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Luxembourg began as a state within the Holy Roman Empire, its ruling dynasty became one of the most powerful in Europe, producing several Holy Roman Emperors. But they were conquered by Burgundy in 1443.

After centuries under foreign rule, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg was recreated following Napoleon's defeat in 1815. During the Belgian Revolution, much of Luxembourg was claimed by Belgium, and in 1839 the country lost nearly half of its territory. In 1867, a dispute over the possible sale of Luxembourg to France nearly triggered a major European crisis, leading to Luxembourg being declared permanently neutral.

Despite its neutrality, Luxembourg was occupied by Germany during both World Wars. After World War II, it abandoned neutrality and became a founding member of NATO and one of the founding states of the European integration process that later developed into the European Union.

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Transcript
00:00How did Luxembourg's territory change over time? Luxembourg was once part of the Holy Roman Empire,
00:05and they were a very powerful duchy at the time, so powerful that several Holy Roman Emperors were
00:11Luxembourgish. But Luxembourg was soon conquered and spent 400 years under foreign rule, until it
00:17regained autonomy after Napoleon's defeat. They then joined the German Confederation, and Prussian
00:22troops came to defend Luxembourg's city. In 1830, Belgium rebelled against the Netherlands and took
00:29over half of Luxembourg, but they couldn't attack the Prussians in Luxembourg city, and Luxembourg was
00:34forced to give up the territory. In 1867, the Dutch king wanted to sell Luxembourg to France, but this
00:40made Germany angry, almost leading to a war. Luxembourg was instead made neutral. During World
00:47War I and World War II, they were occupied by Germany, but were returned after both wars. Realizing that
00:53neutrality can't protect them, they became one of the founding members of NATO and the European Union,
00:59the European Union.
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