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Ancient Autopsy - Season 1 Episode 4 -
Tutankhamun
Tutankhamun
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01:25I'll be meeting experts at my investigation hub
01:28And getting truly hands-on out in the field
01:32That's great
01:33Look at that
01:34These barricanes are violent
01:37I'll unearth the latest revelations about these titans of antiquity
01:41This is a perfect surface to smear some poison
01:45Leading me closer to revealing just how they died
01:55Tutankhamun is one of the most recognizable figures of ancient Egypt
02:05He was one of the last of the 18th dynasty of the New Kingdom
02:09Some of the most powerful and celebrated pharaohs of ancient Egypt
02:13And he was also Egypt's youngest king
02:16He was nine years old when he came to the throne in 1333 BCE
02:21Tutankhamun was the likely son of a pharaoh called Akhenaten
02:28And he acceded to the throne following the death of his father
02:32He was in all likelihood unprepared to rule
02:36And much of the day-to-day ruling was probably done
02:38By a body of viziers and governors and advisors
02:41But after ten years, his rule came to an abrupt end
02:47The young pharaoh was just 19 years old when he died suddenly
02:53Without leaving an heir to his kingdom
02:56As his reign was so short, he was forgotten about
03:00Until Howard Carter and his team discovered his glorious tomb
03:05In the Valley of the Kings in 1922
03:08Carter's discovery included the mummified remains of the pharaoh himself
03:19Propelling Tutankhamun into the public imagination
03:22The glorious array of treasures buried with the young king
03:26Sparked global tut mania
03:29In death, Tutankhamun became one of the most famed of Egypt's rulers
03:36But thousands of years later, we are yet to unravel
03:40One of the ancient world's biggest mysteries
03:43The question remains
03:47Why did he die at such a young age?
03:53Today, the mummified remains of Tutankhamun
03:56Still lie inside his tomb in the Valley of the Kings
04:00These hold tantalizing clues that something was amiss
04:04In the death of the young pharaoh
04:06Leading some to suggest that he may have been brutally murdered
04:10Tutankhamun was not buried with as much time
04:21Or as much care as might be expected of your regular pharaoh
04:24A lot of evidence seems to suggest that Tutankhamun's death
04:28Was sudden, or at the very least unexpected
04:30And that the embalmers and the tomb makers
04:33Weren't quite ready for it
04:35In the 1920s, Howard Carter's team carried out the first
04:41Rather crude autopsy on the mummy
04:43Stunning the world with the revelation
04:45That the pharaoh died in his teens
04:48But without more advanced techniques
04:50It explained little about what could have killed him
04:53At the time, there was no real evidence
04:56Towards any cause of death
04:58It wasn't until a CT scan of the body in the 1960s
05:03When loose fragments of bone were found in the back of the skull
05:06That ideas around murder began to circulate
05:09To examine these injuries in detail
05:13We're turning to medical expert Dr Richard Shepard
05:16He's a world-leading forensic pathologist
05:22Who has carried out over 23,000 post-mortems
05:26Using a digital anatomy table
05:29He can dissect virtual human bodies
05:31Peeling back layers of tissue, muscle and bone
05:35To examine how someone has died
05:37Applying this to what we know of Tutankhamun's death
05:44Can bring us closer to the possible cause
05:47In 1968 and 1978
05:51Two groups x-rayed King Tut's mummy
05:54And they found two free-floating fragments of bone
05:59Within the skull
06:00Combined with Tut's young age at death
06:03These bone fragments added fuel to the theories
06:07That he had been murdered by a blow to the back of the head
06:11Blunt force trauma is a very common finding
06:16In accident and emergency departments
06:18And in forensic pathology
06:20And the amount of damage that is caused to the head and the brain
06:24Depends on the amount of force that's been used
06:28The greater the force
06:31The greater the damage to the skull
06:33The brain and the chance of death
06:35Now in Tut's case
06:37The injury to his head
06:39Was believed to be to the back
06:41This occipital bone at the back of a head
06:44Beneath that is the cerebellum
06:46And the occipital poles of the brain
06:48Which control sight and hearing
06:50And all of those important features
06:52And so a blow here
06:54If it had been delivered
06:55Could well have caused his death
06:58But who might have wanted to kill the young pharaoh
07:02And why
07:03Could archaeological evidence reveal the answer
07:10Dr. Elizabeth Frood has invited me to view original records
07:17From the tomb's discovery in 1922
07:20Hello
07:22Hi Susie, welcome to the archive of the Griffith Institute
07:26Well it's a real pleasure to be here
07:29Howard Carter is sitting directly above us
07:31He's somewhat looming over us I think
07:34And he of course is the lead excavator of the tomb of Tutankhamun
07:38Directly in front of us is his journal
07:41Written by him
07:43Talking about the detailed process of the discovery and the excavation
07:49And then we have some photographs of Tutankhamun himself
07:54Very beautiful staged photograph
07:57Showing the inner coffin
07:59So the journal
08:02Let me have a little look
08:03It's just amazing
08:04So with the light of the electric torch
08:07As well as an additional candle
08:08We looked in
08:08As soon as our eyes became accustomed to the
08:13In the glimmer of light
08:14The interior of the chamber
08:15Gradually loomed before me
08:16With its strange and wonderful medley
08:19Of extraordinary and beautiful objects
08:22It says
08:24When Carnarvon said to me
08:26Can you see anything
08:27I replied to him
08:29Yes
08:30It is wonderful
08:32Yeah
08:33Carter and his team
08:40Documented their discovery in great detail
08:42Recording over 5,000 objects
08:45That had been buried with Tutankhamun
08:47Can these accounts shed any light on the theory of murder?
08:53Is there a sense that maybe the burial was somewhat rushed?
08:58Yes, when you see the images and the plans
09:01It gives the impression in some spaces of being quite artfully laid out
09:07But in some places quite jumbled
09:09There are certainly objects that have been repurposed
09:12So objects that belonged to one member of the family
09:16And then get changed
09:18And his name is put on the object instead
09:21Some scholars think that the tomb itself
09:25Its size means that it was never intended for a royal burial in the first place
09:30But from that time period
09:32There is no parallel for another tomb like this
09:35So maybe this does have everything that's proper place
09:38Given that he's young
09:40And this is unexpected
09:42Is there evidence that suggests foul play?
09:49I don't think we can find that in the tomb materials
09:53That said
09:56This is a tumultuous period of history
09:58And there were certainly powerful individuals in the court
10:03Who may have been jostling for position
10:07May have seen an opportunity
10:09You have his probable father Akhenaten
10:13Who had changed Egyptian religion
10:15To many people that was probably deeply, deeply problematic
10:20Famously, Egyptian religion was composed of a vast suite of gods
10:28Tutankhamun's father
10:31Akhenaten promoted a new monotheistic religion
10:34Based all around worship of the Sun Disc
10:36Other gods were removed from the official canon
10:39Egyptians of the time and immediately following
10:42Seen not to have followed his reforms
10:45And this period and many of the figures associated with it
10:48Were stricken from the official record
10:50And so even if Tutankhamun was more popular than his father
10:53He was still considered part of this heretical era
10:57This was the catalyst potentially for theories
10:59That murder was the reason Tutankhamun died
11:02With speculation about political intrigue
11:07Providing a possible motive
11:08Another aspect of Carter's discovery
11:11Also contributed to the idea
11:13That the young king was murdered
11:15A media frenzy
11:17Stoked by images and news reports from the dig site
11:20And the fate of Lord Carnarvon
11:22The financial backer of Carter's excavation
11:25The so-called curse of the tomb of Tutankhamun
11:29Was a story that erupted after the death of Lord Carnarvon
11:35So Lord Carnarvon had a mosquito bite
11:39It got infected and he died of sepsis
11:42Soon after the burial chamber had been opened
11:45Of course there is no such thing as the curse
11:49You would have thought that the discovery of such a tomb
11:53And all these items
11:54Obviously it's going to completely enrich the knowledge
11:58Of Egyptologists, archaeologists
12:00But there's a sense that perhaps the discovery
12:04Actually complicated Tutankhamun's history
12:07Absolutely, you're right
12:08The archaeological evidence uncovered by Howard Carter
12:12Seems to offer little support to rumours of murder
12:16An alternative explanation is that the excavation itself
12:20Might have played a role in the traumatic injuries
12:23Seen on the mummy
12:24When the king's body was found
12:26And the sarcophagus opened
12:28Resin and pitch had been used as part of the mummification
12:32And the body had become physically stuck to the coffin itself
12:35So the excavators had to physically chisel the body loose
12:40In order to remove the burial mask
12:42In their haste to do so
12:44In their excitement
12:44The king's head was pulled from the body
12:46As part of the autopsy itself
12:49The limbs were physically dismembered
12:52By the time that the king was put back in sand
12:56And stored away after the autopsy
12:57He had been treated more like an animal carcass
13:00Than a human body
13:01Another look at the pathology
13:05Supports alternative explanations
13:07For Tutankhamun's broken skull
13:09It's enticing and dramatic
13:13To think that Egypt's most famous pharaoh
13:17Was the victim of some salacious plot
13:20But in forensic pathology
13:22I have to work with science
13:24And with facts
13:25CT scans show that the fragments of bone
13:31Came from the uppermost vertebrae
13:34And from areas at the base of the skull
13:39But we can also see patterns of injury
13:42Looking at the bone and the brain
13:44That give us a clue
13:46To what caused the damage in the first place
13:50If they had come from blows
13:52Before death that killed him
13:55They'd have been lying within the embalming material
13:59If there was damage to Tutankhamun's bones
14:03Before mummification
14:04Any free-floating shards
14:07Would have been bound together
14:08By the sticky materials like wax and resin
14:11That were used in the process
14:13If shards remain loose
14:15Without a trace of embalming liquids
14:18Then the damage must have occurred
14:20After the mummy was laid to rest
14:22The fragments of bone
14:25Were lying free within the skull
14:28And so it's most unlikely
14:31That Tutankhamun was murdered
14:34By a blow to the head at least
14:36So it's probable
14:41That the broken skull occurred
14:42Either as a result of Tutankhamun's hasty burial
14:45Or in the handling of his body
14:48In the years since it was discovered
14:49Howard Carter's archival records and pictures
14:54Are illuminating
14:55But they certainly don't confirm the idea
14:57Of foul play
14:58Yes, Tutankhamun died young
15:01And unexpectedly
15:02He was the son of a problematic king
15:05With a divisive legacy
15:07And there are signs that his burial
15:09Was rushed
15:10But vitally
15:12The skull damage was likely caused
15:14Post-mortem
15:15After death
15:17It seems that Tutankhamun
15:22Wasn't murdered
15:23By having his skull bashed in
15:24So what else
15:27Could have killed a king
15:28In the prime of his life?
15:30The mania that followed the discovery
15:48Of Tutankhamun's tomb in 1922
15:51Has lodged certain ideas
15:53In the public imagination
15:54That Tut was a boy king
15:56That his tomb was cursed
15:58And that he suffered
16:00From a violent blow to the head
16:01That led to his death
16:03None of these things is true
16:05The pathology shows
16:07That the bitter bone
16:08Broken off in his skull
16:09Was probably a result
16:10Of the mummification
16:11Or perhaps because of the abuse
16:13That his corpse suffered
16:14After the discovery
16:16Perhaps the truth
16:17About Tutankhamun's death
16:19Lies closer to home
16:20In the 18th dynasty
16:33Of ancient Egypt's new kingdom
16:35The royal court was a place
16:37Where practices we now frown upon
16:40Were part of everyday life
16:42Perhaps something the young pharaoh
16:45Considered normal
16:46Could have led to his death
16:48There's a lot of evidence
16:51To suggest that Tutankhamun
16:52Had physical and quite possibly
16:54Developmental problems
16:55Associated with close family inbreeding
16:58Tutankhamun's family
17:00Were not unique in this however
17:02As with a lot of other dynasties
17:05Throughout history
17:05Marriage within the family
17:07Was a way to secure power
17:09Especially after periods of upheaval
17:11It was simply a way to prevent
17:14Power being diluted
17:15And to sort of establish
17:17And to legitimise
17:18One family's claim to the throne
17:20Incest was common
17:23Among Egyptian royalty
17:25But we now know
17:26It can cause serious medical problems
17:28Some of them even fatal
17:30But just how sure are we
17:34About Tutankhamun's own family tree
17:37Professor Aidan Dodson
17:40An Egyptologist
17:41From the University of Bristol
17:42Is an expert on the pharaoh's ancestry
17:45Hello
17:45Hello
17:46Lovely to meet you
17:48Lovely to meet you too
17:50So Aidan
17:53I'm hoping you can help me
17:55Solve a bit of a riddle
17:56I know that we're uncertain
17:58About Tutankhamun's parentage
18:00What do we know about his family?
18:03Okay
18:03The bit which we do know
18:05Absolutely certainly
18:06Is who his wife was
18:08That's Anghesenamun
18:10And that's Tutankhamun
18:11This is a replica
18:13Of a box lid
18:15Which was found in the tomb
18:16And here we've got
18:17The two of them
18:17And yeah
18:19We know that
18:20His wife Anghesenamun
18:21Is a daughter of
18:23Akhenaten
18:24The famous heretic pharaoh
18:25And his wife Nefertiti
18:27Can I have a little look?
18:28Yeah
18:29It's very beautiful isn't it?
18:31It's a gorgeous thing
18:32The original actually is coloured
18:33But that is a very very good
18:35Replica of the thing
18:37So we know her parentage
18:40We're not sure about his
18:42It's 99% certain
18:44That Tutankhamun's father
18:45Was Akhenaten
18:47And so therefore
18:48He's at least a half brother
18:49Of his wife
18:50The big question has always been
18:53Who his mother was
18:54Now in 2010
18:55A DNA study
18:57Of a number of mummies
18:58Proclaimed that Tutankhamun
19:00Was the offspring
19:01Of Akhenaten
19:02And a sister
19:04A full-blooded sister
19:06However there's a problem
19:08With this
19:08Because we have no
19:11Sister wife
19:12Of Akhenaten
19:13But actually
19:14The same DNA
19:16Signature
19:16Into Tutankhamun's body
19:18Would be produced
19:19If his parents
19:21Had been first cousins
19:22His grandparents
19:23Had been first cousins
19:25And great grandparents
19:26So three generations
19:28Of first cousin marriages
19:29Is exactly the same
19:31Genetically
19:32As a brother-sister marriage
19:34OK so
19:36What we have
19:38Is a tradition
19:40Amongst the pharaohs
19:41Of marrying
19:42Within their family
19:43So sometimes
19:45It's brother-sister
19:46And sometimes
19:47You're suggesting
19:48It's cousins
19:49First cousins
19:50Yeah
19:50And certainly
19:51That sort of
19:52Set of first cousin marriages
19:54Is far more credible
19:56Than this
19:57Completely unknown
19:59Sister wife
20:00It's almost certain
20:03That Tutankhamun
20:04Was the product
20:05Of an incestuous relationship
20:07Between either siblings
20:08Or cousins
20:09But what might this have meant
20:12For the young pharaoh
20:13Medically?
20:16Analysis of the mummy
20:17Has suggested
20:18A long list
20:19Of genetic conditions
20:20That may have affected him
20:21An overbite
20:23And cleft palate
20:24Wide hips
20:25And a club foot
20:26But surely
20:27None of these
20:28Was serious enough
20:29To be fatal
20:30Using a 3D digital body
20:35Forensic pathologist
20:36Dr Shepard
20:37Can peel back the skin
20:39To try and give us an answer
20:40Incest for many generations
20:43Means that any diseases
20:45Caused by recessive genes
20:46Were much more likely
20:48To occur
20:49As the chances
20:50Of two abnormal genes
20:52Being present
20:52Was greatly increased
20:54And DNA analysis
20:56Of King Tutankhamun
20:58Showed that he suffered
20:59From one very rare
21:01Genetic disease
21:02Of the foot
21:03Collar's disease
21:06Affects children
21:07It's five times
21:08More prevalent
21:09In boys
21:09Than in girls
21:11And it affects
21:11A navicular bone
21:12Which is deep
21:13Within the centre
21:14Of the foot
21:15That extends
21:16Between the ankle bone
21:18And the cuneiform
21:19The main bones
21:21Of the foot
21:21Crucial to how we walk
21:23And it causes pain
21:25And it causes limping
21:26The question is
21:30Could something like
21:31Collar's disease
21:32Caused by necrosis
21:33In the foot
21:33Lead to death
21:35Although Collar's disease
21:37Is interesting
21:38In giving us an insight
21:40Into his incestuous origins
21:42And researchers
21:44Linking Collar's disease
21:45With inbreeding
21:46It's not the smoking gum
21:48It's unlikely
21:50That Collar's disease
21:52Would have killed
21:52Tutankhamun
21:53But incestuous relationships
21:58Can result
21:59In a myriad of issues
22:01Such as a weakened
22:02Immune system
22:03And increased risk
22:04Of heart problems
22:05That are potentially lethal
22:07Might another of these
22:09Have caused Tut's death
22:10Or is the inbreeding theory
22:13A red herring
22:14This has been a
22:16Quite a controversial question
22:19Because the mummy
22:20Was comprehensively
22:21CAT scanned
22:22A few years ago
22:23And some of the people
22:25Who examined those scans
22:27Did come up
22:28With a whole list
22:29Of possible things
22:30Which were wrong with him
22:32The trouble is
22:33That other experts
22:35Have said
22:36Well no
22:36Not at all
22:37Some of them
22:38Are actually
22:39More to do with
22:40Clumsy embalmers
22:42And things like that
22:43Well if we find
22:45The physical evidence
22:47The CAT scans
22:48The other analyses
22:49Producing different results
22:51Is there anything
22:52In the archaeological evidence
22:53That we could look to
22:54Artifacts
22:55Or iconography
22:55In the tomb
22:56Things like this
22:57That might help us
22:59Solve the question
22:59On this here
23:01He's got a
23:02Walking stick there
23:03And there are a lot
23:04Of walking sticks
23:04Found in the tomb
23:05And people have then said
23:08Ooh
23:08Could that be because
23:09He has a degree of disability
23:11And therefore needs
23:12A stick
23:12There are a couple
23:14Of issues with that
23:14First of all
23:15Staves
23:16Sticks
23:17Were a sign of status
23:18In ancient Egypt
23:19And we have
23:21A number of tombs
23:22Which have got
23:23A huge number
23:23Of staves in them
23:25And there's no indication
23:26That the owner of that tomb
23:27Was in any way disabled
23:29Indeed the actual sign
23:31For a noble
23:32Is a man
23:33With a stick
23:34Right
23:35So what you're saying
23:36Is we can be
23:37Completely misled
23:39If the iconography
23:40Of a stick
23:40Is actually about power
23:41But you put the two things
23:43Together and you go off
23:43In completely the wrong direction
23:44It's really dangerous
23:45Sometimes for the people
23:46To go
23:47Ooh
23:47Cherry pick all these things
23:49Without recognising
23:50What the context
23:51Of Egyptian
23:52Iconography in general is
23:54People interested in this period
24:00Love to explore the idea
24:03Of the inbreeding
24:04And the genetics
24:05Partly this is also fostered
24:07By the art style
24:08Of the period
24:09The royal body
24:10In particular
24:11Was pictured as androgynous
24:14With wide hips
24:15And this has
24:16Obviously been pointed to
24:17Many times
24:18As evidence of
24:19His actual physical appearance
24:21And associated conditions
24:23It's important to remember
24:25That Egyptian art
24:26Isn't true to life
24:28Egyptian art
24:29Had always showed
24:30Not how a person looked
24:31But how they wanted to be seen
24:33It's unlikely
24:34That the art
24:36Of the Amarna period
24:36And depictions
24:37Of Tutankhamun's
24:39Immediate family in art
24:40Are indicative
24:41Of physical appearance
24:42What you're saying
24:46Is this idea
24:47Of Tutankhamun
24:49Being the product
24:51Of incest
24:51And that leading
24:52To his death
24:53Is full of holes
24:55Yeah
24:55I think it's not impossible
24:57That the result
24:58Of his ancestry
24:59The way the genes
25:00Had come together
25:01Made him less resistant
25:03To something or other
25:04But I think
25:05They're just simply saying
25:05Because he was the
25:07Outcome
25:09Of a number of generations
25:10Of inbreeding
25:11Caused his death
25:12It might have been
25:13A contributor
25:14But I don't think
25:15There's any way
25:15It can actually be
25:16The cause
25:17Strange as it might seem
25:26To us
25:26Marrying your sibling
25:27Or your cousin
25:28Was a perfectly normal
25:30Ancient Egyptian practice
25:31Designed to strengthen
25:33And the bloodline
25:34It may have done
25:34The exact opposite
25:36The pathological evidence
25:38Points to necrosis
25:40In Tutankhamun's left foot
25:42The archaeological evidence
25:43Suggests that the walking sticks
25:45In his tomb
25:46Maybe he had an affliction
25:48Maybe walking was difficult
25:49For him
25:50And painful
25:51But on the other hand
25:53Staves and canes
25:55Could indicate status
25:57So maybe
25:57He didn't have
25:58A disability at all
25:59And even if he did
26:01It wouldn't have killed him
26:03So in the end
26:05I think we have to rule out
26:06Incest
26:06As the cause of his death
26:08But if inbreeding
26:12Didn't kill Tutankhamun
26:13Then what did?
26:21I am learning
26:29That when it comes
26:30To Tutankhamun's death
26:31That nothing can be said
26:32With any certainty
26:33So far we have seen
26:35The theory of a blow
26:36To the young Thoreau's skull
26:37Discredited
26:38And that the ancient
26:40Egyptian practice
26:40Of inbreeding
26:41Is unlikely to have been
26:42The main cause of his death
26:44Neither theory
26:45Really scratches the surface
26:46Of the mystery
26:47But there is one piece
26:48Of pathology evidence
26:49I haven't yet considered
26:51It is without question
26:56That the body
26:56Of Tutankhamun
26:58Bears numerous signs
26:59Of physical damage
27:00Everything from broken ribs
27:02To a missing heart
27:03Leading to speculation
27:05That perhaps an accident
27:07Could have killed him
27:08More recent examinations
27:12Of the body
27:12Revealed one devastating injury
27:14That seems to support
27:16This theory
27:17The fact that we have
27:19Of King Tut's body
27:20In this case
27:21Is so illuminating
27:22In 2005
27:24A CT scan
27:25Showed the body
27:26Was in poor condition
27:27But crucially
27:29It did confirm
27:30The presence
27:31Of a fractured
27:32Left femur
27:33The femur
27:36Is the biggest
27:37And strongest bone
27:38In the whole
27:39Of the body
27:40This particularly
27:41Applies
27:42To a young
27:43Adult male
27:44It's a massive bone
27:45It's a massive bone
27:46Incredibly powerful
27:48And crucial
27:49Obviously for walking
27:50And locomotion
27:52To have a fractured femur
27:54Without support
27:56Would mean that the person
27:57Could not move
27:58On their own
27:59There are some diseases
28:01That can weaken it
28:02Both genetic
28:03And acquired things
28:04Like infection
28:05But we know
28:06From the x-rays
28:07That Tut has had
28:08That none of those apply
28:09So the damage
28:10To his femur
28:12Must be due to trauma
28:14To break the femur
28:18Would have taken
28:18A huge amount of force
28:20So what might have
28:21Caused this?
28:24Do the archaeological finds
28:26Uncovered in his burial chamber
28:28Offer any clues?
28:30There is much evidence
28:31In the tomb
28:32Of the king's love
28:34Of chariot racing
28:35And of hunting
28:36There are six chariots
28:37In the tomb itself
28:38Hunting, spearing, racing
28:40Were considered
28:41Religious demonstrations
28:43Of power
28:44And control
28:45Over the wild
28:47Chaos of nature
28:48And so by ritualistically
28:50Being shown hunting
28:51The king was maintaining order
28:53Might riding a chariot
28:57The very thing
28:58That symbolised
28:59Tutankhamun's status
29:00As pharaoh
29:01Also have led
29:02To his downfall
29:03To explore this theory
29:06I need to understand
29:08Just how dangerous
29:09This royal pursuit
29:10Could be
29:11Now where I am
29:15Might seem strange
29:16I am a long way
29:17From Egypt
29:18I have come to Yorkshire
29:19To meet Mike Lodes
29:21Who is a historian
29:22He's a master
29:23Of historical reconstruction
29:25And he knows
29:26An awful lot
29:27About chariots
29:28Ancient Egyptian chariots
29:36Were the Ferraris
29:37Of their day
29:38Used since 1600 BCE
29:42By pharaohs
29:43And the elite of society
29:44For warfare
29:46Parades
29:46And hunting
29:47By Tutankhamun's time
29:49Chariots were so key
29:50To royal life
29:51That they were frequently
29:52Exchanged as gifts
29:54From one king
29:54To another
29:55It's likely
29:58That the young pharaoh
29:59Began riding a chariot
30:00At around 16 years old
30:02I think the horses
30:09Need a rest
30:09This chariot
30:12Is this
30:13Like something
30:14That Tutankhamun
30:15Would have had
30:15It is exactly like it
30:18There were six chariots
30:19Found in Tutankhamun's tomb
30:21And this is a replica
30:23Of one of those
30:24And the style of chariots
30:26In Tutankhamun's tomb
30:27Are hunting chariots
30:29Like this
30:30I'm really struck
30:30By the fact
30:31That the wheels
30:31Are very narrow
30:32Yeah
30:33The whole thing
30:33Is very slight
30:34And delicate looking
30:36Isn't it
30:36That's because
30:38We have these
30:39Small horses
30:40They can't take
30:41A lot of weight
30:42The way you get that
30:45Is with this
30:46Bentwood technology
30:47Because a curve
30:48Is stronger
30:50Than a straight
30:51Piece of wood
30:51You look at the wheel
30:52Here
30:52You see how that
30:55Comes like that
30:56Yeah
30:56There's a join
30:58Inside there
30:58That is one piece
31:00Of wood
31:01And it's probably
31:02A grown bend
31:03So you get
31:04Extraordinary strength
31:06With minimal spokes
31:08Minimal weight
31:10The chariot
31:14The chariot was designed
31:14To be light
31:15Nimble
31:16And fast
31:17And now
31:18I have the chance
31:19To experience
31:19Just how fast
31:21For myself
31:21Wish me luck
31:23Now this is
31:28Certainly one way
31:29For a pharaoh
31:29To get his thrills
31:31But hunting in them
31:34Travelling at speeds
31:35Of 25 miles per hour
31:37Was a challenging feat
31:39And Mike believes
31:41There are certainly
31:41Moments when
31:42Accidents could happen
31:44So I'm shooting
31:47A gazelle
31:48Or an ostrich
31:50Okay
31:50And it changes sides
31:53I can't come in front of you
31:55Because you've got the reins
31:56Right
31:56So when I say change
31:58You scoot over here
31:59Change
31:59And we're the other side
32:03You see
32:03Change
32:04And we're the other side
32:07Yes
32:07That takes a little bit
32:08Of choreography
32:09I reckon
32:09But that's the moment
32:11Of vulnerability
32:11It is the moment
32:12Of vulnerability
32:12And I'm also really struck
32:14By the fact
32:14When I was going round
32:15I was hanging on
32:15For dear life
32:16And if you're moving
32:18Around like that
32:18You're not hanging on at all
32:20No
32:20Because if you're shooting
32:21About
32:21You're shooting
32:21You're shooting
32:22If Tutankhamun
32:23Had fallen
32:24Out of the back
32:25Of a chariot
32:26At a vulnerable moment
32:28Like that
32:29And he's fallen onto sand
32:30He surely couldn't
32:32Have broken his femur
32:33The desert
32:34In Egypt
32:35Can be sand drifts
32:37But it's very often
32:39Hard rock
32:40With potholes
32:41And rocks
32:41So
32:43Change
32:43If at that moment
32:45We went over a bump
32:47That's when
32:48I could have fallen down
32:49Now
32:51If I've fallen down
32:53A pharaoh
32:54Doesn't hunt alone
32:56A pharaoh
32:57Has security
32:58A posse
32:59There's a squadron
33:01Of chariots
33:02He's fallen down
33:03He's just
33:05Getting up
33:06And he either gets
33:07Knocked by the wheel
33:09Or
33:10He's just getting up
33:11Gets knocked by this hub
33:12You can see how
33:13That gets by Neil
33:14So that
33:15People trying to avoid him
33:17This is what
33:18Will break the femur
33:19Not running over you
33:21But just
33:22Impact into it
33:23I think it was
33:24A hunting accident
33:25Mike may be convinced
33:33But I'm not certain
33:34We can be sure
33:35That Tutankhamun
33:36Broke his leg
33:36In this way
33:37That said
33:40There is compelling
33:41Archaeological evidence
33:42For his love of hunting
33:44In a chariot
33:45One stunning find
33:47From his tomb
33:48Was an ostrich
33:49Feather fan
33:50Created after
33:51One of the pharaoh's
33:52Many hunting expeditions
33:53The ostrich fan
33:56Is delightful
33:57Because it's personal
33:59It originally had
34:00Feathers in it
34:00From an ostrich
34:01That Tutankhamun
34:02Himself
34:03Hunted
34:04On a chariot
34:05Like this one
34:06What I've just learned
34:08Is that
34:08Acquiring those feathers
34:10Involved something
34:11So dangerous
34:12That it could have been
34:13One of the only things
34:14That could have broken
34:15His femur
34:16But does the pathology
34:19Support the idea
34:20That a broken leg bone
34:21Could have been serious enough
34:23To kill him
34:24There were two
34:26Key pieces of evidence
34:28Of the femur
34:29The recent fracture
34:31Did not show
34:33Any changes
34:34Associated with healing
34:35And embalming fluid
34:37Could be seen
34:38Covering the entire site
34:40Ancient Egyptian
34:43Funeral practices
34:44Mean that Tutankhamun's
34:46Embalming
34:46Would have taken place
34:47Very shortly
34:48After his death
34:49So any fresh injuries
34:51To the pharaoh's body
34:53Would have been coated
34:54With the embalming liquids
34:55He must have died
34:58Very close
35:00To the time
35:01That he received
35:01This injury
35:02And in pre-antibiotic
35:05Egypt
35:06A fracture of this
35:07Severity
35:08In this bone
35:09Is very likely
35:11To have proved fatal
35:12Thousands of years ago
35:16The significant amount
35:17Of blood loss
35:18From an injury
35:19On this scale
35:20The shock to the body
35:21And even infection
35:23Of the wound
35:23Could all be
35:24Life-threatening
35:25Tutankhamun
35:33Tutankhamun
35:34Losing his life
35:35In a chariot crash
35:37Is certainly
35:37A thrilling image
35:39That he sustained
35:40An injury
35:41That hadn't healed
35:42By the time he died
35:43Does raise
35:44Some intriguing possibilities
35:46But am I making
35:48Too much
35:48Of one broken bone
35:50Is it a leap
35:51Too far
35:52To pin
35:53The pharaoh's death
35:54On this alone
35:55There's one final piece
35:58Of evidence
35:58That needs examining
35:59So far I've learnt
36:17That when it comes
36:18To Tutankhamun's death
36:19Murder is unlikely
36:21The theory of incest
36:23Is misleading
36:24And the broken femur
36:26From a chariot crash
36:27That hadn't healed
36:28By the time of his death
36:29Is compelling
36:30But perhaps not sufficient
36:32Is there something
36:34Is there something
36:34That I'm missing
36:35Throughout my exploration
36:41Of the death
36:42Of Tutankhamun
36:43One unusual
36:45And unique piece
36:46Of evidence
36:47Has been key
36:48The body
36:49Of the pharaoh
36:50Himself
36:50I think it's worth
36:53Revisiting
36:53The mummified remains
36:55To see if there's
36:56Anything I've overlooked
36:57Egyptologist
36:59Dr Chris Norton
37:00Is an expert
37:01In the ancient practice
37:03Of mummification
37:04Hello
37:06Hello
37:07We're very fortunate
37:10To have his mummy
37:12And the mummy
37:14Allows us to
37:15To some extent
37:16See aspects
37:17Of the condition
37:18Of his health
37:19What does mummification
37:21Normally involve
37:22A very small incision
37:24Could be made
37:24In the sort of
37:25Lower left
37:26Torso area
37:28And from this
37:29They extract
37:30The liver
37:31Lungs
37:31Intestines
37:32And stomach
37:33Those are then
37:34Wrapped and mummified
37:35Separately
37:36The body is then
37:37Embalmed
37:38And then wrapped
37:39In linen
37:40Bandages
37:41But
37:42Although the mummy
37:43Has survived
37:44We can see
37:45Telltale signs
37:46That in his case
37:47Things were not done
37:49Quite as they
37:50Should have been
37:51And what is that?
37:52It seems like
37:53A botch job
37:53The embalming
37:54Scar's in the wrong
37:55Place
37:55It's too big
37:56The heart
37:58Which is not
37:59One of those organs
38:00That should have
38:00Been removed
38:01Is missing
38:02One possibility
38:04Is that he was
38:05Nowhere near
38:06A decent
38:08Embalmer
38:09Could he have been
38:10Away from the Nile
38:12Valley
38:12Could he have been
38:13Outside Egypt
38:14It's all kind of
38:15Speculation
38:16But if we're looking
38:18For a cause of death
38:19You can't ignore
38:20Or the fact
38:21That his mummy
38:22Is a bit strange
38:24Perhaps then
38:28The physical state
38:29Of the mummy
38:30Can't always be trusted
38:32When it comes to
38:33The cause of
38:33Tutankhamun's death
38:35But the fact
38:36That it still exists
38:37Has allowed us
38:38To apply the latest
38:39Developments
38:40In medical science
38:41To examine
38:42The young pharaoh's
38:43General health
38:44And one of these
38:46The same DNA study
38:48That suggested
38:49His incestuous origins
38:50Did reveal something else
38:52That might have been
38:53Responsible for his death
38:55Tutankhamun's body
38:59Suggested quite heavily
39:00Prominence of malaria
39:01We don't know
39:05If the ancient Egyptians
39:06Would have recognised
39:07What malaria was
39:09Or what caused it
39:10But there's certainly
39:11A lot of evidence
39:12That malaria was rife
39:14In ancient Egypt
39:15It was a civilisation
39:16Along a water
39:17Where there were mosquitoes
39:18It would have been
39:20A real and ever-present concern
39:22It's a disease
39:26That still affects
39:27People around the world
39:28Today
39:28But just how serious
39:30Could it have been
39:31For the young king
39:32By looking beneath the skin
39:36To examine the vital organs
39:38Of a 3D digital body
39:39Might forensic pathologist
39:41Dr Shepard
39:42Be able to shed
39:43Some more light
39:44Malaria is one of the
39:48Oldest diseases
39:49And yet it still kills
39:51Half a million people
39:53Globally every year
39:54It's affected
39:56And infected
39:57The human population
39:58Since the beginning of time
40:00The malaria parasite
40:02Affects mainly
40:03The red blood cells
40:04In the body
40:04But that in turn
40:05Causes damage
40:07To many organs
40:08As those red cells
40:10Move around
40:10In particular
40:12It causes damage
40:13To the spleen
40:14Tucked under the ribs
40:16On the left-hand side
40:17When the person's
40:20Infected by malaria
40:21The spleen gets bigger
40:22And bigger
40:23And bigger
40:24And may actually rupture
40:25Causing sudden hemorrhage
40:27Into the abdominal cavity
40:29Collapse
40:30And death
40:31So the pathology
40:35Confirms that malaria
40:36If left untreated
40:38Can have deadly consequences
40:40But what do we know
40:44About Tutankhamun's
40:45Experience of this illness
40:47In day-to-day life
40:48In ancient Egypt
40:50Very crisp
40:52That Tutankhamun
40:53Had malaria
40:54Was it endemic
40:55And what was the sort of
40:57State of ancient
40:58Egyptian medical knowledge
41:00Did they have
41:00Have ways of dealing with it
41:01It does seem likely
41:03That malaria was
41:04A constant problem
41:05That affected
41:07All levels of society
41:08We know
41:10That the Egyptians
41:11Were certainly
41:12Aware of a whole
41:14Variety of conditions
41:16Affecting all kinds
41:17Of different parts
41:18Of the body
41:19And their remedies
41:20Which we know about
41:22Mostly from
41:24Documents
41:25Papyrus documents
41:26Are mostly herbal
41:28Magical in some cases
41:30As well
41:31There's quite a lot
41:31Of overlap
41:32Between magic
41:33And medicine
41:33For the Egyptians
41:34By the time
41:35These papyri
41:36Were written
41:37They had had
41:39An awful lot
41:39Of experience
41:40Of observing conditions
41:42Treating them
41:42In various ways
41:43Probably with some success
41:45So it may well be
41:46That had Tutankhamun
41:47Been suffering from malaria
41:48They might have known
41:48Exactly what it was
41:49Exactly what caused it
41:50And how to treat it
41:51And it might not have been
41:52An issue for him
41:53Really at all
41:54It's interesting isn't it
41:55Because we come across
41:56This mixture of
41:58Incantation
41:59And science
42:01You know
42:03Herbal remedies
42:04Maybe some of those
42:05Things are not
42:06Quite so contradictory
42:07As we might
42:08Previously have thought
42:09Yeah absolutely
42:10I think it's difficult
42:11To get into the mindset
42:14Of an ancient culture
42:15Religion for everybody
42:17In ancient Egypt
42:18Is the world
42:19It's not a thing
42:20That you can step outside of
42:21While it might be useful
42:23To apply
42:24You know
42:25A rub of
42:26Palms crushed up
42:28Or something like that
42:29If you can also
42:31Do that
42:31With the right words
42:32To invoke the right spirits
42:34Or the right gods
42:34At the same time
42:35Then it's going to be
42:36More effective
42:37The Egyptians do seem
42:38To have been
42:39Observing
42:41And experimenting
42:43And applying these things
42:45And presumably
42:46Noting success as well
42:47So
42:48I think we have to
42:49Give them some credit
42:50Surviving documents
42:51Such as the
42:52Ebers papyrus
42:53Written in 1550 BCE
42:55Show that
42:56Ancient Egyptians
42:57Were very used
42:58To the threat of malaria
43:00They were able
43:04To manage symptoms
43:05With herbal remedies
43:06Such as garlic
43:08And other plants
43:09With anti-fever properties
43:10Or with practices
43:12Like enemas
43:12To try and flush
43:13Illness from the body
43:14Perhaps then
43:17Malaria isn't
43:19The definitive culprit
43:20In this case
43:21So Chris
43:24Do you think
43:25The most likely cause
43:26Of Tutankhamun's death
43:28Was that he had malaria
43:30I'm not sure
43:32It's the most likely cause
43:34There's good evidence
43:36To suggest that
43:37He was suffering
43:38From malaria
43:39Sure
43:39Were it not for something else
43:41He might well have survived
43:42Got over it
43:42Maybe it didn't affect him
43:43That badly
43:44I think we also need to consider
43:46To what extent
43:47Malaria was unusual
43:49In the population
43:50Whether this was something
43:52That was endemic
43:53That wasn't killing everybody off
43:55But was carried by people
43:57It's an intriguing possibility
43:59But we can't conclude
44:02That that is how he came
44:04To die
44:04Historical and archaeological evidence
44:10Of how the ancient Egyptians
44:12Dealt with diseases
44:13Including malaria
44:14Cast doubt on the theory
44:16That it was the sole cause
44:18Of the young king's death
44:19But could it have been
44:22A contributing factor
44:23Can we find the answer
44:25In the pathological evidence
44:27So we know
44:29Toot must have had malaria
44:31Many times
44:32Even in his short life
44:33And those episodes of malaria
44:35Would have weakened
44:36His immune system
44:37And possibly made him
44:38Anemic as well
44:39By damaging his bone marrow
44:40That would have made him
44:44More susceptible
44:45To other diseases
44:46Particularly infections
44:48And that means
44:50That malaria itself
44:52Whilst it didn't kill him
44:53Is highly likely
44:55To have contributed
44:57To the cause of his death
44:59So Tutankhamun's
45:04Compromised immune system
45:06Combined with other injuries
45:08His broken thigh bone
45:09Unhealed at the time
45:10Of his death
45:11As an obvious candidate
45:12Could have proved fatal
45:14As my exploration
45:22Into the death
45:23Of Tutankhamun
45:23Draws to a close
45:25And after examining
45:26All the evidence
45:27What can we conclude
45:29About its cause
45:30The famed and fabulous curse
45:34Of Tutankhamun
45:35Has fermented the idea
45:36That the young pharaoh
45:37Died as a result
45:38Of murder
45:39But the pathology
45:41Doesn't support this
45:42The genetic study
45:43Was fascinating
45:44But didn't go far enough
45:45To explain his death
45:47Having ridden in a chariot
45:49Myself
45:49I know how dangerous
45:50It could be
45:51And he had a broken femur
45:53And he had a broken femur
45:53That hadn't healed properly
45:54By the time of his death
45:55And then there's malaria
45:57Maybe
45:58Just maybe
45:59Malaria
45:59And a break
46:01To the largest bone
46:02In his body
46:02Were together
46:03Enough to overwhelm
46:04His immune system
46:05In an age before
46:07Antibiotics
46:08And anti-malarials
46:09It certainly would have been
46:10Enough to kill him
46:11I imagine that
46:12However much
46:13We poke and prod
46:14At his body
46:15We'll never be able
46:16To be more definitive
46:17Than that
46:46In an age before
46:47In an age before
46:48In an age before
46:49In an age before
46:50In an age before
46:51In an age before
46:53In an age before
46:54In an age before
46:55In an age before
46:56In an age before
46:57In an age before
46:58In an age before
46:59In an age before
47:00In an age before
47:01In an age before
47:02In an age before
47:03In an age before
47:04In an age before
47:05In an age before
47:06In an age before
47:07In an age before
47:08In an age before
47:09In an age before
47:10In an age before
47:11In an age before
47:12In an age before
47:13In an age before
47:14In an age before
47:15In an age before
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