier.
06:06Many of them later said they were the happiest days of their lives.
06:13Of course, that sounds somewhat indecent when you hear that today.
06:17Melita, a high school student, met sales clerks, office workers, seamstresses and domestic employees.
06:27The Nazis hoped that this social melting pot would result in a group mentality in which individuality would disappear.
06:46And those summer camps always had activities that would encourage you to trust your comrades.
06:52Like falling into them, like we have, you know, these concerts with mosh pits,
06:57like things where you give up your trust and you place it in your comrade.
07:11The Hitler Youth was a powerful indoctrination machine in the service of a profoundly misogynous regime.
07:17The Nazis allowed no women to hold responsible or decision-making positions, neither within the party nor the state, when they represented half of the electorate.
07:39Many German women were even forced out of the job market.
07:46Under the guise of fighting endemic unemployment, brought about by the financial crash of 1929, almost a million women were brutally dismissed from their jobs.
07:57Several laws were passed shortly after 1933, like the one concerning double wages for public servants.
08:08If both a husband and a wife worked in a public service of some kind, the woman had to quit her job.
08:15And it was out of the question that women should go through higher education.
08:27The regime established a so-called numerous clauses, which limited at 10% the number of female students in universities.
08:34The effect was immediate. In the lecture halls of Münster Law School, you could count the number of young women present on one hand.
08:46One of them, Annette Schuking, was from a family of left-wing lawyers.
08:52For my mother, it was a very difficult period. There were few female students in universities, and those who did attend were looked down on.
09:05My mother was a very gentle, warm and reserved woman, but she wasn't to be underestimated.
09:15She was being mocked for wanting to pursue a degree in law.
09:21She thought she could battle the system from within and become a lawyer or a judge.
09:26She really had a kind of plan. I'd even call it a vision.
09:32Annette had been shocked by the terrible treatment of a friend of her father, a Social Democrat member of parliament,
09:39who was arrested by the Gestapo and sent to a concentration camp.
09:45Like other political opponents, he was humiliated and tortured there.
09:52So she thought to herself, what can I do for human rights?
09:57I don't want this kind of thing to happen, for people to be treated in this way.
10:04Annette didn't state her hopes for democracy openly.
10:10But despite not being in the regime's sights, she was heading into a brick wall.
10:17She had the best scores, the best grades.
10:22But they said, no, you're a woman, you can never practice law, you can never be in the judiciary.
10:26So women were limited in their professional tracks.
10:30Hitler in person decided to ban the bar and the judiciary to women.
10:40He wanted to establish an all-male order and put women in their place.
10:45On September the 13th, 1935, before thousands of young Nazi women gathered in Nuremberg,
10:52the Führer hailed his action in favor of gender inequality.
10:59My young people!
11:04It was a time when I met my love and my love.
11:07The face of the German woman, the German woman, was hopeless.
11:14It was sad.
11:16And today, we see many shining and smiling faces.
11:23There is no greater idol for the woman, as the mother, of the sons and of the children of the people.
11:31That is the greatest idol that she can ever become.
11:41The future of German young women and girls seemed mapped out.
11:45They would bear children, the only way of being useful to the homeland.
11:57Their school study programs and activities were consequently changed.
12:08In the BDM, the female branch of the Hitler Youth,
12:121936 was even declared the year of domestic formation.
12:21All leisure activities were also intended to prepare them for their role as a mother.
12:26They also had to do sport to keep them in good enough health to bear children.
12:43To monitor the physical condition of girls and preserve what the Nazis called prenatal potential,
12:49BDM leaders called on the few female medical students who were part of the numerous clauses.
13:02In Düsseldorf, Hertha Oberhäuser, a final year student, signed with enthusiasm.
13:08After the war, she affirmed,
13:13I was called on by the BDM.
13:15I attended sports meets to make sure the girls didn't exert themselves too much.
13:20I also gave them regular medical examinations.
13:23Hertha Oberhäuser was from a well-off family who had run into financial hardship.
13:35She had the typical profile of the young woman who wanted to use the system to get ahead, stand out and make a career for herself.
13:42She became a full-fledged member of the Nazi party.
13:49She joined every organization.
13:57Her medical studies were a good springboard for Hertha Oberhäuser,
14:02allowing her to join the most Nazified of professions at the time.
14:06During racial hygiene classes, it was the job of doctors and female students like her to educate young women
14:17on how to find the most suitable husband based on so-called racial grounds.
14:26Through drawings and slideshows, BDM members were told that the world was divided into hierarchical races
14:33and that they belonged to the superior race, the Aryans.
14:41At the bottom of the ladder were the Jews, thought of as subhuman.
14:48They were taught to recognize Jews from physical stereotypes.
14:52We all know the Nazis' anti-Semitic stereotype, the depiction that would allow us to recognize a Jew,
15:05a big nose, a hunchback, droopy eyes.
15:09That was the belief that went round at the time.
15:12On the other hand, there was the blonde-haired, blue-eyed woman, upright, both physically and in attitude and ideology.
15:30One was considered healthy, while the other was weak and sickly, and didn't deserve to have descendants.
15:38Some BDM leaders went beyond anti-Semitic indoctrination and embarked their comrades in open provocation.
15:56Melita Mashman was 15 at the time.
16:02Our leader would often make us march in three ranks
16:06and cover part of the distance on the double.
16:11We had to stamp our feet as loudly as possible.
16:15This is where the rich Jews live, she would say.
16:17They need a bit of waking up from their afternoon naps.
16:20Since the September 1935 passing of the Nuremberg Laws, which signed a social death sentence for German Jews,
16:38and prohibited marriages between Aryans and non-Aryans, the police and the SS intensified public haranguing of mixed couples.
16:47Arian women in mixed couples had their heads shaved and were exhibited in public, notably to children.
17:08The newspapers ran headlines of the trials, which sent them to jail, or later to concentration camps.
17:17Their Jewish husbands or lovers would be sentenced to death.
17:22Young women as future mothers became the keepers of German blood.
17:40They learned the Ten Commandments for finding a husband by heart.
17:51Keep your body pure.
17:54Examine the genealogy of your fiancé.
17:59Strive to have as many children as possible.
18:04Amid the excitement of Nazi activist struggles,
18:18Liesel Riedel, a young woman from a modest background, chose the path mapped out for German women.
18:25She rubbed shoulders with both the rank and file and the rising stars of the party.
18:33And that's where she met her husband, Gustav, who was really a street fighter, who was described as someone who was a real brute, kind of barely literate.
18:49The novice campaigner was won over by a young man who belonged to the party's elite corps, the SS.
19:02For Liesel, marrying him would be a way of joining the elite of the regime.
19:09But first, she had to obtain permission from the upper echelons of the SS.
19:15Her job at the region's most popular Nazi newspaper wasn't enough.
19:21Obtaining permission to marry from the SS was a genuine obstacle course.
19:26SS men couldn't marry just any woman.
19:31She had to be ideologically stable.
19:34So there were tests to take.
19:36Every prospective couple had to fill out reams and reams of paperwork.
19:46Now this included medical certificates to show that you were in good health.
19:50You had to include references from people in the Nazi party.
19:53You had to show your family tree.
19:55And you had to go back many, many, many, many generations to show that everybody was good German stock.
20:01Liesel had to be examined by an SS doctor.
20:08On top of checking her teeth and their state of repair,
20:13he noted the dates of her last periods
20:16and had her undergo a complete gynaecological examination
20:20to evaluate whether she would be a good enough progenitor to perpetuate the Aryan race.
20:25This complete control of the body was coupled with another requirement.
20:32The Third Reich considered the church a political enemy.
20:35So Liesel had to renounce her Catholic faith
20:38so that her children would be raised with Nazi ideology alone.
20:42Her family wanted her to observe her Catholic upbringing
20:48and get married in a Catholic church and baptize her children.
20:55She had a break with her family at that point.
20:59A lot of the story of how women became, you know, socialized and brought into the movement,
21:05there were kind of breaks along the way.
21:10In late 1938, after these three years of procedure,
21:14the SS officially permitted the marriage of Liesel to Gustav Willhaus.
21:26She gave birth to a daughter in the spring of 1939.
21:32Like all newborns, her baby was monitored by the midwives.
21:47As public servants appointed by the Third Reich,
21:50they had to inform their superiors of any malformations or handicaps.
21:59that was immediately registered in the system,
22:02as well as the vulnerability of that person for the rest of his or her life.
22:11It would be part of the machinery of this campaign of what they called a euthanasia.
22:24Pauline Kneissler was one of the backbones of this policy,
22:28deployed in top secretity in the spring of 1939.
22:33She was involved in the extermination campaign of the physically and mentally handicapped,
22:38both adults and children,
22:40a campaign which would go down in history as Action T4.
22:45She was in her strengths, an experienced nurse
22:48and a member of the Nationalist Socialist Women's League
22:51and the Nazi Party.
22:57A representative from the Chancery made us swear an oath of secrecy and obedience.
23:02Our involvement was entirely voluntary.
23:07Those who didn't agree could withdraw.
23:11But not one of us expressed the slightest objection to the program.
23:17As part of their training, nurses were taught to no longer show empathy with certain groups of people.
23:30This implied the dehumanization of certain patients.
23:36nurses began to see them more as problems than as people who needed to be taken care of or cured,
23:44which should be the priority of any health and care establishment.
23:48To them, these were people who needed to be kept away from society
23:53and then exterminated to prevent them from breeding.
23:57Pauline Kneissler and her closest colleagues visited institutions for the handicapped
24:06with a list of names of patients to be taken to killing centers.
24:15Once they had received their selection orders, they personally took care of those people.
24:20They helped them pack their belongings, explaining that they were moving elsewhere.
24:24Of course, they never told them the truth.
24:27They made up explanations of what was going to happen.
24:32And these people were taken to industrial killing centers where they were gassed.
24:42It was for Action T4 that the gas chambers were first used.
24:48Notably at Grafeneg and Hadamar, where Pauline Kneissler was posted.
24:54The nurses were so involved that they practically escorted their patients
25:00into the changing room next to the gas chamber.
25:03Pauline Kneissler also performed lethal injections.
25:11She admitted as much after the war.
25:16I was never cruel to anyone.
25:19We had been told that each creature had the right to a charitable death.
25:25Up until the end of the war, almost 200,000 people, children and adults, were exterminated as part of Action T4.
25:38This was the first mass murder carried out by the Third Reich.
25:42And women played a central part.
25:44On September the 1st, 1939, German women watched their husbands, brothers and sons go off to war in Poland.
26:12They were now called on to leave their homes for a new role.
26:19And as the war broke out, it caused a big change in women's lifestyles.
26:22Each war broke out.
26:24It turned out to be a great team of warriors!
26:28It became a great team of warriors.
26:32When the war broke,
26:44A major life-changing event occurred for feminists.
26:49Most of the men were enlisted.
26:53The regime found itself between upholding its ideology,
26:59with women doing their utmost to have children,
27:03and necessity.
27:06From then on, Germany needed a new workforce
27:10to replace the men who had gone to war.
27:23Women wouldn't merely take the places of men in the fields and factories of the Reich.
27:29They would take an active part in the policy of expansion
27:31and colonization of newly conquered lands.
27:42Melita Mashman had risen the ranks of the BDM,
27:45the female branch of the Hitler Youth.
27:48She was now a leader herself.
27:50Like 19,000 of her comrades, she was dispatched to Poland.
28:09Melita was brimming with enthusiasm.
28:12We believed that now, at last, Germany's historic hour had come too.
28:16Our existence at that time was for us like a great adventure.
28:20We felt that we had been summoned to take part in a difficult and noble service,
28:24by which we believed ourselves to be fulfilling our duty towards the Reich.
28:29After a month of fighting, the German army occupied the western part of Poland.
28:48The eastern part was controlled by the Soviet Union under Stalin,
28:51a result of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact.
28:53Melita was appointed leader of a group which was taking part in the Germanization of a region of western Poland called Wartaland by the Third Reich.
29:02It became very quickly clear that Poland was going to be a place in which radical measures were going to be taken,
29:23where Nazi power would be able to rule without any hindrance.
29:30So Poland became, if you like, a sort of laboratory for Nazi colonization and Germanization.
29:40And, of course, all this was at the expense of the native Polish population and the Jewish population.
29:53SS units evicted them.
29:58Melita, impassive, described one of the raids in her memoirs.
30:03One morning, we were dragged out of bed for a clean-up operation.
30:12The SS officer told me he didn't have enough men to carry it out successfully.
30:19At 6am, the wagons had to be ready to leave.
30:22Each family was restricted to taking one wagon load of belongings.
30:32I heard them protesting sadly and furiously, but I calmly turned my back on them.
30:37The BDM was given the job of installing, in the homes from which Poles and Jews had been evicted,
30:58minority of Germanic origin from the Baltic states and Romania.
31:02These young women were also tasked with teaching these distant Germanic cousins how to become good Germans.
31:15Overnight, young, inexperienced women found themselves in positions of authority.
31:20There were students who wrote enthusiastic reports about how they felt,
31:31I feel like a demigod here in this village.
31:35I feel empowered.
31:39I am here on the ground.
31:41I will give orders.
31:42There was, if you like, a cult of politics will.
32:01The Jews, who had been evicted by the Nazis, were locked up in ghettos.
32:05They struggled to survive in inhuman conditions.
32:18Notably, in the city of Lotz.
32:25Some BDM members would visit the ghetto on their days off,
32:28as if it were a tourist attraction.
32:36It was a bit like going to the zoo.
32:39Only here it was to see a human population, thought of as exotic, sometimes scary and often scorned.
32:47Some women were simply stunned and shocked and, I think, horrified.
32:59But there were others who were, I'm sure, actively anti-Semitic,
33:05for whom the spectacle of the Jews crammed together in the ghetto
33:11did fuel and confirm prejudices that they had been absorbing already.
33:21Melita Mashman, who a few years earlier had had fun stamping her feet
33:26to intimidate the Jewish population in Berlin,
33:29suppressed all compassion for those suffering the horrors of the ghettos.
33:34She was now a supporter of the murderer's policy the Third Reich was about to implement.
33:39It's atrocious.
33:43But the destruction of Jews is a sad fact to which we must become resolved
33:48if we want the Wartoland to become German.
33:50Nazi policies, tested in Poland since 1939, would suddenly step up a gear early in the summer of 1941 and stretch eastwards.
34:08On June the 22nd, Hitler broke the pact that tied him to Stalin and invaded eastern Poland and then the USSR.
34:23In the wake of the German army, which was advancing at lightning speed across Soviet territory,
34:37almost half a million women crossed the borders of the Reich.
34:41Not just members of the BDN and specialists in Germanization went east.
34:48They were also secretaries, nurses and wives of SS officers.
34:56Among them was Annette Shuking.
35:05Age 21, the brilliant student who wanted to defend human rights,
35:12saw her position as a legal intern blocked due to the democratic leanings of her family.
35:16To earn some points with the regime, she volunteered as a nursing assistant.
35:25In the train taking her to Ukraine with her new colleagues, Annette discovered the true nature of the war.
35:33At one point, everyone took out their packed breakfast and started eating.
35:42And while they were doing so, two soldiers told them they had killed some Jews.
35:48With no emotion, coldly, that shocked the four women.
35:54The worst thing for my mother was the two soldiers weren't even afraid of being arrested.
36:00They were telling this terrible story in front of complete strangers in the compartment with impunity.
36:11A war of extermination unfurled in the east.
36:17As the German army advanced, Jewish men, women and children were massacred.
36:24In Ukraine, on September the 29th and 30th, 1941, more than 33,000 people were shot dead in the Babi Yar ravine near Kyiv by the SS death squads, the Einsatzgruppen.
36:41Anette was posted 150 kilometers from Kyiv in the city of Zviahel to run a soldier's hostel.
37:00On her arrival, she took some photos.
37:06Before the war, more than half the population of the city was Jewish.
37:13Now, there reigned a strange atmosphere and an unusual calm.
37:17An older officer told her, there are no more Jews in the city. Not a single one.
37:28And then he showed her the execution sites.
37:32Almost 75,000 people had already been executed in the region since the start of the invasion.
37:43The young nursing assistant was plunged into horror.
37:47She wrote to her mother, dear mum, if you knew what was going on here, you wouldn't last one day.
37:57But I have no idea how to leave this place.
38:00I can't find any way out.
38:02Because you need a very good reason to be sent home.
38:04Anette did not betray her feelings. In front of her colleagues and the soldiers, she kept her despair to herself.
38:25She didn't trust them.
38:29She knew she was surrounded by murderers.
38:31People who have no moral inhibitions exude a strange odor.
38:37I can now pick out these people, and many of them really do smell like blood.
38:46And yet, a few days after Christmas 1941, Anette dared to speak her mind to a non-commissioned officer, Sergeant Frank.
38:53He told her he would soon take part in a firing squad.
39:01He had volunteered so he could earn a small, rapid promotion.
39:06My mother was horrified. Horrified that he would openly tell her something like that.
39:14In the end, she said to him, please don't do it. You'll never be able to sleep again if you do.
39:23When she next saw him, a few days or weeks later, he said, you were right.
39:28Right.
39:29Annette was intent on keeping a trace of the crime she was unable to prevent.
39:40In her diary, she wrote...
39:41From then on, she wrote down all the information she was private to, to keep a record of the ongoing crimes.
40:02June the 6th, 1942. Last Thursday, 3,000 Jews were rounded up in the night and transported the next morning eight kilometers away and shot by the SS and Ukrainian militiamen.
40:16She noted down the numbers of the military postings, wrote her accounts in key words only, the fear of someone discovering her diary.
40:29And at one moment, she wrote to her parents, please keep my letters and my photos in a safe place.
40:38And I think that gave her strength to get through that period.
40:57While these mass executions continued, the occupation authorities set up their headquarters in the conquered territories.
41:04And with them came young secretaries who would play a pivotal role in the exploitation of the surviving Jewish populations in the ghettos.
41:22In Lieder, 19-year-old Lieselotter Meyer assisted the district commissioner, the highest German civilian authority in the city.
41:32Far from the small town where she grew up, it was the ideal place to make her hopes a reality.
41:41Her daughter, Anna Gret, discovered Lieselotter's past after her death.
41:48Having a high status was very important to my mother. She always wanted to rise above her social rank. Our social rank.
42:00She was 20, 22, 24 years old. You still have a lot of dreams.
42:11She didn't want to be in a factory job. She was seeking more social mobility, higher pay. The pay was better in the East.
42:14It was more dangerous there. She must have been someone who wanted a little adventure and had that kind of gumption.
42:32These women in their twenties were still unmarried and without children. The world was their oyster.
42:47They wanted to build a career and they saw themselves in some way as pioneers, as precursors.
42:59In the Lieder ghetto, the district commissioner had set up workshops where Jews were subjected to forced labor.
43:06Lieselotter Meyer was in charge of selecting men and women textile workers, carpenters, joiners and mechanics, in good health and aged between 15 and 60.
43:25Lieselotter Meyer is a classic example of a secretary placed in the terror.
43:33She was responsible for producing those labor ID cards. They were gold. They were, you know, tickets to survival.
43:46So as an administrator, she had that power of life and death with that card.
43:51And of selection of, you know, who could be sorted out to be killed, to be shot.
43:55In 1942 and 1943, the young secretary was present at meetings where mass executions were organized.
44:09Her job was to coordinate with the local police and the SS.
44:15On several occasions, she even attended executions.
44:18She didn't have the reputation as being a sadistic, kind of very visibly violent person.
44:30She was a very efficient administrator and callous to the extent that she didn't care about the fate of the Jews.
44:38And that's what makes her an accomplice in my mind.
44:46Having become the mistress of her superior, Hermann Hanweg, she not only had access to the safe where he kept valuable items confiscated from Jews.
44:55But she also exploited the ghetto workers for her own profit.
45:07They strolled through the workshops together, Lise Lotha and Hermann.
45:12They would just pick out things. It was like a courtship. It was a shopping trip.
45:16If they wanted special jewelry for a coat, they could order these things at whim.
45:28I have these coasters stamped Lida joinery workshop.
45:34They were clearly made in the ghetto.
45:39She used them all her life.
45:46For Hermann and Lise Lotha, the Jews constructed a swimming pool at the villa.
45:52The Jewish servants treated them with cakes and delicacies, you know, what they called post-coital treats.
46:02I mean, they didn't care, you know, about remaining private, as it was, in front of the Jewish laborers.
46:16She talked about going for sleigh rides.
46:25She was very nostalgic about the period.
46:30For sure, they were the happiest days of her life.
46:32The Jews of the Lido ghetto would be systematically murdered during the next phase of the genocide that was being planned.
46:47The final solution.
46:48The women of the Reich, far from being mere eyewitnesses or accomplices, would play a central, deadly role, behind the fences of the camps and within the intimacy of SS families.
47:04To be sure, if you weren't.
47:05To be sure, don't forget to be remembered.
47:06And I have to.
47:07But I was so mad.
47:08I was so mad about my dream.
47:09That was a good idea.
47:10When you were homeless, much of a woman around all of the people.
47:12You know, how did you know?
47:14If you were a young man, you were sick.
47:16You know, come from school, you were to be ill.
47:17I was so mad.
47:18In that case, I was so mad when I was a man.
47:22You know, you know what you feel and you're angry.
47:24I was so mad that I was so mad.
47:25I was so mad at my best.
47:29I can't imagine the woman, my wife and I was so mad.
47:31The dress is not a man in the middle class.
47:32Amen.
48:02Amen.
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