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00:30The 369th Regiment was nicknamed the Harlem Hellfighters.
00:36The French had pulled them from their deployment on the loading docks and rail lines to fight alongside them.
00:42And they had fought heroically.
00:45One of the great activists of their cause, Marcus Garvey, proclaims,
00:50We believe the Negro should not be deprived of any of those rights or privileges common to other human beings.
01:00President Wilson, however, believes in the segregation of blacks from whites.
01:07At the same time, outside the U.S., he defends the right of peoples to self-determination.
01:13Back in the U.S., he embarks on a long tour to mobilize public opinion in favor of the Treaty of Versailles.
01:19Wilson knows that in Washington, the Senate remains deeply reluctant.
01:26He knows that voters of German origin are furious about the clauses of the Treaty that they find insulting, unfair to their former homeland.
01:36Wilson also knows that the Senate is hostile to the founding covenant of the League of Nations.
01:41It imposes a mutual defense pact on member states.
01:49This could potentially lead to a new American military intervention, which nobody wants.
01:56Wilson tries to hold back the tide.
01:58He says,
02:00Failure to back the League of Nations would break the heart of the world.
02:03Wilson works to the point of exhaustion and suffers a stroke that leaves him paralyzed and mute.
02:16What will the U.S. Senate do?
02:19If it rejects the Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations, will peace be possible?
02:24While awaiting ratification by the Americans, Europe's most urgent priority is rebuilding.
02:37Belgium and Serbia are severely damaged.
02:40But in France, the destruction is far worse.
02:43The north and east of France are devastated.
02:50Stefan Zweig writes,
02:51All the livid steeds of the Apocalypse have reared up.
02:57Revolution and famine, terror, epidemics, and above all else,
03:02that arch-plague nationalism, which has poisoned our European culture.
03:11The war destroyed one-third of France's wealth.
03:16The numbers are staggering.
03:18Of villages wiped off the map.
03:20Of unexploded shells and landmines.
03:24Of fields contaminated with toxic gas.
03:30The earth must be cleansed of this ocean of poisons.
03:35A long and dangerous task,
03:38as these farmers in Picardy show,
03:40whose fields are littered with shells they must dispose of.
03:43In spite of everything,
04:01they resume their lives,
04:04as they always have in centuries past.
04:06The French order German prisoners of war to demine the country,
04:24in violation of the Geneva Convention,
04:27the international agreement that protects captured forces.
04:30There are still 300,000 of these unfortunate men in France.
04:39Interned at the horrible Suyi camp near Verdun,
04:43the German soldier Helmut Kort writes,
04:45I have the impression I'm considered a criminal.
04:50Every hour it becomes clearer.
04:53The cynicism of the French,
04:54and their hatred of us.
04:56They now want us to pay.
04:5822,105 prisoners die in the ruins,
05:13or simply from hunger.
05:19But the French suffer too.
05:23In the markets,
05:24the price of beans and potatoes
05:25is four times higher than before the war.
05:28Rich Americans come to the aid of the French,
05:34like the heiress of a large bank,
05:36Anne Morgan,
05:37who along with Dr. Anne-Marie Dyke,
05:41founded this first NGO,
05:43the American Committee for Devastated France.
05:48They replant forests destroyed by shells.
05:52They transform a chateau into a dispensary.
05:56Anne Morgan writes to her mother,
05:58our work is a joy.
06:01We are useful here.
06:02These people lived under the German occupation.
06:05Their only food was beetroot that is fed to cows.
06:09They slept at night on bare floors in the bitter cold.
06:12They are now coming back to life.
06:14Six million orphans are adrift in Europe.
06:25Six million orphans are adrift in Europe.
06:34These Polish children,
06:35who miraculously survived the many battles in their homeland,
06:38are welcomed to the United States.
06:40In Paris,
06:50the sparring orphans of Montmartre
06:53are spared from misery
06:54as the French government
06:56makes them wards of the state
06:57until they reach adulthood.
06:59Russia has untold numbers of orphans,
07:09especially after the Civil War.
07:13The victory of the communists in 1922
07:16brings the gulags,
07:18the concentration camps of Lenin and then Stalin,
07:20and so more orphans are thrown into the streets,
07:24becoming blot noise,
07:27little criminals.
07:34Britain has its own urgent problem
07:36of orphan delinquents.
07:40The solution is radical,
07:42a one-way ticket on the first ship
07:44to the farms in the wide-open spaces
07:46of Western Canada.
07:47In Ottawa,
07:50Member of Parliament J.S. Woodsworth points out,
07:54we are turning children into cheap laborers.
07:59Today,
08:00one in ten Canadians
08:01is a descendant of these displaced children.
08:07In a similar vein,
08:09the UK begins exporting young women
08:11who now cannot find husbands.
08:13These so-called surplus women
08:18from the Women's Army Auxiliary Corps
08:20are headed to Australia.
08:28How will the survivors mourn?
08:32One of Lithuania's greatest poets,
08:34Oskar Miloš,
08:35expresses what the parents,
08:37widows and children feel
08:38walking through the endless rows of graves
08:40marked by the cross,
08:42star of David,
08:42or crescent moon.
08:44He says,
08:46Oh, the dead.
08:48The dead, the dead,
08:49or at least less dead than I.
08:56Many families seek to repatriate their dead,
08:59to be able to visit their loved one's grave
09:01in the local cemetery.
09:05But first,
09:06the remains must be dug up.
09:10Special units of the American army
09:12are filmed carrying out this grim task.
09:17230,000 bodies
09:19are returned to their families.
09:22In France,
09:23where most of the military cemeteries are located,
09:25there remain to this day
09:26the graves of 700,000 French and colonial soldiers,
09:30750,000 German soldiers,
09:34300,000 British soldiers,
09:35including 60,000 Canadians,
09:37and 34,000 Americans.
09:43Everywhere,
09:43people try desperately
09:45to get in touch with the spirits of the dead.
09:52Spiritualism has been very popular
09:54since the 19th century.
09:55The high priest of spiritualism at the time
09:59is a certain Léon Denis.
10:01He writes,
10:02Innumerable legions of souls hover over us,
10:06eager to communicate.
10:10Those who died in battle
10:12seek only to manifest themselves
10:14to their loved ones on earth.
10:15Sadly,
10:27these seances are just another swindle.
10:33To remember the dead,
10:35honor them,
10:35and unite the people in their memory,
10:38every country,
10:38every city,
10:39every village
10:40must have a memorial.
10:41They can celebrate heroism in combat,
10:45pacifism,
10:46or dignified strength,
10:48like this bronze caribou,
10:50a tribute to 814 men
10:52from Newfoundland,
10:53then part of the British Empire,
10:56who died serving in the war,
10:57and who had no known grave.
11:09Around the world,
11:10sculptors work day and night
11:11to fill the thousands of orders
11:13for war memorials.
11:21London, November 11th, 1920.
11:26King George V and his sons,
11:29the future sovereigns,
11:31begin the first ceremony
11:32honoring the unknown soldier.
11:33In this coffin
11:40lie the remains
11:41of an unidentified body,
11:43chosen at random
11:44to commemorate
11:45the 500,000 missing
11:46and unburied,
11:48and all from the British Empire
11:49who died.
11:53The French had learned
11:54a month earlier
11:54that the ceremony
11:55was being organized.
11:57The government
11:58had not planned
11:58a similar commemoration,
11:59and the press
12:01was indignant.
12:02A leftist member
12:03of Parliament
12:04recorded a vengeful speech,
12:06one of the first
12:07filmed with sound.
12:08France's unknown soldier
12:37lies beneath the arc de triomphe,
12:41with an eternal flame
12:42over his grave.
12:47Many other countries
12:49also adopt
12:50this powerful symbol.
12:52In Belgium,
12:54the soldier king
12:54Albert I
12:55turns the dedication
12:56into a ceremony
12:57of unity for his people.
12:59Washington,
13:09the 11th of November 1921.
13:13The ceremony
13:13for the unknown
13:14American soldier
13:15is attended
13:16by Marshal Ferdinand Foch,
13:18the supreme allied commander
13:20at the end of the war.
13:22This is the Crow chief,
13:24Plenty Koo,
13:25who only 30 years before
13:27had allied
13:28with the American army
13:29in the tragic Indian wars
13:31against the Sioux Nation.
13:34At Arlington National Cemetery
13:36near Washington,
13:37Plenty Koo
13:38presents the unknown soldier
13:39with a coup stick,
13:41a warrior's weapon
13:42of bravery.
13:43Foch tells the former commander
13:50of American forces
13:51in France,
13:51General Pershing,
13:53I want to see the tribes
13:54of the Wild West.
13:57In North Dakota,
13:58he meets the Crow nation's
13:59mortal enemy,
14:01the Sioux chief
14:01Red Tomahawk.
14:03A welcoming committee
14:04gives him a fur coat
14:05and a peace pipe.
14:07General Foch
14:13is given the name
14:14Charging Thunder.
14:19In Washington,
14:21President Wilson,
14:22severely weakened
14:23by his stroke,
14:24is devastated
14:25by a defeating Congress.
14:29The United States
14:31refuses to ratify
14:32the Treaty of Versailles.
14:34The vote reflects
14:35American public opinion,
14:37which is deeply isolationist.
14:39The American people
14:40no longer want
14:41to get involved
14:42in the affairs of others,
14:43nor go to war again.
14:59Typical of this 1920s generation,
15:01here is how Zelda Fitzgerald,
15:03the young wife of novelist
15:04F. Scott Fitzgerald,
15:06describes her peers.
15:08The flapper
15:09awakes from her lethargy
15:10of sub-debism,
15:12bobs her hair,
15:14puts on her choicest
15:15pair of earrings
15:16and a great deal
15:17of audacity and rouge,
15:18and goes into battle.
15:20She flirts
15:21because it is fun to flirt,
15:23and wears a one-piece
15:24bathing suit
15:24because she has a good figure,
15:26and she refuses to be bored,
15:28chiefly because
15:29she isn't boring.
15:30She is conscious
15:31that the things she does
15:33are the things she has
15:34always wanted to do.
15:46But happiness
15:47is fragile.
15:48By refusing to sign
15:49the Treaty of Versailles,
15:51the United States Senate
15:52has jeopardized
15:53Wilson's other dream
15:54of the League of Nations.
15:58The League, however,
16:00has already been established
16:01in the country of neutrality,
16:02Switzerland,
16:03on the shores of Lake Geneva.
16:07But without America,
16:08will this precursor
16:09of the United Nations,
16:11assembled from most
16:12of the world's countries,
16:13be able to keep the peace?
16:14The various treaties
16:22that follow the Treaty of Versailles
16:24will set off endless conflicts.
16:27The treaties of Saint-Germain
16:29in 1919
16:30and Trianon in 1920
16:32will break up
16:33the Austro-Hungarian Empire
16:34by creating new nation-states,
16:37such as a smaller Austria,
16:39Czechoslovakia,
16:41and Yugoslavia,
16:42and also reshape Hungary
16:43and Romania.
16:44The famous right of peoples
16:48to self-determination
16:50has not really been respected.
16:52Germans are now in Poland
16:54and Czechoslovakia,
16:55Hungarians in Romania,
16:57Croatians in Yugoslavia.
16:59The Austro-Hungarian Empire
17:01had held together
17:02all these people
17:03in relative peace.
17:09Similarly,
17:10the Ottoman Empire
17:11had prevented various Arab tribes
17:13from tearing each other apart.
17:16But at the Treaty of Sèvres,
17:19August 10th, 1920,
17:21the Ottoman Empire,
17:23severely punished
17:24for having supported Germany,
17:25is stripped down
17:26to the Turkey of today,
17:28minus the Greek enclave
17:29of the city of Smyrna.
17:30The map of the Middle East
17:34is redrawn
17:34by England and France.
17:37The French want to expand
17:39their colonial territories
17:40by taking control
17:42of Syria and Lebanon.
17:43The British create new countries,
17:48Transjordan, now Jordan,
17:50Palestine,
17:51and crucially,
17:52Iraq,
17:53giving themselves control
17:54of oil production.
17:57Wilson had supported
17:58the creation
17:58of a Kurdish state,
18:00and for a few months
18:00it did exist,
18:02before disappearing,
18:03swept away by the Turks.
18:04In Palestine,
18:09the Romans had driven
18:10the Jews out of Jerusalem
18:122,000 years earlier.
18:14The Arabs,
18:16now 600,000 strong,
18:18are less than welcoming
18:19to Jewish Zionists
18:20who have been fleeing
18:21to the Promised Land
18:22since the late 19th century
18:23to escape persecution
18:25in Central Europe and Russia.
18:26During the war,
18:33the British,
18:34like the famous colonel
18:35T.E. Lawrence,
18:37seen here at the Treaty
18:38of Sèvres-Tauques,
18:39made many promises
18:40to the Arabs
18:41in exchange for their support
18:42against the Turks,
18:43one being to halt
18:45Jewish immigration.
18:50But Lawrence of Arabia
18:52had been manipulated,
18:53and the promises made
18:54will not be kept.
18:57The British authorize
18:58the creation
18:58of a Jewish homeland
19:00that three decades later
19:02will become
19:03the state of Israel.
19:05Its first president,
19:07Chaim Wiseman,
19:08calls for emigration.
19:10He says,
19:11we must make Palestine
19:12as Jewish
19:13as England is English
19:15and America is American.
19:19It is the beginning
19:21of a war without end.
19:22In 1920,
19:26in a defeated Turkey
19:27in Constantinople,
19:29now Istanbul,
19:31the situation is tense.
19:33The Allies still occupy
19:35both the city
19:36and part of the country,
19:37which is unacceptable
19:38to the nationalists
19:40and leads to a large-scale insurrection.
19:46At its head
19:47is General Mustafa Kemal,
19:49who in 1915
19:50had resisted
19:51a British and French
19:52landing in Turkey.
19:54This revered officer
19:55refuses to accept
19:56the Treaty of Sevres
19:57and the loss
19:58of the city of Smyrna.
20:00He says,
20:01if we give in
20:02to all the Allied demands,
20:04it will be impossible
20:05to curb
20:05their greedy intentions.
20:08Mustafa Kemal
20:09raises an army
20:10of volunteers,
20:11then fights the Allies
20:13and Greeks
20:13for two years
20:14to recover
20:15the territory
20:15they occupy.
20:37On September 9, 1922,
20:40his army enters
20:41the last stronghold
20:42occupied by the Greeks,
20:44Smyrna.
20:49The city
20:50is set on fire.
21:03The Turks
21:04want to drive out
21:05not only the Greeks
21:06but also
21:07all non-Muslim minorities,
21:09especially the Armenians.
21:11only a lucky few
21:16are able to escape
21:17and embark
21:18for Axon in Europe.
21:26In Geneva,
21:27the League of Nations,
21:29though it has failed
21:30to put an end
21:30to war and slaughter,
21:33nonetheless succeeds
21:34at rescuing millions
21:35of people,
21:36thanks to an extraordinary
21:37man,
21:38Friedhoff Nansen,
21:39a Norwegian polar explorer
21:41who became the
21:42High Commissioner
21:42for Refugees
21:43and who will be awarded
21:44the Nobel Peace Prize.
21:50He creates
21:51the Nansen Passport,
21:54a precious document
21:55for all those
21:56who are stateless,
21:57like the painter
21:59Mark Chagall
21:59and the composer
22:00Igor Stravinsky.
22:02It enables them
22:04to cross borders.
22:08Nine million men,
22:09women and children
22:10become peace refugees.
22:13Many of them
22:14want to leave
22:15for the United States.
22:16They all end up
22:18at the port of Cherbourg
22:20in the north of France,
22:21which becomes a bottleneck.
22:26The French build
22:27the famous
22:28Hôtel Atlantique,
22:30a transit centre
22:31for immigrants,
22:32with its own medical
22:33and administrative services.
22:42And the long voyage
22:44can begin.
22:50America has always
22:51welcomed the world's
22:52castaways,
22:53such as the Irish,
22:54the Italians,
22:55the Jews.
23:00On the pedestal
23:01of the Statue of Liberty,
23:02created by the French
23:03sculptor Auguste Bartholdi,
23:05are engraved the words
23:07of the Jewish poet
23:08Emma Lazarus.
23:10Give me your tired,
23:11your poor,
23:12your huddled masses
23:13yearning to breathe free
23:14the wretched refuse
23:16of your teeming shore.
23:20In Montreal,
23:2130,000 Jews demonstrate
23:23to draw attention
23:24to the fate
23:25of those left behind
23:26in Ukraine.
23:33100,000 Jews
23:35were murdered,
23:36trapped in the civil war
23:37between the white Russians,
23:38the Tsarists,
23:39and the Reds,
23:40the Communists.
23:49After four years
23:50of fighting,
23:51the Reds,
23:52the Bolsheviks,
23:53eventually prevail,
23:54because they are
23:55even more ruthless
23:56than their opponents.
23:57of the Soviet Union.
23:58The Soviet Union
23:58of Soviet Socialist
24:07Republics,
24:07the USSR.
24:09A massive portion
24:11of the planet
24:11becomes communist.
24:14The USSR's entire economy
24:17has collapsed.
24:18The harvest had been requisitioned
24:20to feed the troops.
24:21Its first great famine
24:26in 1922
24:27leaves five million dead.
24:34Humanitarian aid
24:36pours in
24:36from all over the world.
24:39A member of the
24:40American Relief Administration
24:42who will save
24:42thousands of lives,
24:44William Shafroth,
24:45recounts,
24:46people have been reduced
24:48to eating weeds
24:49mixed with ground bones,
24:51tree bark,
24:51and clay,
24:52as well as horses,
24:55dogs,
24:56cats,
24:56rats,
24:57and the straw from roofs.
25:02I see emaciated
25:04little skeletons
25:05with gaunt faces
25:07and toothpick legs.
25:11Every day,
25:12a dozen of them die.
25:14The stench
25:14is nauseating.
25:16At the end of the Civil War,
25:28one and a half million Russians
25:29escaped the country.
25:32400,000 white Russians
25:34settled in Nice
25:35on the French Riviera
25:36or Paris
25:37in well-to-do neighborhoods.
25:41Those who have escaped
25:42with their fortunes
25:43can live like kings,
25:44and indeed they do.
25:46Prince Yusupov,
25:52one of the assassins
25:53of Rasputin,
25:54a shadowy advisor
25:55to Tsar Nicholas II,
25:57writes,
25:58how can one not feel
25:59confident in Paris,
26:01which knows well
26:02how to lift
26:02a stranger's spirits
26:03with a smile?
26:06The prince has a lover,
26:08the young Grand Duke Dimitri,
26:10who is himself living
26:11with the already famous
26:13fashion designer,
26:14Coco Chanel.
26:19When she decides
26:20to launch her perfume,
26:21Chanel No. 5,
26:23Dimitri convinces her
26:24to adopt for its bottle
26:25the shape of the vodka flasks
26:27used by Russian officers.
26:29But it's not just rich aristocrats
26:43who remain steeped
26:44in their devotion
26:44to the last Tsar.
26:46Yusupov notes in his memoirs,
26:49everywhere one sees
26:50Russian businesses springing up.
26:53Restaurants, shops,
26:54new orthodox churches
26:55with their schools
26:56and retirement homes.
26:59Paris is becoming
27:00a natural destination
27:01for immigrants.
27:04The Tsar's generals
27:06and former officers
27:07of the Imperial Guard
27:08have no skills
27:09beyond the military,
27:11but they can drive,
27:12and so become taxi drivers.
27:13They will long be part
27:16of Parisian folklore.
27:18The last will retire
27:19in 1970
27:20at the age of 92.
27:27White Russians,
27:28like this taxi driver,
27:30watch with concern
27:31the spread of Soviet influence
27:32in the world.
27:40Exorbitant wartime spending
27:41has led to deep social tensions.
27:44People everywhere
27:45are joining communist parties
27:47with their vision
27:47of common prosperity.
27:49In London, Berlin,
27:52New York,
27:53Milan,
27:54and Rome.
27:57The Italian communist leader,
28:00Antonio Gramsci,
28:01returns from Moscow
28:02and takes his place
28:04as an early Marxist theoretician.
28:06He says,
28:08to live is to be partisan.
28:10Opposing the communists,
28:15war veterans initially
28:17band together
28:17behind a fiery poet,
28:19a war hero,
28:21Gabriele D'Annunzio.
28:24He has denounced
28:25the Treaty of Versailles
28:26because in redrawing
28:28the map of Europe,
28:29the Allies have handed
28:30to Yugoslavia,
28:31territories populated
28:32by Italians,
28:33including Dalmatia
28:34and the city of Fiume.
28:39Gabriele D'Annunzio laments,
28:41our victory
28:42has been mutilated.
28:48He launches his militia,
28:50proclaiming,
28:51Italy,
28:52your hour has come.
28:53Wonderful years.
28:55I hear the thunder of eagles,
28:56which with their talons
28:57tear up the night.
28:59Gabriele D'Annunzio
29:04is able to seize
29:05the city of Fiume.
29:15The regular army
29:16then drives him out,
29:18but respectfully.
29:21For the communist Gramsci,
29:23this tragicomedy
29:24is yet another sign
29:25of the decadence
29:26of the bourgeois state.
29:27He says,
29:29the old world is dying,
29:31the new world
29:32struggles to be born,
29:33and in this twilight,
29:35monsters suddenly appear.
29:39That monster
29:41is Benito Mussolini.
29:44His wife,
29:45Raquelé, writes,
29:47his eyes were phosphorescent,
29:49his gaze piercing,
29:51his pupils
29:51seemed to flash lightning.
29:54He knew that his eyes
29:55held incredible power
29:56over everyone.
29:57Mussolini began his career
30:01as a socialist journalist.
30:03He became a nationalist
30:04during the war.
30:08In 1919,
30:10he created the fascist movement,
30:12named after his
30:13Fasci di Combattimento,
30:15fighting squads.
30:20Mussolini rides on the prestige
30:22of Gabriele D'Annunzio,
30:23copying everything.
30:25The black shirts,
30:27the Roman salute,
30:29the raised dagger,
30:31and the cry,
30:32Hanoi, Hanoi,
30:34to us,
30:35to us.
30:37But Gabriele D'Annunzio
30:39had 2,500 men in 1919.
30:42Mussolini has 300,000 in 1922.
30:46With his populist slogans,
30:49Mussolini unites veterans,
30:52war invalids,
30:54the unemployed,
30:56the middle class,
30:57and even the feeble-minded,
30:59who have trouble making the fascist salute.
31:02And all the underclass,
31:04who after their street fights,
31:06ride on their bandages,
31:08Menefregel.
31:09I don't care.
31:12Mussolini promises to restore social order.
31:15He gives his squads a weapon,
31:17a wooden cane,
31:19to beat the communists,
31:20and set fire to their houses of the people.
31:23Mussolini says,
31:36I will restore discipline in the factories.
31:40Which pleases the big industrialists,
31:43like Agnelli,
31:44the founder of Fiat,
31:45and Pirelli,
31:46the tire manufacturer.
31:53Mussolini organizes on October 28th, 1922,
32:13a show of force pompously called the March on Rome.
32:17He himself arrives in comfort on the train from Milan.
32:42He has exchanged his black shirt for a suit and tie,
32:46meant to be more statesman-like
32:47in the midst of his fascist henchmen.
32:54King Victor Emmanuel III
32:56hands him the reins of power,
32:58much to the misfortune of the Italian people.
33:06Supported by the church,
33:08Mussolini makes clever use of propaganda
33:10and fills concentration camps with his opponents,
33:13ushering in an authoritarian anti-communist regime.
33:21One year later, in 1923,
33:24German veterans also unite
33:26around their wartime leader,
33:28General Ludendorff,
33:29who now supports the leader of the Nazi party,
33:32Adolf Hitler.
33:33Hitler says,
33:40Our people are subject to such misery
33:42that if we do not act now,
33:44they will join the communists.
33:49The Allies will assist Hitler
33:51through a series of blunders,
33:52like the Belgian and French occupation
33:55of Germany's war mining region,
33:57where coal is seized in forced reparations,
34:02which leads to an economic crisis
34:04and staggering inflation.
34:08With banknotes being printed as fast as possible,
34:12the currency depreciates at an unimaginable rate.
34:15A loaf of bread costs 460 billion marks.
34:19A 13-year-old German girl,
34:24Irma Lang, recounts,
34:26When our father comes home with the day's wages,
34:29we rush right out to spend it.
34:32Otherwise, in no time,
34:33it would be worthless.
34:39Between the Germans of the war
34:41and the French and Belgian occupiers,
34:43tension is rising.
34:44On March 10th, 1923,
34:52a French officer strikes German onlookers
34:54who fail to remove their hats
34:56for the funeral portage
34:57of a victim of an attack.
35:00Amid such instability,
35:02Hitler tries to seize power
35:04on November 9th, 1923.
35:07But the army and police remain loyal
35:10to the German Republic,
35:11and the putsch fails.
35:14Hitler is imprisoned.
35:17For now.
35:19Stefan Zweig speaks for many
35:20when he writes,
35:22In this year, 1923,
35:24the swastikas have disappeared.
35:26The stormtroopers,
35:27and the name of Adolf Hitler,
35:29have all fallen into oblivion.
35:35But Zweig is terribly wrong.
35:38From his cell,
35:39Hitler will prepare his revenge.
35:41He writes his book,
35:43Mein Kampf,
35:43My Struggle,
35:45a screed against the Treaty of Versailles
35:47and France.
35:51The totalitarian menace is real.
35:55In Spain,
35:56General Primo de Rivera,
35:58also inspired by Mussolini,
36:00seizes power on September 23rd, 1923,
36:03and establishes a dictatorship.
36:06This military coup delights an ambitious young officer,
36:12Francisco Franco.
36:16Noted for his discipline and ferocity,
36:19Franco, at 33,
36:21will become the youngest general in Europe
36:23and the next dictator of Spain.
36:26In 1921,
36:31he is one of the leaders of the Spanish Foreign Legion,
36:36responsible for maintaining order in the Riff,
36:40an area of Morocco controlled by Spain.
36:43The French dominate the rest of the country.
36:47During the World War,
36:49and the iron mines of the region,
36:51Moroccans were forced to work beyond exhaustion
36:53to supply French munitions factories.
36:56The Moroccan people rebel against this exploitation.
36:58A nationalist leader emerges in the Arab world.
37:09His name is Abdel Krem.
37:11He is a well-read scholar,
37:13about 50 years old.
37:15He has successfully unified
37:16the Berber tribes around him.
37:20He begins by inflicting
37:21a crushing defeat on the Spanish
37:23at the Battle of Anual
37:24on July 21st, 1921.
37:2820,000 Spaniards are defeated by the Riff tribesmen.
37:3713,000 of them are killed or wounded.
37:40The survivors retreat in chaos.
37:45The French intervene
37:47to fight alongside the Spaniards.
37:53Is this the beginning of the end of colonization?
37:58The Riff war foreshadows all the horrors of the future.
38:06Here,
38:07a Moroccan soldier
38:09has beheaded his rebel brother.
38:13There is an escalation of atrocities
38:15on both sides.
38:19The French and Spanish
38:20use every weapon in their arsenal,
38:22including aerial attacks.
38:23Some bombs
38:29are loaded with the same horrific mustard gas
38:31used by the Germans in 1917.
38:38Landing their forces behind enemy lines
38:40and advancing with tanks,
38:43they finally defeat Abdel Krem.
38:45He surrenders to the French
38:48on May 27th, 1926.
38:52His surrender is filmed
38:54for movie house newsreels,
38:55which seek to reassure viewers,
38:57proclaiming,
38:58his elderly father
38:59and his family
39:00place themselves
39:01under the protection
39:02of the victors.
39:03The Riff war
39:09will become the inspiration
39:10for every subsequent war
39:12of decolonization
39:13in Africa
39:14and around the world.
39:18It also marks
39:19a decisive turning point.
39:21From now on,
39:22the world will be structured
39:23around a new fault line.
39:26People had lost
39:27their religious bearings
39:28and their identity
39:29during the war.
39:30They will find
39:32new meaning,
39:33a new project,
39:34a vocation
39:35in political engagement.
39:381926.
39:40Fascist fever
39:40rises everywhere,
39:42like here in England.
39:44Communist fever
39:44also rises everywhere,
39:46even in New York.
39:51The United States
39:52tries to expel
39:53its communists.
39:54They will be given
39:55a one-way ticket
39:56to the homeland
39:57of socialism
39:58on this boat,
39:59renamed
39:59the Soviet Ark.
40:06Bye!
40:10In addition
40:11to the Red Scare,
40:13Americans are dealing
40:13with prohibition.
40:17By banning alcohol,
40:19conservatives hope
40:20to impose morality
40:21on a society
40:22at full roar.
40:23And so begins
40:27the wild pursuit
40:28of smugglers
40:29of every type
40:30of alcohol,
40:31distilled in Canada
40:32or at home.
40:34American police
40:35resort to all the means
40:36at their disposal
40:37to destroy
40:38the contraband.
40:39prohibition is a boon
40:52for the Italian-American mafia.
40:54Prohibition is a boon
40:55for the Italian-American mafia.
40:56now strengthening its grip
41:10on America.
41:12Al Capone
41:13takes center stage
41:14in the history
41:15of gangsterism.
41:18Americans are giddy
41:19with life.
41:21The rhythms of jazz
41:22give rise to new dances
41:23like the Charleston.
41:27They want to forget
41:28everything.
41:28They don't want to have
41:29to think anymore.
41:31The American writer
41:32John Dos Passos
41:33predicts,
41:33The 20th century
41:35will be American.
41:37American thought
41:37will dominate it.
41:39American progress
41:40will give it color
41:41and direction.
41:42The regeneration
41:43of the world,
41:44physical as well as moral,
41:46has begun.
41:47And revolutions
41:48never move backwards.
41:55Jazz has crossed
41:57the Atlantic.
41:59In Paris,
42:00Josephine Baker
42:01sets the tone.
42:02When the French writer
42:04Jean Cocteau
42:04first sees her,
42:05he exclaims,
42:07Eroticism
42:08has just found
42:09its style.
42:12These are the roaring
42:1320s of Montmartre
42:14and Montparnasse.
42:17Ernest Hemingway's
42:18Paris memoir,
42:19A Moveable Feast,
42:20will be his last book.
42:22He writes,
42:23Living in Paris
42:24is like having
42:25a great treasure
42:27given to you.
42:32In Berlin, too,
42:34the rhythms
42:34of the Charleston
42:35echo everywhere.
42:38Stefan Zweig
42:38writes in his book,
42:39The World of Yesterday,
42:41As the value
42:42of money dwindled,
42:43all other values
42:44began to crumble.
42:46It was a time
42:47of high ecstasy,
42:49a singular mixture
42:50of unrest
42:51and fanaticism.
42:53Everything that was
42:54extravagant
42:55and uncontrollable
42:56experienced a golden age.
42:58In the madness
43:03of these post-war years,
43:06some want to feel alive,
43:08to bury once and for all
43:09the memory
43:10of disaster and death.
43:13Others will wait
43:13for Hitler
43:14to put an end
43:15to the Treaty of Versailles
43:16by rearming Germany.
43:19Financial crises
43:20will weaken democracies,
43:22and another world war,
43:24which once seemed
43:25unthinkable,
43:26then a distinct threat,
43:27could become inevitable.
43:33And yet,
43:34after November 11, 1918,
43:37people everywhere
43:38proved their tremendous
43:39capacity
43:40to start living again.
43:43Will they know
43:44how to fight
43:45to ensure that the next war
43:47will finally be the last?
43:49And will they be able
43:50to keep the peace?
43:51and will leave
43:53the silence
43:54of the word
43:54will continue to berth
43:56and desire
43:56to ensure that their
43:57probably will be the last
43:59people's should
44:01do anything they do
44:03you want
44:03to experience
44:04some quality
44:04you can do
44:05with the rest
44:06and if you have
44:07that way
44:08will continue
44:09to remember
44:09and you won't
44:11has aiyet
44:12and you've
44:12stopped
44:12over
44:17the I
44:18referenced
44:19by
44:20¡Suscríbete al canal!
44:50Gracias por ver el video.
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