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Never Ending War 1918-1926_02_Return to Hell
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The 369th Regiment was nicknamed the Harlem Hellfighters.
00:36
The French had pulled them from their deployment on the loading docks and rail lines to fight alongside them.
00:42
And they had fought heroically.
00:45
One of the great activists of their cause, Marcus Garvey, proclaims,
00:50
We believe the Negro should not be deprived of any of those rights or privileges common to other human beings.
01:00
President Wilson, however, believes in the segregation of blacks from whites.
01:07
At the same time, outside the U.S., he defends the right of peoples to self-determination.
01:13
Back in the U.S., he embarks on a long tour to mobilize public opinion in favor of the Treaty of Versailles.
01:19
Wilson knows that in Washington, the Senate remains deeply reluctant.
01:26
He knows that voters of German origin are furious about the clauses of the Treaty that they find insulting, unfair to their former homeland.
01:36
Wilson also knows that the Senate is hostile to the founding covenant of the League of Nations.
01:41
It imposes a mutual defense pact on member states.
01:49
This could potentially lead to a new American military intervention, which nobody wants.
01:56
Wilson tries to hold back the tide.
01:58
He says,
02:00
Failure to back the League of Nations would break the heart of the world.
02:03
Wilson works to the point of exhaustion and suffers a stroke that leaves him paralyzed and mute.
02:16
What will the U.S. Senate do?
02:19
If it rejects the Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations, will peace be possible?
02:24
While awaiting ratification by the Americans, Europe's most urgent priority is rebuilding.
02:37
Belgium and Serbia are severely damaged.
02:40
But in France, the destruction is far worse.
02:43
The north and east of France are devastated.
02:50
Stefan Zweig writes,
02:51
All the livid steeds of the Apocalypse have reared up.
02:57
Revolution and famine, terror, epidemics, and above all else,
03:02
that arch-plague nationalism, which has poisoned our European culture.
03:11
The war destroyed one-third of France's wealth.
03:16
The numbers are staggering.
03:18
Of villages wiped off the map.
03:20
Of unexploded shells and landmines.
03:24
Of fields contaminated with toxic gas.
03:30
The earth must be cleansed of this ocean of poisons.
03:35
A long and dangerous task,
03:38
as these farmers in Picardy show,
03:40
whose fields are littered with shells they must dispose of.
03:43
In spite of everything,
04:01
they resume their lives,
04:04
as they always have in centuries past.
04:06
The French order German prisoners of war to demine the country,
04:24
in violation of the Geneva Convention,
04:27
the international agreement that protects captured forces.
04:30
There are still 300,000 of these unfortunate men in France.
04:39
Interned at the horrible Suyi camp near Verdun,
04:43
the German soldier Helmut Kort writes,
04:45
I have the impression I'm considered a criminal.
04:50
Every hour it becomes clearer.
04:53
The cynicism of the French,
04:54
and their hatred of us.
04:56
They now want us to pay.
04:58
22,105 prisoners die in the ruins,
05:13
or simply from hunger.
05:19
But the French suffer too.
05:23
In the markets,
05:24
the price of beans and potatoes
05:25
is four times higher than before the war.
05:28
Rich Americans come to the aid of the French,
05:34
like the heiress of a large bank,
05:36
Anne Morgan,
05:37
who along with Dr. Anne-Marie Dyke,
05:41
founded this first NGO,
05:43
the American Committee for Devastated France.
05:48
They replant forests destroyed by shells.
05:52
They transform a chateau into a dispensary.
05:56
Anne Morgan writes to her mother,
05:58
our work is a joy.
06:01
We are useful here.
06:02
These people lived under the German occupation.
06:05
Their only food was beetroot that is fed to cows.
06:09
They slept at night on bare floors in the bitter cold.
06:12
They are now coming back to life.
06:14
Six million orphans are adrift in Europe.
06:25
Six million orphans are adrift in Europe.
06:34
These Polish children,
06:35
who miraculously survived the many battles in their homeland,
06:38
are welcomed to the United States.
06:40
In Paris,
06:50
the sparring orphans of Montmartre
06:53
are spared from misery
06:54
as the French government
06:56
makes them wards of the state
06:57
until they reach adulthood.
06:59
Russia has untold numbers of orphans,
07:09
especially after the Civil War.
07:13
The victory of the communists in 1922
07:16
brings the gulags,
07:18
the concentration camps of Lenin and then Stalin,
07:20
and so more orphans are thrown into the streets,
07:24
becoming blot noise,
07:27
little criminals.
07:34
Britain has its own urgent problem
07:36
of orphan delinquents.
07:40
The solution is radical,
07:42
a one-way ticket on the first ship
07:44
to the farms in the wide-open spaces
07:46
of Western Canada.
07:47
In Ottawa,
07:50
Member of Parliament J.S. Woodsworth points out,
07:54
we are turning children into cheap laborers.
07:59
Today,
08:00
one in ten Canadians
08:01
is a descendant of these displaced children.
08:07
In a similar vein,
08:09
the UK begins exporting young women
08:11
who now cannot find husbands.
08:13
These so-called surplus women
08:18
from the Women's Army Auxiliary Corps
08:20
are headed to Australia.
08:28
How will the survivors mourn?
08:32
One of Lithuania's greatest poets,
08:34
Oskar Miloš,
08:35
expresses what the parents,
08:37
widows and children feel
08:38
walking through the endless rows of graves
08:40
marked by the cross,
08:42
star of David,
08:42
or crescent moon.
08:44
He says,
08:46
Oh, the dead.
08:48
The dead, the dead,
08:49
or at least less dead than I.
08:56
Many families seek to repatriate their dead,
08:59
to be able to visit their loved one's grave
09:01
in the local cemetery.
09:05
But first,
09:06
the remains must be dug up.
09:10
Special units of the American army
09:12
are filmed carrying out this grim task.
09:17
230,000 bodies
09:19
are returned to their families.
09:22
In France,
09:23
where most of the military cemeteries are located,
09:25
there remain to this day
09:26
the graves of 700,000 French and colonial soldiers,
09:30
750,000 German soldiers,
09:34
300,000 British soldiers,
09:35
including 60,000 Canadians,
09:37
and 34,000 Americans.
09:43
Everywhere,
09:43
people try desperately
09:45
to get in touch with the spirits of the dead.
09:52
Spiritualism has been very popular
09:54
since the 19th century.
09:55
The high priest of spiritualism at the time
09:59
is a certain Léon Denis.
10:01
He writes,
10:02
Innumerable legions of souls hover over us,
10:06
eager to communicate.
10:10
Those who died in battle
10:12
seek only to manifest themselves
10:14
to their loved ones on earth.
10:15
Sadly,
10:27
these seances are just another swindle.
10:33
To remember the dead,
10:35
honor them,
10:35
and unite the people in their memory,
10:38
every country,
10:38
every city,
10:39
every village
10:40
must have a memorial.
10:41
They can celebrate heroism in combat,
10:45
pacifism,
10:46
or dignified strength,
10:48
like this bronze caribou,
10:50
a tribute to 814 men
10:52
from Newfoundland,
10:53
then part of the British Empire,
10:56
who died serving in the war,
10:57
and who had no known grave.
11:09
Around the world,
11:10
sculptors work day and night
11:11
to fill the thousands of orders
11:13
for war memorials.
11:21
London, November 11th, 1920.
11:26
King George V and his sons,
11:29
the future sovereigns,
11:31
begin the first ceremony
11:32
honoring the unknown soldier.
11:33
In this coffin
11:40
lie the remains
11:41
of an unidentified body,
11:43
chosen at random
11:44
to commemorate
11:45
the 500,000 missing
11:46
and unburied,
11:48
and all from the British Empire
11:49
who died.
11:53
The French had learned
11:54
a month earlier
11:54
that the ceremony
11:55
was being organized.
11:57
The government
11:58
had not planned
11:58
a similar commemoration,
11:59
and the press
12:01
was indignant.
12:02
A leftist member
12:03
of Parliament
12:04
recorded a vengeful speech,
12:06
one of the first
12:07
filmed with sound.
12:08
France's unknown soldier
12:37
lies beneath the arc de triomphe,
12:41
with an eternal flame
12:42
over his grave.
12:47
Many other countries
12:49
also adopt
12:50
this powerful symbol.
12:52
In Belgium,
12:54
the soldier king
12:54
Albert I
12:55
turns the dedication
12:56
into a ceremony
12:57
of unity for his people.
12:59
Washington,
13:09
the 11th of November 1921.
13:13
The ceremony
13:13
for the unknown
13:14
American soldier
13:15
is attended
13:16
by Marshal Ferdinand Foch,
13:18
the supreme allied commander
13:20
at the end of the war.
13:22
This is the Crow chief,
13:24
Plenty Koo,
13:25
who only 30 years before
13:27
had allied
13:28
with the American army
13:29
in the tragic Indian wars
13:31
against the Sioux Nation.
13:34
At Arlington National Cemetery
13:36
near Washington,
13:37
Plenty Koo
13:38
presents the unknown soldier
13:39
with a coup stick,
13:41
a warrior's weapon
13:42
of bravery.
13:43
Foch tells the former commander
13:50
of American forces
13:51
in France,
13:51
General Pershing,
13:53
I want to see the tribes
13:54
of the Wild West.
13:57
In North Dakota,
13:58
he meets the Crow nation's
13:59
mortal enemy,
14:01
the Sioux chief
14:01
Red Tomahawk.
14:03
A welcoming committee
14:04
gives him a fur coat
14:05
and a peace pipe.
14:07
General Foch
14:13
is given the name
14:14
Charging Thunder.
14:19
In Washington,
14:21
President Wilson,
14:22
severely weakened
14:23
by his stroke,
14:24
is devastated
14:25
by a defeating Congress.
14:29
The United States
14:31
refuses to ratify
14:32
the Treaty of Versailles.
14:34
The vote reflects
14:35
American public opinion,
14:37
which is deeply isolationist.
14:39
The American people
14:40
no longer want
14:41
to get involved
14:42
in the affairs of others,
14:43
nor go to war again.
14:59
Typical of this 1920s generation,
15:01
here is how Zelda Fitzgerald,
15:03
the young wife of novelist
15:04
F. Scott Fitzgerald,
15:06
describes her peers.
15:08
The flapper
15:09
awakes from her lethargy
15:10
of sub-debism,
15:12
bobs her hair,
15:14
puts on her choicest
15:15
pair of earrings
15:16
and a great deal
15:17
of audacity and rouge,
15:18
and goes into battle.
15:20
She flirts
15:21
because it is fun to flirt,
15:23
and wears a one-piece
15:24
bathing suit
15:24
because she has a good figure,
15:26
and she refuses to be bored,
15:28
chiefly because
15:29
she isn't boring.
15:30
She is conscious
15:31
that the things she does
15:33
are the things she has
15:34
always wanted to do.
15:46
But happiness
15:47
is fragile.
15:48
By refusing to sign
15:49
the Treaty of Versailles,
15:51
the United States Senate
15:52
has jeopardized
15:53
Wilson's other dream
15:54
of the League of Nations.
15:58
The League, however,
16:00
has already been established
16:01
in the country of neutrality,
16:02
Switzerland,
16:03
on the shores of Lake Geneva.
16:07
But without America,
16:08
will this precursor
16:09
of the United Nations,
16:11
assembled from most
16:12
of the world's countries,
16:13
be able to keep the peace?
16:14
The various treaties
16:22
that follow the Treaty of Versailles
16:24
will set off endless conflicts.
16:27
The treaties of Saint-Germain
16:29
in 1919
16:30
and Trianon in 1920
16:32
will break up
16:33
the Austro-Hungarian Empire
16:34
by creating new nation-states,
16:37
such as a smaller Austria,
16:39
Czechoslovakia,
16:41
and Yugoslavia,
16:42
and also reshape Hungary
16:43
and Romania.
16:44
The famous right of peoples
16:48
to self-determination
16:50
has not really been respected.
16:52
Germans are now in Poland
16:54
and Czechoslovakia,
16:55
Hungarians in Romania,
16:57
Croatians in Yugoslavia.
16:59
The Austro-Hungarian Empire
17:01
had held together
17:02
all these people
17:03
in relative peace.
17:09
Similarly,
17:10
the Ottoman Empire
17:11
had prevented various Arab tribes
17:13
from tearing each other apart.
17:16
But at the Treaty of Sèvres,
17:19
August 10th, 1920,
17:21
the Ottoman Empire,
17:23
severely punished
17:24
for having supported Germany,
17:25
is stripped down
17:26
to the Turkey of today,
17:28
minus the Greek enclave
17:29
of the city of Smyrna.
17:30
The map of the Middle East
17:34
is redrawn
17:34
by England and France.
17:37
The French want to expand
17:39
their colonial territories
17:40
by taking control
17:42
of Syria and Lebanon.
17:43
The British create new countries,
17:48
Transjordan, now Jordan,
17:50
Palestine,
17:51
and crucially,
17:52
Iraq,
17:53
giving themselves control
17:54
of oil production.
17:57
Wilson had supported
17:58
the creation
17:58
of a Kurdish state,
18:00
and for a few months
18:00
it did exist,
18:02
before disappearing,
18:03
swept away by the Turks.
18:04
In Palestine,
18:09
the Romans had driven
18:10
the Jews out of Jerusalem
18:12
2,000 years earlier.
18:14
The Arabs,
18:16
now 600,000 strong,
18:18
are less than welcoming
18:19
to Jewish Zionists
18:20
who have been fleeing
18:21
to the Promised Land
18:22
since the late 19th century
18:23
to escape persecution
18:25
in Central Europe and Russia.
18:26
During the war,
18:33
the British,
18:34
like the famous colonel
18:35
T.E. Lawrence,
18:37
seen here at the Treaty
18:38
of Sèvres-Tauques,
18:39
made many promises
18:40
to the Arabs
18:41
in exchange for their support
18:42
against the Turks,
18:43
one being to halt
18:45
Jewish immigration.
18:50
But Lawrence of Arabia
18:52
had been manipulated,
18:53
and the promises made
18:54
will not be kept.
18:57
The British authorize
18:58
the creation
18:58
of a Jewish homeland
19:00
that three decades later
19:02
will become
19:03
the state of Israel.
19:05
Its first president,
19:07
Chaim Wiseman,
19:08
calls for emigration.
19:10
He says,
19:11
we must make Palestine
19:12
as Jewish
19:13
as England is English
19:15
and America is American.
19:19
It is the beginning
19:21
of a war without end.
19:22
In 1920,
19:26
in a defeated Turkey
19:27
in Constantinople,
19:29
now Istanbul,
19:31
the situation is tense.
19:33
The Allies still occupy
19:35
both the city
19:36
and part of the country,
19:37
which is unacceptable
19:38
to the nationalists
19:40
and leads to a large-scale insurrection.
19:46
At its head
19:47
is General Mustafa Kemal,
19:49
who in 1915
19:50
had resisted
19:51
a British and French
19:52
landing in Turkey.
19:54
This revered officer
19:55
refuses to accept
19:56
the Treaty of Sevres
19:57
and the loss
19:58
of the city of Smyrna.
20:00
He says,
20:01
if we give in
20:02
to all the Allied demands,
20:04
it will be impossible
20:05
to curb
20:05
their greedy intentions.
20:08
Mustafa Kemal
20:09
raises an army
20:10
of volunteers,
20:11
then fights the Allies
20:13
and Greeks
20:13
for two years
20:14
to recover
20:15
the territory
20:15
they occupy.
20:37
On September 9, 1922,
20:40
his army enters
20:41
the last stronghold
20:42
occupied by the Greeks,
20:44
Smyrna.
20:49
The city
20:50
is set on fire.
21:03
The Turks
21:04
want to drive out
21:05
not only the Greeks
21:06
but also
21:07
all non-Muslim minorities,
21:09
especially the Armenians.
21:11
only a lucky few
21:16
are able to escape
21:17
and embark
21:18
for Axon in Europe.
21:26
In Geneva,
21:27
the League of Nations,
21:29
though it has failed
21:30
to put an end
21:30
to war and slaughter,
21:33
nonetheless succeeds
21:34
at rescuing millions
21:35
of people,
21:36
thanks to an extraordinary
21:37
man,
21:38
Friedhoff Nansen,
21:39
a Norwegian polar explorer
21:41
who became the
21:42
High Commissioner
21:42
for Refugees
21:43
and who will be awarded
21:44
the Nobel Peace Prize.
21:50
He creates
21:51
the Nansen Passport,
21:54
a precious document
21:55
for all those
21:56
who are stateless,
21:57
like the painter
21:59
Mark Chagall
21:59
and the composer
22:00
Igor Stravinsky.
22:02
It enables them
22:04
to cross borders.
22:08
Nine million men,
22:09
women and children
22:10
become peace refugees.
22:13
Many of them
22:14
want to leave
22:15
for the United States.
22:16
They all end up
22:18
at the port of Cherbourg
22:20
in the north of France,
22:21
which becomes a bottleneck.
22:26
The French build
22:27
the famous
22:28
Hôtel Atlantique,
22:30
a transit centre
22:31
for immigrants,
22:32
with its own medical
22:33
and administrative services.
22:42
And the long voyage
22:44
can begin.
22:50
America has always
22:51
welcomed the world's
22:52
castaways,
22:53
such as the Irish,
22:54
the Italians,
22:55
the Jews.
23:00
On the pedestal
23:01
of the Statue of Liberty,
23:02
created by the French
23:03
sculptor Auguste Bartholdi,
23:05
are engraved the words
23:07
of the Jewish poet
23:08
Emma Lazarus.
23:10
Give me your tired,
23:11
your poor,
23:12
your huddled masses
23:13
yearning to breathe free
23:14
the wretched refuse
23:16
of your teeming shore.
23:20
In Montreal,
23:21
30,000 Jews demonstrate
23:23
to draw attention
23:24
to the fate
23:25
of those left behind
23:26
in Ukraine.
23:33
100,000 Jews
23:35
were murdered,
23:36
trapped in the civil war
23:37
between the white Russians,
23:38
the Tsarists,
23:39
and the Reds,
23:40
the Communists.
23:49
After four years
23:50
of fighting,
23:51
the Reds,
23:52
the Bolsheviks,
23:53
eventually prevail,
23:54
because they are
23:55
even more ruthless
23:56
than their opponents.
23:57
of the Soviet Union.
23:58
The Soviet Union
23:58
of Soviet Socialist
24:07
Republics,
24:07
the USSR.
24:09
A massive portion
24:11
of the planet
24:11
becomes communist.
24:14
The USSR's entire economy
24:17
has collapsed.
24:18
The harvest had been requisitioned
24:20
to feed the troops.
24:21
Its first great famine
24:26
in 1922
24:27
leaves five million dead.
24:34
Humanitarian aid
24:36
pours in
24:36
from all over the world.
24:39
A member of the
24:40
American Relief Administration
24:42
who will save
24:42
thousands of lives,
24:44
William Shafroth,
24:45
recounts,
24:46
people have been reduced
24:48
to eating weeds
24:49
mixed with ground bones,
24:51
tree bark,
24:51
and clay,
24:52
as well as horses,
24:55
dogs,
24:56
cats,
24:56
rats,
24:57
and the straw from roofs.
25:02
I see emaciated
25:04
little skeletons
25:05
with gaunt faces
25:07
and toothpick legs.
25:11
Every day,
25:12
a dozen of them die.
25:14
The stench
25:14
is nauseating.
25:16
At the end of the Civil War,
25:28
one and a half million Russians
25:29
escaped the country.
25:32
400,000 white Russians
25:34
settled in Nice
25:35
on the French Riviera
25:36
or Paris
25:37
in well-to-do neighborhoods.
25:41
Those who have escaped
25:42
with their fortunes
25:43
can live like kings,
25:44
and indeed they do.
25:46
Prince Yusupov,
25:52
one of the assassins
25:53
of Rasputin,
25:54
a shadowy advisor
25:55
to Tsar Nicholas II,
25:57
writes,
25:58
how can one not feel
25:59
confident in Paris,
26:01
which knows well
26:02
how to lift
26:02
a stranger's spirits
26:03
with a smile?
26:06
The prince has a lover,
26:08
the young Grand Duke Dimitri,
26:10
who is himself living
26:11
with the already famous
26:13
fashion designer,
26:14
Coco Chanel.
26:19
When she decides
26:20
to launch her perfume,
26:21
Chanel No. 5,
26:23
Dimitri convinces her
26:24
to adopt for its bottle
26:25
the shape of the vodka flasks
26:27
used by Russian officers.
26:29
But it's not just rich aristocrats
26:43
who remain steeped
26:44
in their devotion
26:44
to the last Tsar.
26:46
Yusupov notes in his memoirs,
26:49
everywhere one sees
26:50
Russian businesses springing up.
26:53
Restaurants, shops,
26:54
new orthodox churches
26:55
with their schools
26:56
and retirement homes.
26:59
Paris is becoming
27:00
a natural destination
27:01
for immigrants.
27:04
The Tsar's generals
27:06
and former officers
27:07
of the Imperial Guard
27:08
have no skills
27:09
beyond the military,
27:11
but they can drive,
27:12
and so become taxi drivers.
27:13
They will long be part
27:16
of Parisian folklore.
27:18
The last will retire
27:19
in 1970
27:20
at the age of 92.
27:27
White Russians,
27:28
like this taxi driver,
27:30
watch with concern
27:31
the spread of Soviet influence
27:32
in the world.
27:40
Exorbitant wartime spending
27:41
has led to deep social tensions.
27:44
People everywhere
27:45
are joining communist parties
27:47
with their vision
27:47
of common prosperity.
27:49
In London, Berlin,
27:52
New York,
27:53
Milan,
27:54
and Rome.
27:57
The Italian communist leader,
28:00
Antonio Gramsci,
28:01
returns from Moscow
28:02
and takes his place
28:04
as an early Marxist theoretician.
28:06
He says,
28:08
to live is to be partisan.
28:10
Opposing the communists,
28:15
war veterans initially
28:17
band together
28:17
behind a fiery poet,
28:19
a war hero,
28:21
Gabriele D'Annunzio.
28:24
He has denounced
28:25
the Treaty of Versailles
28:26
because in redrawing
28:28
the map of Europe,
28:29
the Allies have handed
28:30
to Yugoslavia,
28:31
territories populated
28:32
by Italians,
28:33
including Dalmatia
28:34
and the city of Fiume.
28:39
Gabriele D'Annunzio laments,
28:41
our victory
28:42
has been mutilated.
28:48
He launches his militia,
28:50
proclaiming,
28:51
Italy,
28:52
your hour has come.
28:53
Wonderful years.
28:55
I hear the thunder of eagles,
28:56
which with their talons
28:57
tear up the night.
28:59
Gabriele D'Annunzio
29:04
is able to seize
29:05
the city of Fiume.
29:15
The regular army
29:16
then drives him out,
29:18
but respectfully.
29:21
For the communist Gramsci,
29:23
this tragicomedy
29:24
is yet another sign
29:25
of the decadence
29:26
of the bourgeois state.
29:27
He says,
29:29
the old world is dying,
29:31
the new world
29:32
struggles to be born,
29:33
and in this twilight,
29:35
monsters suddenly appear.
29:39
That monster
29:41
is Benito Mussolini.
29:44
His wife,
29:45
Raquelé, writes,
29:47
his eyes were phosphorescent,
29:49
his gaze piercing,
29:51
his pupils
29:51
seemed to flash lightning.
29:54
He knew that his eyes
29:55
held incredible power
29:56
over everyone.
29:57
Mussolini began his career
30:01
as a socialist journalist.
30:03
He became a nationalist
30:04
during the war.
30:08
In 1919,
30:10
he created the fascist movement,
30:12
named after his
30:13
Fasci di Combattimento,
30:15
fighting squads.
30:20
Mussolini rides on the prestige
30:22
of Gabriele D'Annunzio,
30:23
copying everything.
30:25
The black shirts,
30:27
the Roman salute,
30:29
the raised dagger,
30:31
and the cry,
30:32
Hanoi, Hanoi,
30:34
to us,
30:35
to us.
30:37
But Gabriele D'Annunzio
30:39
had 2,500 men in 1919.
30:42
Mussolini has 300,000 in 1922.
30:46
With his populist slogans,
30:49
Mussolini unites veterans,
30:52
war invalids,
30:54
the unemployed,
30:56
the middle class,
30:57
and even the feeble-minded,
30:59
who have trouble making the fascist salute.
31:02
And all the underclass,
31:04
who after their street fights,
31:06
ride on their bandages,
31:08
Menefregel.
31:09
I don't care.
31:12
Mussolini promises to restore social order.
31:15
He gives his squads a weapon,
31:17
a wooden cane,
31:19
to beat the communists,
31:20
and set fire to their houses of the people.
31:23
Mussolini says,
31:36
I will restore discipline in the factories.
31:40
Which pleases the big industrialists,
31:43
like Agnelli,
31:44
the founder of Fiat,
31:45
and Pirelli,
31:46
the tire manufacturer.
31:53
Mussolini organizes on October 28th, 1922,
32:13
a show of force pompously called the March on Rome.
32:17
He himself arrives in comfort on the train from Milan.
32:42
He has exchanged his black shirt for a suit and tie,
32:46
meant to be more statesman-like
32:47
in the midst of his fascist henchmen.
32:54
King Victor Emmanuel III
32:56
hands him the reins of power,
32:58
much to the misfortune of the Italian people.
33:06
Supported by the church,
33:08
Mussolini makes clever use of propaganda
33:10
and fills concentration camps with his opponents,
33:13
ushering in an authoritarian anti-communist regime.
33:21
One year later, in 1923,
33:24
German veterans also unite
33:26
around their wartime leader,
33:28
General Ludendorff,
33:29
who now supports the leader of the Nazi party,
33:32
Adolf Hitler.
33:33
Hitler says,
33:40
Our people are subject to such misery
33:42
that if we do not act now,
33:44
they will join the communists.
33:49
The Allies will assist Hitler
33:51
through a series of blunders,
33:52
like the Belgian and French occupation
33:55
of Germany's war mining region,
33:57
where coal is seized in forced reparations,
34:02
which leads to an economic crisis
34:04
and staggering inflation.
34:08
With banknotes being printed as fast as possible,
34:12
the currency depreciates at an unimaginable rate.
34:15
A loaf of bread costs 460 billion marks.
34:19
A 13-year-old German girl,
34:24
Irma Lang, recounts,
34:26
When our father comes home with the day's wages,
34:29
we rush right out to spend it.
34:32
Otherwise, in no time,
34:33
it would be worthless.
34:39
Between the Germans of the war
34:41
and the French and Belgian occupiers,
34:43
tension is rising.
34:44
On March 10th, 1923,
34:52
a French officer strikes German onlookers
34:54
who fail to remove their hats
34:56
for the funeral portage
34:57
of a victim of an attack.
35:00
Amid such instability,
35:02
Hitler tries to seize power
35:04
on November 9th, 1923.
35:07
But the army and police remain loyal
35:10
to the German Republic,
35:11
and the putsch fails.
35:14
Hitler is imprisoned.
35:17
For now.
35:19
Stefan Zweig speaks for many
35:20
when he writes,
35:22
In this year, 1923,
35:24
the swastikas have disappeared.
35:26
The stormtroopers,
35:27
and the name of Adolf Hitler,
35:29
have all fallen into oblivion.
35:35
But Zweig is terribly wrong.
35:38
From his cell,
35:39
Hitler will prepare his revenge.
35:41
He writes his book,
35:43
Mein Kampf,
35:43
My Struggle,
35:45
a screed against the Treaty of Versailles
35:47
and France.
35:51
The totalitarian menace is real.
35:55
In Spain,
35:56
General Primo de Rivera,
35:58
also inspired by Mussolini,
36:00
seizes power on September 23rd, 1923,
36:03
and establishes a dictatorship.
36:06
This military coup delights an ambitious young officer,
36:12
Francisco Franco.
36:16
Noted for his discipline and ferocity,
36:19
Franco, at 33,
36:21
will become the youngest general in Europe
36:23
and the next dictator of Spain.
36:26
In 1921,
36:31
he is one of the leaders of the Spanish Foreign Legion,
36:36
responsible for maintaining order in the Riff,
36:40
an area of Morocco controlled by Spain.
36:43
The French dominate the rest of the country.
36:47
During the World War,
36:49
and the iron mines of the region,
36:51
Moroccans were forced to work beyond exhaustion
36:53
to supply French munitions factories.
36:56
The Moroccan people rebel against this exploitation.
36:58
A nationalist leader emerges in the Arab world.
37:09
His name is Abdel Krem.
37:11
He is a well-read scholar,
37:13
about 50 years old.
37:15
He has successfully unified
37:16
the Berber tribes around him.
37:20
He begins by inflicting
37:21
a crushing defeat on the Spanish
37:23
at the Battle of Anual
37:24
on July 21st, 1921.
37:28
20,000 Spaniards are defeated by the Riff tribesmen.
37:37
13,000 of them are killed or wounded.
37:40
The survivors retreat in chaos.
37:45
The French intervene
37:47
to fight alongside the Spaniards.
37:53
Is this the beginning of the end of colonization?
37:58
The Riff war foreshadows all the horrors of the future.
38:06
Here,
38:07
a Moroccan soldier
38:09
has beheaded his rebel brother.
38:13
There is an escalation of atrocities
38:15
on both sides.
38:19
The French and Spanish
38:20
use every weapon in their arsenal,
38:22
including aerial attacks.
38:23
Some bombs
38:29
are loaded with the same horrific mustard gas
38:31
used by the Germans in 1917.
38:38
Landing their forces behind enemy lines
38:40
and advancing with tanks,
38:43
they finally defeat Abdel Krem.
38:45
He surrenders to the French
38:48
on May 27th, 1926.
38:52
His surrender is filmed
38:54
for movie house newsreels,
38:55
which seek to reassure viewers,
38:57
proclaiming,
38:58
his elderly father
38:59
and his family
39:00
place themselves
39:01
under the protection
39:02
of the victors.
39:03
The Riff war
39:09
will become the inspiration
39:10
for every subsequent war
39:12
of decolonization
39:13
in Africa
39:14
and around the world.
39:18
It also marks
39:19
a decisive turning point.
39:21
From now on,
39:22
the world will be structured
39:23
around a new fault line.
39:26
People had lost
39:27
their religious bearings
39:28
and their identity
39:29
during the war.
39:30
They will find
39:32
new meaning,
39:33
a new project,
39:34
a vocation
39:35
in political engagement.
39:38
1926.
39:40
Fascist fever
39:40
rises everywhere,
39:42
like here in England.
39:44
Communist fever
39:44
also rises everywhere,
39:46
even in New York.
39:51
The United States
39:52
tries to expel
39:53
its communists.
39:54
They will be given
39:55
a one-way ticket
39:56
to the homeland
39:57
of socialism
39:58
on this boat,
39:59
renamed
39:59
the Soviet Ark.
40:06
Bye!
40:10
In addition
40:11
to the Red Scare,
40:13
Americans are dealing
40:13
with prohibition.
40:17
By banning alcohol,
40:19
conservatives hope
40:20
to impose morality
40:21
on a society
40:22
at full roar.
40:23
And so begins
40:27
the wild pursuit
40:28
of smugglers
40:29
of every type
40:30
of alcohol,
40:31
distilled in Canada
40:32
or at home.
40:34
American police
40:35
resort to all the means
40:36
at their disposal
40:37
to destroy
40:38
the contraband.
40:39
prohibition is a boon
40:52
for the Italian-American mafia.
40:54
Prohibition is a boon
40:55
for the Italian-American mafia.
40:56
now strengthening its grip
41:10
on America.
41:12
Al Capone
41:13
takes center stage
41:14
in the history
41:15
of gangsterism.
41:18
Americans are giddy
41:19
with life.
41:21
The rhythms of jazz
41:22
give rise to new dances
41:23
like the Charleston.
41:27
They want to forget
41:28
everything.
41:28
They don't want to have
41:29
to think anymore.
41:31
The American writer
41:32
John Dos Passos
41:33
predicts,
41:33
The 20th century
41:35
will be American.
41:37
American thought
41:37
will dominate it.
41:39
American progress
41:40
will give it color
41:41
and direction.
41:42
The regeneration
41:43
of the world,
41:44
physical as well as moral,
41:46
has begun.
41:47
And revolutions
41:48
never move backwards.
41:55
Jazz has crossed
41:57
the Atlantic.
41:59
In Paris,
42:00
Josephine Baker
42:01
sets the tone.
42:02
When the French writer
42:04
Jean Cocteau
42:04
first sees her,
42:05
he exclaims,
42:07
Eroticism
42:08
has just found
42:09
its style.
42:12
These are the roaring
42:13
20s of Montmartre
42:14
and Montparnasse.
42:17
Ernest Hemingway's
42:18
Paris memoir,
42:19
A Moveable Feast,
42:20
will be his last book.
42:22
He writes,
42:23
Living in Paris
42:24
is like having
42:25
a great treasure
42:27
given to you.
42:32
In Berlin, too,
42:34
the rhythms
42:34
of the Charleston
42:35
echo everywhere.
42:38
Stefan Zweig
42:38
writes in his book,
42:39
The World of Yesterday,
42:41
As the value
42:42
of money dwindled,
42:43
all other values
42:44
began to crumble.
42:46
It was a time
42:47
of high ecstasy,
42:49
a singular mixture
42:50
of unrest
42:51
and fanaticism.
42:53
Everything that was
42:54
extravagant
42:55
and uncontrollable
42:56
experienced a golden age.
42:58
In the madness
43:03
of these post-war years,
43:06
some want to feel alive,
43:08
to bury once and for all
43:09
the memory
43:10
of disaster and death.
43:13
Others will wait
43:13
for Hitler
43:14
to put an end
43:15
to the Treaty of Versailles
43:16
by rearming Germany.
43:19
Financial crises
43:20
will weaken democracies,
43:22
and another world war,
43:24
which once seemed
43:25
unthinkable,
43:26
then a distinct threat,
43:27
could become inevitable.
43:33
And yet,
43:34
after November 11, 1918,
43:37
people everywhere
43:38
proved their tremendous
43:39
capacity
43:40
to start living again.
43:43
Will they know
43:44
how to fight
43:45
to ensure that the next war
43:47
will finally be the last?
43:49
And will they be able
43:50
to keep the peace?
43:51
and will leave
43:53
the silence
43:54
of the word
43:54
will continue to berth
43:56
and desire
43:56
to ensure that their
43:57
probably will be the last
43:59
people's should
44:01
do anything they do
44:03
you want
44:03
to experience
44:04
some quality
44:04
you can do
44:05
with the rest
44:06
and if you have
44:07
that way
44:08
will continue
44:09
to remember
44:09
and you won't
44:11
has aiyet
44:12
and you've
44:12
stopped
44:12
over
44:17
the I
44:18
referenced
44:19
by
44:20
¡Suscríbete al canal!
44:50
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