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00:00From 538 BC and for almost 200 years, the people would be part of the
00:14Persian Empire. King Cyrus has defeated Babylon and Egypt, but adopts a stance
00:21of tolerance to prevent trade from weakening with the change of power. Likewise
00:26He is a tolerant monarch in religious matters, so much so that he chooses to let the Jews
00:32return to your land, take with you the temple utensils that Nebuchadnezzar had taken, and
00:38He authorizes them to rebuild the temple of their ancestors. Two phenomena occur in this return to Jerusalem.
00:47Some Jews had achieved financial stability to such an extent that they decided to remain.
00:52in Babylon, so a Jewish colony arose in that country. On the other hand, those who chose
00:59Upon their return to their long-awaited Jerusalem, they were confronted with a reality they had not anticipated.
01:06The lands were destroyed, and the fields and houses were occupied by foreigners.
01:13Adding to this, the Samaritans, who were descendants of the foreigners brought
01:18by the Assyrians, and although they worshipped the same god as the country, they were considered by the newcomers
01:25as religiously impure and people not belonging to their race. This exacerbated the hostility between them.
01:33groups. Later, around 333 BC, the Persian Empire would be weakened by the
01:41Various revolts arose, and it was conquered by Alexander the Great. Upon his death,
01:47Their generals will divide the empire among themselves and found dynasties such as the Lagids or Ptolemies and the
01:54Seleucids. Greek civilization spread throughout the Near East. Until 200 BC.
02:02Judea is administered by the Lagids, who show respect for the way of life of the
02:08Jews, which was established according to Edras's instructions. Within this period,
02:15They returned to Jerusalem. We will see the last prophets speak to the people, and among their prophecies
02:21The final years of the temple's restoration and the promise of the Messiah will unfold.
02:26Prophecy. It will not be until the arrival of John the Baptist that God will speak again through prophecy.
02:32The prophets. The first prophets of this latter group to appear are Haggai and Zechariah.
02:40Both were among the first repatriated to Jerusalem. But this story of their return to the
02:46We will look at the City of God in more detail in the next class when we look at the books of Ezra and
02:52Nehemiah. The prophets' announcement had awakened in the people the hope that the
03:02return to the beloved city, the taking of one's own lands and the reconstruction of the country and the temple
03:09It would have been easy to carry out. The reality was different, which aroused some distrust in them.
03:16It is then that the prophet Haggai appears. This book, of only two chapters, although short
03:24In its elements, it distinguishes fundamental themes of the prophet's preaching, such as the
03:30invitation to rebuild the temple, the people's response, and a priestly instruction
03:37on the pure and the impure. Unlike his predecessors in this prophetic ministry, Haggai
03:44He found listeners willing to hear him. The book begins by recounting his success.
03:51through this preaching. In the year 520 he invited the exiles who had returned to join in
03:59work. It's true that things have been difficult, but some have forgotten the most important task.
04:06The reconstruction of the temple is important. The people live their ordinary lives and have forgotten the house of
04:14God. If things go badly, if there is no rain, no harvests, no livestock, it is because the people have neglected God.
04:22the house of the Lord to dedicate themselves to building their own homes. The splendor of the second
04:29The temple will be greater than the first, but it is necessary that the people get to work. Let us read together the
04:36next passage.
04:37And take heart, all you people of the country. Work, for I am with you. I, the Lord,
04:49Almighty, I affirm it. Just as I promised them when they left Egypt, my spirit accompanies them.
04:57Do not be afraid. Soon I will shake the heavens and the earth, the sea and the dry land. I will
05:06All nations will tremble, and they will bring their riches, and my temple will be filled with glory.
05:13The Almighty Lord affirms it. The silver and the gold are mine. This second temple will be more beautiful than the first.
05:21First. Then I will bring peace to this place. I, the Lord Almighty, affirm it.
05:34Zechariah, a prophet and priest, began preaching just a few months after he did.
05:40To Geo. Both prophets intended to encourage the resumption of temple construction. Likewise
05:47Zechariah preached a twofold message to Geon. The temple is important, but there is something much more.
05:55A great thing is coming. Work, do not be afraid. Be attentive to the day of the Lord. In these times of His
06:04Preaching, the Persian Empire is going through its best period and it seems there will be a long time of
06:11government ahead. So Zechariah encourages the people in the hope of the descendants of
06:18David, Governor Zerubbabel, and High Priest Joshua. Although both are merely shadows of what
06:25It was formerly the monarchy and the high priesthood; the prophet invites them to wait on the Lord because
06:32A better tomorrow awaits the people. God promises the coming of a descendant of David who
06:39It is the long-awaited seed that will bring forth the kingdom and the high priesthood to reign from the temple
06:47definitive.
06:53After Isaiah, the prophet Zechariah is the one who most frequently prophesies the arrival of the Messiah, the descendants
07:00of David. The messianic hope tied to the rebuilding of the temple had changed. Now
07:07The figure of the king is presented in humility, riding on a donkey, also as a shepherd
07:13rejected and like a man who is pierced and becomes a source of life and reconciliation
07:20for the people. The Lord's final battle gives way to the beginning of a new era of happiness.
07:26In the New Testament, Matthew speaks of the prophecy of the humble king, when Jesus enters triumphantly
07:34He rode on a donkey to Jerusalem, implying that the prophecy had been fulfilled.
07:42Regarding this prophecy, His Holiness Benedict XVI expressed himself in these terms during the
07:48Palm Sunday celebration 2010. Jesus enters the Holy City, riding on a donkey, it is
07:58That is to say, the animal of the simple, common people of the countryside. And also a donkey that doesn't belong to him.
08:06Instead, he borrows for this occasion. He doesn't arrive in a sumptuous royal carriage, nor on horseback,
08:13like the great men of the world, but on a borrowed donkey. To understand the meaning of
08:19We must listen to the prophecy and, consequently, to the very actions of Jesus.
08:25The text of Zechariah continues thus: He will destroy the chariots of Ephraim and the horses
08:31of Jerusalem. He will break the battle bow and proclaim peace to the nations. His dominion will go
08:38From sea to sea and from the river to the ends of the earth. Thus the prophet affirms three things about
08:46The future king. First, he says he will be king of the poor, poor among the poor, and for the
08:54The poor. Poverty in the sense that Jesus gives it, the sense of the prophets, presupposes above all
09:01To be inwardly free from the greed for possessions and the lust for power. This is a reality.
09:08greater than a simple different distribution of goods, which will be limited to the material field and more
09:15It would indeed harden hearts. Above all, it is about the purification of the heart, through which one
09:23recognizes possession as a responsibility, as a task with respect to others, placing oneself under the
09:30God's gaze and letting ourselves be guided by Christ, who, though rich, became poor for us.
09:38It is important, as His Holiness Benedict XVI says, to remember that in order to give Jesus the true
09:45worship and the power to proclaim him as our Messiah, shouting a deep hosanna where we declare Jesus
09:52Just like our Savior, we need to do it from a free heart,
09:57that he may be truly purified so that we may respond to him like the poor in spirit,
10:04those truly in need of his love and presence.
10:09Let us remember that the poor person the Bible speaks of was that man or woman who acted in accordance with
10:15He trusts in God's will and waits on Him, even in the midst of difficulties.
10:19Their hope is the arrival of that humble and just Messiah who will know how to deliver them by means
10:26unexpected. This contradicts the false hopes of the arrival of a powerful Messiah.
10:32and with a triumphalist attitude. These poor of the Lord will see their waiting crowned with the arrival.
10:39of our Lord Jesus Christ, the humble King.
10:42In the time of these aforementioned prophets, a final redactor completes the book of Isaiah,
10:55Also known as the third Isaiah. He tries to restore the people's faith in the Lord.
11:03This last part contains prophetic messages that refer to themes about fasting,
11:08Sabbath observance and criticism of bad rulers, among other things.
11:14It is most likely that the intended audience for this part of the book is no longer the deportees.
11:20to Babylon, but those who had returned to Jerusalem and were fighting to rebuild the
11:25nation amidst various internal difficulties and foreign threats.
11:31To combat the people's despair, the prophet declares that what hinders salvation
11:37Sin and infidelity are from God. That is why it is necessary to banish idolatry.
11:43and all kinds of injustice. And in doing so, we will contribute to the creation of a new world.
11:49in which foreigners will also have a place.