00:00It looks like a beach ordinary beach, but something wreaks your fear.
00:06The sable is too red, the sun is too intense, the wind souffle in a strange way,
00:12and there is no water in the ocean.
00:15Don't worry about it, it's normal, you are on Mars.
00:19During very long time, we considered Mars as a cold and without vie,
00:23a desert where the water exists only in form of glass or smoke.
00:27But new research suggests that it was hundreds of years ago,
00:30it was a completely different place.
00:32And instead of this rain at perte of view,
00:35there was perhaps something that was much more familiar,
00:38the clouds of sable sun.
00:40The scientists of Penn State,
00:42the University of Berkeley and the University of Guangzhou
00:45studied the radar data of the Chinese rover Zhurong.
00:48It started to race on Mars in 2021.
00:51In exploring the surface of the red planet,
00:54he discovered the formations rocheuses inclinées
00:57which look at the surface of the sea.
01:00We call them the sédiments littoraux.
01:02They form under the effect of waves,
01:04which push the sable towards the river.
01:07But Zhurong didn't make a beautiful picture of taking pictures.
01:10He was also equipped with a radar capable of penetrating the soil,
01:13and this tool allowed to scan the depths of the Martian surface
01:17on 2 km between May 2021 and May 2022.
01:20He made a pretty incredible discovery.
01:23There are layers of sediment forming a pente of about 15 degrees,
01:26so a configuration identical to the one that we find on Earth.
01:30And no, it does not come from the wind,
01:32from the volcanoes or other natural phenomena.
01:34It really looked like a beach.
01:36And it's in fact very important.
01:39Because if there were waves and waves,
01:41it was supposed to be a big étendue of water.
01:44It means that Mars could perhaps
01:46meet the ideal conditions for life.
01:49Even after 3,5 milliards of years,
01:52these formations are still still similar to our earth.
01:55It is therefore a time where Mars was
01:58quite more than a simple rainwater streamer
02:00floating in space.
02:01After showing this surprise,
02:04the radar of Zhurong has scanned the soil
02:06at 79 mètres of depth,
02:08and discovered the sedimentary clouds.
02:10They were formed along a perpendicular
02:13to an ancient littoral
02:14which probably existed there
02:16probably 4,000,000 years ago.
02:17D'un autre côté,
02:18this is perhaps not so surprising.
02:20Jadis,
02:21Mars was not the desert arid and gelé
02:23that we know today.
02:25Her atmosphere was more dense,
02:27her climate was more hot,
02:28and the liquid liquid was abundant.
02:30And I'm not talking about
02:31a few small lakes.
02:32The plagues are not formed
02:33without a massive mass of water.
02:35For the waves
02:36to feed the terrain
02:37in such a way,
02:38it was necessary to throw
02:39the rivers into a vast ocean.
02:41It was necessary to be able
02:42to be able to move the water
02:43to move the sable.
02:44And all this water
02:45has remained a long time
02:46at the same place.
02:47It was not a simple period
02:49a little humid,
02:50but a few millions of years
02:51during which Mars
02:53was active on the plan hydrologic,
02:55offering the ideal conditions
02:57for the rise of life.
02:58This discovery
02:59reinforces
03:00even a theory
03:01which intrigue
03:02scientists
03:03since the years 1970.
03:04It's at this time
03:05that the Viking
03:06Viking
03:07of the NASA
03:08took photos
03:09of what seemed to be
03:10a littoral
03:11around the north of Mars.
03:12However,
03:13there was a problem.
03:14The littoral
03:15was very irregular,
03:16with the dénivelé
03:17to reach 10 kilometers.
03:19It had nothing to do
03:20with the plates
03:21and relatively uniform
03:22that we observe on Earth.
03:24This difference
03:25led by scientists
03:26to doubt
03:27a doubt
03:28of the existence
03:29of an ocean martian.
03:30Pendant years,
03:31scientists
03:32tried to
03:33this mystery.
03:34In 2007,
03:35they suggested that
03:36the rotation of Mars
03:37was modified
03:38there hundreds of years.
03:39As soon as
03:40the gigantic
03:41region volcanic
03:42of Tarsis
03:43developed,
03:44the axis of rotation
03:45of the planet
03:46was inclined,
03:47deforming the surface.
03:48This could explain
03:49why the river
03:50is so irregular
03:51today.
03:52In other words,
03:53the river
03:54was transformed
03:55over the time.
03:56Mars
03:57gives us
03:58a few years
03:59an indication
04:00of his past
04:01aquatics.
04:02Curiosity
04:03discovered
04:04the ancient
04:05ondulations
04:06in the crater
04:07Gale.
04:08Perseverance
04:09is currently
04:10a delta
04:11fluvial
04:12fossilized
04:13in the crater
04:14Jezero.
04:15Today,
04:16with the proof
04:17of the existence
04:18of an ancient ocean,
04:19everything
04:20of the sea
04:21of the sea
04:22of the sea
04:23of the sea
04:24of the sea
04:25of the sea.
04:26The mission
04:27of Zhurong
04:28s'est achevée
04:29in May 2022,
04:30when the rain
04:31is coming to cover
04:32its solar panels.
04:33But it can be
04:34that future missions
04:35can explore
04:36more detail
04:37its ancient
04:38depots
04:39of the sea.
04:40The scientists
04:41could decide
04:42to fall deeper
04:43into the sea
04:44of the sea
04:45of the sea
04:46of the sea
04:47of the sea.
04:48There is so
04:49a real hope
04:50that in the future,
04:51we can discover
04:52more information
04:53about the past
04:54Mars.
04:55In the same time,
04:56the rover Perseverance
04:57of the NASA
04:58is already working
04:59in the crater
05:00J-0
05:01to collect
05:02samples.
05:03The scientists
05:04expect that
05:05they will bring them
05:06in the years
05:07of the sea.
05:08Even if these samples
05:09will not come from the
05:10ancient ocean,
05:11they could help us
05:12to know more
05:13about the liquid
05:14of Mars.
05:15For now,
05:16the discovery of
05:17the rover
05:19was perhaps
05:20much more
05:21to the Earth
05:22with water,
05:23waves
05:24and rivers.
05:25Now,
05:26the rover Perseverance
05:27continues to work
05:28on Mars.
05:29It is equipped
05:30with a special force
05:31that it uses
05:32to gratter the
05:33sand and the layers
05:34of the rocks
05:35of the sea.
05:36One of its cameras
05:38took a big picture
05:39in a big picture
05:40which revealed
05:41that the rover
05:42was not lisse.
05:43It was composed
05:44of small crystals
05:45of two instruments
05:46to analyze
05:47the chemical composition
05:48of the rocks.
05:49The results
05:50confirmed that
05:51the rover,
05:52called Rochette,
05:53was of volcanic origin.
05:54It was formed
05:55by lava
05:56or magma
05:57and not
05:58of wood
05:59and of argile
06:00as the scientists
06:01had supposed to
06:02the presence
06:03of an ancient
06:04lake.
06:05Perseverance,
06:06which is called
06:07Percy,
06:08on Mars
06:09in February 2021,
06:10with a small helicopter
06:11called Ingenuity.
06:12It is the rover
06:13the most advanced
06:14jamais envoyé
06:15on Mars.
06:16It succeeded
06:17at Curiosity,
06:18Spirit,
06:19Opportunity
06:20and others.
06:21Cependant,
06:22Percy
06:23has a different mission.
06:24While the rover
06:25precedents
06:26studied
06:27principalmente
06:28the rocks
06:29and the
06:30climate
06:31martian,
06:32Perseverance
06:33research
06:34signs of life
06:35past.
06:36If scientists
06:37chose
06:38the cratère G0,
06:39it is
06:41and collected
06:42the rocks
06:43that he studied
06:44at the aid of his
06:45scientific instruments.
06:46He also collected
06:47some rocks
06:48to bring them
06:49on Earth
06:50where they will be studied
06:51at least.
06:52Perseverance
06:53has made
06:54amazing discoveries
06:55on Mars.
06:56The scientists
06:57who analyze
06:58the data
06:59that he sent us
07:00to discover
07:01that the cratère
07:02G0
07:03has changed
07:04a lot
07:05a long time.
07:06This region
07:07was covered
07:08in fusion
07:09by the rivers
07:10that transport
07:11of the sand
07:12and the sable
07:13and has even
07:14experienced enormous
07:15floods
07:16from the regions
07:17lointain.
07:18This means
07:19that the history
07:20of G0 is more active
07:21and imprevisible
07:22that the scientists think.
07:23It has certainly made
07:24more difficult
07:25the research
07:26of the sedimentary
07:27but it also revealed
07:28new places
07:29where life
07:30could exist
07:31by the past.
07:32Another
07:33passion
07:34of
07:36Perseverance
07:37contains
07:38carbon
07:39the same
07:40that those
07:41that compose
07:42the life
07:43on Earth.
07:44The rover
07:45Perseverance
07:46of the NASA
07:47is also equipped
07:48with an instrument
07:49called MOXIAE
07:50which managed to produce
07:51oxygen from the carbon dioxide
07:52from the carbon dioxide
07:53in the Martian atmosphere.
07:54During these tests
07:55MOXIAE
07:56has produced
07:57about 113 grams
07:58of oxygen
07:59so enough
08:00to allow
08:01an astronaut
08:02to respirate
08:03he has even
08:04surpassed
08:05the expectations
08:06producing
08:07up to 12 grams
08:08of oxygen
08:09per hour.
08:10After two years
08:11of good work
08:12MOXIAE
08:13a finished
08:14his last test
08:15in September 2023.
08:16Thus, we will make
08:17a more step
08:18to the colonization
08:19of Mars.
08:20But we are going
08:21to discover
08:22these ancient
08:23rivers
08:24martians
08:25could allow
08:26to see
08:27the red
08:28red
08:29red
08:30red
08:31red
08:32problems
08:34That
08:34was
08:37weird
08:39or
08:39Earth
08:42did
08:43have
08:44prowad
08:45a
08:46kind?
08:48of
08:51life
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