- vor 2 Tagen
Aktueller denn je.
Der überarbeitete Film „Die Propaganda-Maschine“ stellt die Mittel, Techniken und Geschichte der Propaganda vor.
Umfangreiches Archivmaterial zeigt, wie sehr sich über nationale,
zeitliche oder auch politische Grenzen hinaus Propagandaziele und -techniken ähneln.
Die Nazis griffen für ihr perfides Zerrbild vom "ewigen Juden" auf dieselbe Technik zurück,
mit der schon ihre britischen Kollegen im Ersten Weltkrieg das Feindbild vom Deutschen entwarfen.
Der Propaganda ist jedes Mittel recht.
Je unauffälliger und harmloser sie daherkommt, um so wirkungsvoller geht ihre Saat auf.
Keine politische Ordnung, kein Verfassungstyp verzichtet auf sie - auch nicht die Demokratie.
Vor Propaganda ist niemand sicher.
Der überarbeitete Film „Die Propaganda-Maschine“ stellt die Mittel, Techniken und Geschichte der Propaganda vor.
Umfangreiches Archivmaterial zeigt, wie sehr sich über nationale,
zeitliche oder auch politische Grenzen hinaus Propagandaziele und -techniken ähneln.
Die Nazis griffen für ihr perfides Zerrbild vom "ewigen Juden" auf dieselbe Technik zurück,
mit der schon ihre britischen Kollegen im Ersten Weltkrieg das Feindbild vom Deutschen entwarfen.
Der Propaganda ist jedes Mittel recht.
Je unauffälliger und harmloser sie daherkommt, um so wirkungsvoller geht ihre Saat auf.
Keine politische Ordnung, kein Verfassungstyp verzichtet auf sie - auch nicht die Demokratie.
Vor Propaganda ist niemand sicher.
Kategorie
📚
LernenTranskript
00:06Music
00:55Propaganda is war by other means.
00:57A confrontation in which mortars and howitzers do not fire live shells, but leaflets far behind enemy lines.
01:06Eleven billion pieces in World War II alone.
01:10Propaganda is also a war of words, slogans, and symbols.
01:15Just as ruthless as the war of tanks and cannons.
01:21In a truly critical situation, the end sometimes justifies the means.
01:29So, of course, London did a fabulous propaganda job in that sense,
01:38by unsettling the landscape.
01:42Some of it includes addresses, etc.
01:46Or she approached him and said, "Do you know where your wife was last night?"
01:57I wouldn't want to weigh propaganda against the odds in a war.
02:05Who has greater ethical values on their side here?
02:10Because everyone will claim that their cause is the just cause and that the just cause must be helped to victory.
02:18Propagandists are always at work. In war as in peace.
02:26Comrades, come on over! Roast pork with dumplings and mulled wine, come on over!
02:33Propaganda battles on the one hand, advertising campaigns on the other.
02:40Propaganda attacks and manipulates its victims.
02:43They should buy what they didn't need before.
02:47Believe what they did not believe in and obey whom they had previously disobeyed.
02:52Propaganda is not selective.
02:54It's a market that caters to everyone.
02:57It sells war aims as well as soft drinks.
02:59Democracies use them just as much as totalitarian systems.
03:04Propaganda has many faces.
03:14A weapon of war that paves the way for collaborators.
03:26A weapon of war that pits one country against another.
03:29Distrust the Poles. Watch out for the French. Don't trust the English. Be careful with the Russians.
03:39The power of propaganda, as this American film shows, is based on its psychological effect.
03:44She sows distrust and stirs up fears. She incites people and their beliefs against each other.
03:51A weapon of war that pits one race against another.
03:54Aria, Aria, this race, that race, this race, that race.
03:57Aria, the race, the race.
04:27And believes that what one proclaims is now the final truth or the only truth.
04:35One must still distinguish between the depicted reality and reality itself.
04:40A film produced by the German Federal Armed Forces in 1968 was intended to immunize soldiers against enemy propaganda.
04:48In all conflicts up to the present day, we repeatedly encounter attempts to confuse minds, instill fear, and...
04:56deceive, sow doubt about one's own cause,
04:58to render the opponent incapable of fighting even before the actual engagement.
05:03During the First World War, Germany was completely unprepared for the enemy's propaganda, which used zeppelins and cannons to spread it.
05:12The political leadership of the empire wanted to fight and win its battles.
05:17The realization that it was also important to win over the opinion of the non-fighting world only took hold much later.
05:36The illustrated war courier was an awkward start. The magazine was published weekly in several languages.
05:48German soldiers could read in it what hard work awaited them in the enemy camps if they were captured.
05:55let.
05:56Allied soldiers, on the other hand, were shown the German camps as leisure camps where they played football, painted or made music.
06:03Thus, despite poison gas and trench warfare, Germany showed itself to be a humane fighting force and made taking captive appealing to enemy soldiers.
06:13It didn't stop at leaflets and newspapers. The film was developed into a propaganda weapon.
06:19In Germany they were still hesitant, but in England and America an entire industry was already producing.
06:25The possibilities of the new medium also impressed the writer Heinrich Eduard Jakob.
06:32During World War II, film served as a weapon of incitement.
06:36Just like tanks and submarines, like guns, airplanes and gas bombs, film is now considered a weapon of war.
06:45Cartridge strips made of celluloid. The film's machine gun delivers 20 frames per second.
06:52A truly well-made hate film eliminates justice from the minds of the viewers.
07:02The National Socialists quickly learned from the failures of German propaganda in the First World War.
07:09Their most important weapon became the radio. Immediately after seizing power in 1933, they upgraded broadcasting.
07:16They dismissed all employees who held differing political views. The media outlet served to secure their power.
07:23And then, to boost morale during the war. At the front and at home.
07:29The comradeship service of the Greater German Broadcasting Corporation conveys many warm greetings from his wife to Sergeant Herbert Haller.
07:37She wishes him good luck as a soldier and a safe return home.
07:41The exiled intellectuals and writers saw things differently.
07:46Berthold Brecht noticed the phrase-like nature of the language and remarked ironically.
07:51A good propagandist can turn a dung heap into a tourist destination.
07:55He plants laurel bushes on the graves of those who starved and fell.
07:59But long before that happened, he spoke of peace when the cannons rolled by.
08:05In contrast, Reich Propaganda Minister Josef Goebbels saw only positive aspects.
08:12That is the secret of propaganda: to completely permeate the person the propaganda wants to capture with the ideas of propaganda.
08:22without him even realizing that he is being stretched.
08:27Radio became a tool for proclaiming the National Socialist worldview.
08:34During the war, the broadcasters only aired success stories.
08:37Enemy stations could not be heard. This was indeed a problem.
08:41The Nazis had developed radio broadcasting so perfectly that listeners could receive more than just their own propaganda.
08:51The enemy also used the medium. This, of course, had to be prevented. Warnings were distributed to all listeners.
09:00Remember, listening to foreign radio stations is a crime.
09:07The Nazis took radio extremely seriously. Those convicted of radio offenses faced the death penalty.
09:19Decades later, things were not quite so draconian in East Germany.
09:23Here, too, the goal was to win the war for brains.
09:26Western newspapers were simply confiscated.
09:28And to check television reception, the party even climbed onto roofs and realigned the antennas to face east again.
09:50The German as a joke.
09:53Even during the First World War, American propagandists developed a vision of what the enemy should look like.
09:59In his film Yankee Doodle in Berlin, director Max Hennert made Germans look like chickens. And ridiculed them, too.
10:07Your Majesty, these men stormed a convent in Belgium.
10:13If these are soldiers, then I'm an acrobat.
10:20The opponent as a loser or a harmless bogeyman?
10:25Especially in times of war, this method does not make it clear why it should be fought.
10:30Therefore, he is portrayed as a cruel beast. Unpredictable, uncivilized.
10:35The exact opposite of their own values and cultural tradition.
10:39The German as a Hun or as a beast. He must be fought.
10:45The Nazis refined this technique.
10:48In 1940, the Reich Film Director Fritz Hippler directed the film The Eternal Jew.
10:53The most insidious piece of anti-Semitic propaganda in existence.
10:57Jews are treated like vermin.
11:00Rats are cunning, cowardly, and cruel, and usually appear in large numbers.
11:06Among animals, they represent the element of insidious subterranean destruction.
11:11No different from the Jews among men.
11:18Animal comparisons were also used during the Cold War.
11:21That's when the Soviet Union mutated into a hungry, and therefore unpredictable, bear.
11:27A bear lives in the woods.
11:30For some, the bear is easy to see.
11:32Others don't see him at all.
11:36Some people say the bear is tame.
11:38Others say he is malicious and dangerous.
11:42Since nobody can really be sure how right they are,
11:44Wouldn't it be wise to be just as strong as the bear if there is a bear around?
11:52The image of the enemy legitimizes one's own political actions.
11:56It separates oneself from the opponent and thus firmly unites one's own side.
12:01But what if this enemy image suddenly disappears?
12:05Then we did what a Soviet acquaintance told me,
12:09We will do the worst to you.
12:12We will steal your enemy.
12:16Then what we saw happened afterwards.
12:19Does NATO still make sense?
12:21Does she need to create a new purpose for herself?
12:23How do former enemies become partners?
12:27Or will they remain opponents in part?
12:30Or are we afraid that they will become enemies again?
12:32Or do we perhaps even want to have to live with a little bit of tension?
12:37Don't we actually need an enemy image?
12:41This is what we are experiencing right now.
12:45During the First World War, the Germans had to contend primarily with the accusation that
12:49to have invaded neutral Belgium at the beginning of the war.
12:53German propaganda therefore portrayed friendly soldiers in Belgium,
12:57who were also fond of children.
12:59That was no coincidence.
13:00Because of the outrage abroad over the invasion
13:03in the propagandistic counter-image of the German
13:06as rapists and child murderers
13:08found its metaphorical expression.
13:11Erich von Stroheim became a stereotypical figure.
13:14in the film produced by Karl Lemle
13:16Heart of Humanity.
13:18The rape of a Belgian nurse
13:20stands for the rape of Belgium.
13:23The child, who is disturbing with its screams,
13:26symbolizes the innocent Belgian population.
13:29She is mercilessly murdered.
13:53During World War II, German propaganda claimed,
13:56The Poles raped German women and children.
13:59This lie made it clear: not Germany.
14:02Poland was the monster.
14:05Even at the beginning of the Desert Storm company,
14:08the expulsion of the Iraqi occupation forces from Kuwait
14:10In January 1991, a propaganda lie was spread.
14:15After the invasion of Kuwait
14:16The international outrage was immense.
14:19But it was only when a young girl appeared before the United Nations that she
14:22with a voice choked with tears, he described details of the crimes,
14:25which she had witnessed, was the world public.
14:28ready for military intervention.
14:34I saw the Iraqi soldiers arriving at the hospital.
14:39They took the babies out of the incubators,
14:42took the incubators with them
14:43and left the children to die in the cold hallway.
14:47It was terrible.
14:50I have to think of my nephew,
14:51who was born prematurely
14:53and who would have died on that day.
14:56The witness's statements were lies.
14:59The history of incubators, invention.
15:02The girl was the daughter
15:03of the Kuwaiti ambassador to the USA.
15:06An advertising agency had commissioned the principality
15:09invented this PR stunt.
15:10As we know, the plan worked out.
15:20The enemy as child murderer and rapist of women.
15:23But the propaganda continues.
15:25Where the enemy looks different,
15:27does not correspond to the exaggerated image of the enemy,
15:29Does she know the answer?
15:31The opponent was only pretending.
15:33He remains a beast.
15:34An enemy, albeit in a different guise.
15:42Once a German, always a German.
15:49The English already used this method in the First World War.
15:53It is not a Nazi invention,
15:55whose racial hatred was alien to England.
15:57Feies and Barth, Kappe and Kaftan
16:00characterize the Eastern European Jew for everyone.
16:03If he puts them down,
16:05Only people with sharper vision can see this.
16:07his racial origin.
16:09Twenty years later, West German propaganda warns
16:13in front of the political opponent.
16:15Not on a flat cap and red neckerchief
16:17You can recognize the communists.
16:19No, they look like respectable citizens.
16:24Behind the mask of an accountant, Müller,
16:26The board of directors of the bowling club Alle Neune is [name omitted].
16:29Behind the mask of a secretary,
16:31who sits harmlessly at her typewriter.
16:33Behind the mask of the center forward
16:34in our football club,
16:36who recently spoke so enthusiastically about the international match in Moscow.
16:50Symbols are important instruments of propaganda.
16:53They could be derived from the political self-image of their inventors.
16:56Their destruction also occurs through propaganda.
17:00That has always been part of political practice.
17:02Thus, the symbols of power of the Egyptian queen Hatshepsut were
17:07erased by her nephew and heir to the throne, Thutmose III.
17:11Her signature was scratched off,
17:13Her memory destroyed.
17:14The erasure of memory is practiced,
17:17because the representatives of a new era
17:19They perceive the symbols of the olden days as competition and a threat.
17:23This is censorship.
17:27And new political symbols must be established.
17:31And their constant repetition is also crucial.
17:38First you come, then you again
17:42and then there's a long, long, long, long time without anything.
17:49You think the same way I do.
17:55So it goes without saying that people perceive images better.
18:00and understand them as abstract concepts.
18:05For example, we have
18:11considered one point
18:15we are, West Berlin,
18:18the island in the Red Sea.
18:24We have abandoned that idea.
18:28Because an island in the Red Sea can also be swallowed up.
18:31from a spring tide or something like that.
18:33So it's not so good after all.
18:35A haven of freedom against the surrounding unfreedom,
18:39especially if you are walled in
18:42or is surrounded by barbed wire.
18:45That's much better.
18:49In any case, it doesn't associate the danger so strongly.
18:53Because if I am walled in,
18:54I am also protected to a certain degree.
18:57And not exposed to the hardships of natural forces.
19:02And natural forces, there's little one can do to defend oneself against them.
19:05This means you can also choose the wrong images.
19:08and must be very careful.
19:11After bloody fighting in February 1945
19:14the US Marines succeeded in
19:16to drive the Japanese from the Pacific island of Iwo Jima,
19:19Initially, only a small flag was displayed.
19:21hoisted as a sign of triumph.
19:23The commander deemed it too small.
19:24and had the scene repeated with a larger flag
19:27and take photographs.
19:29Choosing the right images
19:31does not leave propaganda to chance.
19:34This also applies to the storming of the Reichstag in Berlin.
19:37by the Soviet Army in May 1945.
19:40Although the attack took place in the presence of the authorities,
19:42The film footage shows the storming taking place during the day.
19:46This was also reenacted.
19:48This also applies to the photos,
19:50Evgeni Kaldai with soldiers the next day
19:53and staged in another part of the Reichstag building.
19:57But that wasn't the end of it.
19:59In a photograph of Kaldai, a Soviet officer is wearing,
20:02who supports his comrade,
20:04A wristwatch on each wrist.
20:06Looting must not appear in an official photograph.
20:10The clock was removed.
20:19It is the retoucher's hour,
20:22who succeeds
20:22to give mythical characteristics to situations and people
20:26by stripping them of their context.
20:58The propaganda technician
20:58and the Riefenstahl family.
21:00The propaganda minister was removed.
21:02It was said that he had an affair with Leni Riefenstahl.
21:06This photo shows a murdered Mafioso.
21:09The dead man has a bleeding head wound.
21:12After digital image editing
21:14are the man and the garage door behind him
21:16suddenly riddled with bullets.
21:18The suggestion that the victim died in a hail of bullets.
21:25Propaganda is a tool, a methodology.
21:28And that has absolutely nothing to do with content.
21:33And to put it more politely, that meant,
21:38Do good and talk about it.
21:41And already the typical story,
21:45that we now have propaganda
21:47to perceive as something negative,
21:50but perceive enlightenment as something positive,
21:54although the ministry of Goebbels
21:56the Ministry of Enlightenment and Propaganda
21:58or has been called propaganda in the context of enlightenment.
22:01But that has something to do with it,
22:03that 100 years ago also
22:05the ministry in question
22:07It was called the Ministry of War.
22:09And today only from the Ministry of Defense
22:12is being spoken about.
22:13Although it is essentially the same thing,
22:15but already Ministry of Defense
22:17It's actually a piece of propaganda.
22:26The 21st century promises a globally networked
22:30and an informed global society.
22:33Are enemy images antiquated relics of historical eras?
22:37The age of information technology
22:39has with the new technologies
22:41to communicate anytime, anywhere in the world
22:45Although new controls were also created,
22:47but the possibilities of manipulation
22:49and disinformation have increased
22:51and have become more subtle.
22:53Is the implementation of democracy worldwide
22:57A goal?
23:01What can be used for this?
23:04Is security ensured with the participation of all
23:07more than the idea,
23:10That the rest of the world should become just like us?
23:13These are the new propaganda battles,
23:16which have already been started.
23:20So we may not be at the end,
23:23but only at the beginning of new propaganda offensives.
23:26The war against public consciousness
23:30has only just begun.
24:00uncertain in the new propaganda offensive
24:02Events
24:02That's the whole story of Espboltier,
24:21Subtitles by ZDF, 2020
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