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Plongez dans les mystères de notre passé avec cette vidéo fascinante qui explore les récentes découvertes sur les croisements entre différentes espèces humaines ! Un fossile vieux de 300 000 ans découvert en Chine remet en question tout ce que nous pensions savoir sur notre arbre généalogique. Avec des caractéristiques uniques, ce fossile soulève des questions sur les interactions entre Denisoviens, Néandertaliens, et d'autres ancêtres. Que se cache-t-il vraiment derrière notre histoire humaine ? Rejoignez-nous pour une exploration passionnante de ces ancêtres qui ont façonné notre humanité !
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00:01There could have been more species in history than we thought.
00:06In a region of the east of China,
00:10scientists discovered the remains of an human being lived in about 300.000 years.
00:16They found a shoe and parts of a crân.
00:19They carefully studied these eaux to compare them to other ancient and modern humans.
00:26The rest of them were not as usual.
00:29We know that our human family is very diverse and exists for millions of years.
00:35You know our old parents, the Australopithecus, n'est-ce pas ?
00:39These guys lived in different regions of Africa
00:42and were known to march on two legs, like modern humans.
00:47But their brains and other parts of their bodies were more than before.
00:53These are their teeth that show us that they were a mixture of singes and modern humans.
00:58Their teeth were smaller than the singes,
01:01but their teeth later were bigger than the others.
01:05There were different types,
01:07some are recognized as their big shoes and their teeth.
01:14The most famous fossils of Australopithecus is Lucy,
01:17a young age of about 3,2 millions of years.
01:20She was discovered in Ethiopia.
01:24So we know that our family has grown a lot from this time and probably even before.
01:29But it is always nice to meet new members,
01:32what seems to be the case with this new discovery.
01:36Some parts of these fossils look like the ones of ancient humans,
01:39while others look like the ones of modern humans.
01:43For example, the person whose ones have been discovered
01:46was not really a manton.
01:49That means that we can't class them in any of the groups that we know,
01:53like the Neandertalians and perhaps even the Homo sapiens.
01:57So could it be so that we lack a branch of the human tree
02:00or an important step of our evolution?
02:04It could be a mix between the modern humans
02:07and those who are becoming what we call today
02:11the Denisoviens.
02:13But we need time to understand everything.
02:17We didn't know anything about the Denisoviens
02:20until we found out of the mountains in a mountain.
02:24These houses are very rare and we had only a few pieces to analyze.
02:28But their genes we learned a lot more about their past
02:31than their fossils.
02:33Different types of human beings have lived on this planet,
02:36but over time, they were dispersed.
02:38A group is going to live in Africa.
02:41It's our species, the Homo sapiens.
02:43Another group is made in Europe.
02:45That's how the Neandertalians were born.
02:47But some of these ancient human groups
02:49were moved to the Asi.
02:51It's there that we find a new species interesting
02:54the Denisoviens.
02:56It seems that these last are the cousins
02:59both of the modern humans and of the Neandertalians.
03:01These three species have in fact shared a common
03:04it's about 765 thousand years.
03:07We still don't know why
03:08the Neandertalians and the Denisoviens
03:10have followed different ways.
03:12According to a theory, it would be mainly due to the fact
03:15that the Arctic Ocean Ocean
03:17was extended towards the south
03:18up to the Black Sea,
03:20thus separating Europe from the Asi.
03:22The life, or better even, the planet,
03:25has remained a distance for a long time.
03:27In addition, they did not stop changing the place of life,
03:30always looking for something better,
03:32like all the other human species before and after them.
03:36But this has not lasted forever.
03:38The scientists found the genes
03:40from two groups of Denisoviens,
03:42one in the Asi continent
03:43and the other in a place called Mélanésie.
03:46It seems so that after thousands
03:47and thousands of years of development
03:49independent,
03:50the members of these three populations,
03:52Neandertalians, Denisoviens and modern humans
03:54would be found and spread
03:57throughout the earth.
03:595% of the genome of Denisoviens subsist,
04:02not not in the region
04:03where scientists found their ossements,
04:05but in the people living
04:07hundreds of miles from there,
04:08in Asi du Sud-Est,
04:10for example in Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée.
04:12But scientists think
04:14that the cave where they found
04:15these restes of Denisoviens
04:16could be the place
04:18the most septentrional
04:19they would have reached.
04:21Survive them would have been impossible
04:22if they were more all north.
04:24From there,
04:25they were then traveling
04:26to the south of the Indonésie.
04:29This was possible for them
04:31because, at their time,
04:32the level of the sea was lower
04:34than today,
04:34and the Indonésie was then
04:36linked to the continent.
04:38But they probably did not
04:40reach the Australia
04:41which was still separated by the ocean.
04:44And these three groups
04:45also combined.
04:46Scientists found the girl
04:48whose mother was Nandertalian
04:50and the father of Denisoviens.
04:52It was the only human human
04:53hybrid of the first generation
04:55that we had discovered.
04:56She even received a nice name
04:58– Deni.
04:59One of the mysteries
05:01concerning the Denisoviens
05:02is that of their disappearance.
05:04Perhaps they were so mixed
05:05with other humans
05:06that they were found in the mass.
05:08It is also possible
05:09that the ancestors of modern humans
05:11had been stronger,
05:12that they had better tools,
05:14or that they had brought
05:15some diseases
05:16that they did not affect
05:17but affected the Denisoviens.
05:19The climate
05:20and the place where they lived
05:21could also have played a role.
05:24The Denisoviens
05:25have lived in very diverse environments
05:27from the cold regions
05:27from the Asie
05:29to the tropical Indonésie.
05:30The climate change
05:32and the challenges
05:33posed by the different habitats
05:34would have been very difficult
05:36to surmonish.
05:38But it is difficult
05:39to trace the lines
05:40strict in our geological tree.
05:42But anyway,
05:44we are not only at the beginning
05:45and who knows
05:46how many new members
05:47we are on the point
05:48to discover.
05:50A half a century,
05:52a team of scientists
05:53had the idea
05:53that a collection of fossils
05:55found in the valley
05:56of the Grand Rift,
05:57in Tanzania,
05:58was in fact the rest
05:59of a new human species.
06:01It is at this time
06:02that we welcomed
06:03the Homo habilis
06:04in the family.
06:06It was a great discovery
06:08at the time,
06:09because the people
06:09generally believed
06:10that the history
06:11of our evolution
06:12was very simple.
06:13First of all,
06:14there were the Australopithecus
06:15who seemed to look
06:16like a singe.
06:17After them,
06:18there were the Homo erectus
06:20,
06:20the Homme debout.
06:22There were probably
06:23in Africa
06:24about 2 millions of years
06:25but it was quickly
06:26spread in the Eurasie.
06:28It is the first human species
06:30known to have
06:31have traveled
06:31so long distances
06:32to find a better life
06:33to find a better life.
06:34They seemed to
06:35humans
06:35and were like that.
06:37In other words,
06:38they were probably
06:39the first ones
06:40of our ancestors
06:41to learn to serve
06:42the fire.
06:43They were maybe
06:43the first ones
06:45to cook foods
06:46and we are recognized
06:48The food foods
06:48is an innovation
06:50that has made
06:51the alimentary regime
06:52of the man
06:52more nutritious
06:53and that has allowed
06:54to grow our brains
06:55and become more intelligent.
06:58So, yes,
06:59the Homo habilis
07:00has made things
07:01more complicated.
07:02They could walk
07:03on two legs
07:04but they were also
07:05better to climb
07:06in the woods
07:07than to walk
07:08on the ground
07:08like us.
07:09In addition,
07:10their brains
07:11were more small
07:11than what we expect
07:12to find in a human.
07:14In the beginning,
07:15it seemed like
07:16that these fossils
07:16came from a whole other family
07:18linked to other creatures
07:20who look like
07:21wolves.
07:21But,
07:22the people who have
07:23more advanced
07:24have shown
07:24that even if his
07:25and his
07:27dents were
07:27similar,
07:28the Homo habilis
07:29was bigger
07:29and a little different.
07:32His name
07:33means
07:34because
07:35he was probably
07:36able to make
07:37and use
07:38simple tools.
07:40The research
07:41of other fossils
07:42in Africa
07:42was not easy
07:44because the team
07:44of researchers
07:45faced with
07:46animals
07:46wild
07:46and had
07:47very
07:48very
07:48very
07:48but they ended up
07:50finding
07:50the dents
07:51and a strange
07:51which was,
07:53again,
07:53different from the ancestors
07:55that we knew.
07:58These dents
07:59were very big,
08:00which has been
08:01called the
08:02casses-noisettes.
08:04For a long time,
08:05everyone knew
08:06that this species
08:06had evolved
08:07to eat
08:07but the dents
08:10fossilized
08:10were not very
08:11damaged,
08:12so we think
08:13now that they
08:13ate in reality
08:14relatively
08:15tender.
08:16This discovery
08:17could help us
08:18to understand
08:19the evolution
08:20of our dents.
08:21And there,
08:22in the same
08:23layers of
08:23the soil
08:24where the casses-noisettes
08:25had found
08:27ancient tools
08:28in stone.
08:28At first,
08:30they said that
08:30these tools
08:31belonged to
08:32this species.
08:33But in continuing
08:34to grow,
08:34they found
08:35other fossils
08:36that did not correspond
08:37to casses-noisettes.
08:39This means
08:40that someone else
08:40had made these tools.
08:42But I will tell you
08:43this story
08:44next time.
08:47You are
08:48much more
08:48Neandertalian
08:49that you think
08:50about your ADN.
08:52These ancient
08:53hominidies
08:54were more robust
08:55than humans
08:56today.
08:57They made
08:58tools in stone,
08:59the fire,
09:00wore clothes,
09:01and practiced
09:02some specific rituals.
09:04The official theory
09:05wanted
09:05that they were
09:06destroyed
09:0740,000 years ago.
09:09a new study
09:10suggests that
09:10it is probable
09:11that the Neandertalian
09:12would never be completely
09:13destroyed,
09:14but would rather
09:15fusion with the modern humans.
09:17It would seem
09:17that every human human
09:19has about 3%
09:20of the genome
09:21Neandertalian
09:22in its DNA.
09:23If this is revealed,
09:24this would indicate
09:25that the Neandertalian
09:26would be well
09:27more liable
09:27to our ancestors
09:28that we thought
09:29with them
09:30a long history
09:31of cohabitation.
09:33The Neandertalian
09:34were close
09:34parents of modern humans
09:35but our lines
09:36separated
09:37about 1,5 million years ago.
09:40More than 10 years ago,
09:42scientists discovered
09:42that the Neandertalian
09:43formed families
09:44with the first humans
09:45that had left
09:46Africa.
09:47Thus,
09:48the populations
09:49living today
09:50outside Africa
09:51have about 1-2%
09:53of ADN
09:53Neandertalian
09:54in their genetic heritage.
09:56Today,
09:57we have only three
09:58examples really
09:59concluding
10:00of genetic genetic
10:01from these
10:02ancient hominidés.
10:04The first
10:04is discovered
10:05in a cave
10:06in Croatian
10:07that 50
10:08to 65.000
10:09years.
10:10The other examples
10:11aged about 80.000
10:13and 50.000
10:14years
10:14were found
10:14in two caves
10:15located in Eurasie.
10:17Scientists are not yet
10:18aware of the way
10:19the DNA of modern humans
10:21introduced
10:21in the genetic genetic
10:23of the Neandertalian
10:24because of the lack
10:25of material
10:25to study.
10:26However,
10:26comparing the DNA
10:28of three
10:28Neandertalians
10:29with the two
10:30of modern humans
10:31they discovered
10:32that this DNA
10:33could contain
10:34up to 3,7%
10:36of genetic genetic
10:37human.
10:38This would mean
10:39that in the ancient
10:40population
10:40Neandertalian,
10:42about 1 over 30
10:43was a homo sapiens.
10:45The researchers
10:46discovered
10:46that the DNA
10:47modern humans
10:48was integrated
10:48into the genetic genetic
10:50during at least
10:51two distinct periods
10:52between the two species
10:54the first
10:55would have
10:56taken place
10:56in 200.000
10:57to 250.000
10:58and the second
11:00in about 100.000
11:01to 120.000
11:02It is possible
11:03that other
11:04periods of mix
11:04have existed,
11:06but they are not
11:07observable
11:07in the DNA sequence
11:09that we have today.
11:11Another recent study
11:12which does not
11:13any unanimity
11:14within the scientific community
11:15suggests
11:16that the majority
11:17of the DNA
11:18Neandertalian
11:19present
11:19modern humans
11:20would come from
11:21a great period
11:22of misty
11:23from about 47.000
11:25years
11:25and that would have
11:26lasted almost 6.800
11:27years.
11:28These cranes
11:28were discovered
11:31in two grottes
11:32in the Middle East.
11:33These cranes,
11:34which seem to belong
11:35to some of the first
11:36modern ones,
11:37have characteristics
11:38like the arcades
11:39more prominent
11:40such as the presence
11:41of DNA
11:43Neandertalian.
11:43This could be explained
11:44by a genetic genetic
11:45of the DNA
11:46Neandertalian
11:46which would be
11:47included in the
11:48Métissage
11:49Evoquée.
11:49The study also
11:50has also looked at
11:51the genetic differences
11:52between the three
11:54Neandertalian
11:54available,
11:55revealing that their population
11:56was even more reduced
11:57than we thought
11:58before.
11:59This could be a new
12:01proof that
12:02the Neandertalian
12:02did not simply
12:03disappear,
12:04but that they were actually
12:05found in the genetic patrimony
12:07of modern humans.
12:08Many groups
12:09of Homo sapiens
12:10have left the Africa
12:11and have been so much
12:12with the Neandertalian
12:13that the last few
12:14could remain apart.
12:16In the future,
12:18want to explore
12:19the impact
12:19of the DNA
12:20modern humans
12:21on the Neandertalian
12:23which could be clear
12:24the consequences
12:24positive or negative
12:26of a such Métissage.
12:27The Neandertalian
12:29are not our only
12:29ancestors
12:30away.
12:31At the time,
12:32at least nine
12:32human species
12:33were populated
12:34in our planet.
12:35One of them,
12:36Homo habilis,
12:37surnom
12:37the Homo habilis
12:39is known
12:39to the discovery
12:40of stones
12:41in stone
12:42among the rest.
12:43This hominid
12:44has lived in the
12:44oriental and austral
12:46it
12:462,4
12:47to 1,4 million
12:49years.
12:49Homo habilis
12:50is distinguished by
12:51a slightly more voluminous
12:53than that of his
12:53predecessors
12:54and a face
12:55telling the great
12:56human species.
12:57The Homo habilis
12:58measured around 1,20 m
12:59and had
13:00varied food.
13:01For a long time,
13:02scientists
13:03consider it
13:04as the most
13:04ancient member
13:05of the human line.
13:07However,
13:08new data methods
13:09have revealed
13:10that the Homo erectus
13:11could be more ancient
13:14and not be directly
13:15apparent to
13:16the Homo habilis.
13:17Homo naledi,
13:18discovered in 2013
13:19in a cave
13:20in South Africa
13:21is a member
13:22even more
13:23enigmatic
13:23of our human family.
13:25It is the only region
13:26in the world
13:27where these rest
13:27have been found.
13:29Even if they were
13:30placed debout
13:30measuring about 1,40 m
13:32for a weight
13:33of about 40 kg,
13:35they were also
13:35accustomed to the escalade.
13:37Their brains
13:38were small
13:38and we know
13:39few things
13:40about their life
13:41because nothing
13:42in stone or other
13:43cultural elements
13:44was discovered.
13:45However,
13:47some scientists
13:47emit the hypothesis
13:48that they could have
13:49entered their mort
13:50and practiced
13:51the rupestre.
13:52In 2010,
13:53some fossils
13:54have been put
13:54on the ground
13:55in a river
13:55but their belonging
13:57to a specific species
13:58remained certain.
13:59These fossils
14:00are those
14:01of the Denisovians,
14:02a group
14:03who lived between
14:031904 and 5,000
14:05before our era.
14:07Even though
14:07few fossils
14:08of Denisovians
14:09have been discovered,
14:10the analysis ADN
14:11revealed
14:12that they were
14:13of the Denisovians
14:14and modern humans
14:16have even formed
14:17families
14:17with the first humans
14:18especially in the Sud-Est.
14:21Without the fossils
14:22sufficient,
14:23the Denisovians
14:24have not received
14:24the names of distinct species
14:26but their genes
14:27are found in the ADN
14:28of today's humans
14:29suggesting
14:30that they could belong
14:31to our own species.
14:33As the researchers
14:34have studied
14:35their studies
14:35on the Denisovians
14:36and the fossils
14:37discovered in Asie,
14:38our understanding
14:39of different human species
14:41and their place
14:42in our geological tree
14:44could be affined.
14:45In 2003,
14:47the fossils
14:47of a human species
14:48of very small size
14:49have been put
14:50in a cave
14:51on the Flores
14:52in Indonésie.
14:53These individuals
14:54belonging to
14:56the species
14:56Homo floresiensis
14:57have lived
14:58100 to 5,000
15:00before our era.
15:01They were measured
15:02only 1 meter
15:03high.
15:04The scientists
15:05think they
15:06probably descend
15:06from the Homo erectus
15:08and that they would
15:09have reduced
15:10over time
15:10because of the
15:11food resources
15:12limited
15:13on this island
15:14isolated.
15:14Because of their
15:15small size
15:16they are sometimes
15:17named
15:18the Hobbits.
15:20About 4,000 years
15:21the Homo sapiens
15:22that is us
15:23were the last
15:24represented
15:25of a diversified
15:26human species
15:26able to move
15:28on two legs.
15:30The question
15:31is then
15:31what are
15:32the other species
15:34and have
15:35played a role
15:36in their
15:36disparition.
15:38Certains
15:38experts
15:39suggest
15:40that our
15:40survival
15:41would be due
15:41to the increased longevity
15:42of our
15:43progeniture
15:44or our better
15:45capacity
15:45to adapt to
15:47climate change.
15:48Others think
15:49that we have
15:50maybe
15:50compared to
15:51these other
15:51human species
15:52and share
15:54our genes.
15:55The first Homo sapiens
15:57who appeared in Africa
15:58in about 3,000 years
15:59were not exactly
16:01but they were
16:03much closer
16:03to our aspect
16:04than the other
16:05hominidus.
16:05They had
16:06cranes
16:07hauts
16:07and
16:08cranes
16:08with almost
16:09vertical fronts.
16:10Contrairement
16:11to the Neandertalian,
16:12they had neither
16:13the
16:13or the
16:14or the
16:14or the
16:15or the
16:15or the
16:15or the
16:17or the
16:17or the
16:17or the
16:17or the
16:18or the
16:18or the
16:18or
16:29the
16:31or
16:32the
16:32or
16:32extended social organizations offered many advantages, not only for health, but also for
16:38survival. The vasts networks taken through various regions acted like a
16:43chain of security. In case of crisis, they could turn to other groups and these
16:49others brought assistance, because they were not considered as rivals, but as
16:54one and even family. These extended networks also facilitated
16:57the distribution of ideas and new inventions. A simulation of large
17:01ampleur a révélé que les espèces humaines ultérieures ont pu coloniser divers
17:05environnements grâce à ces vastes réseaux et à leur remarquable capacité
17:09d'adaptation. Bien que les néandertaliens fussent très intelligents, les homo sapiens
17:14disposaient peut-être d'un subtil avantage intellectuel. Des inventions modestes,
17:18telles que le tissage et les aiguilles à coudre, pourraient nous avoir accordé un
17:23avantage décisif. Les scientifiques ont découvert des traces de tissage datant de
17:2735000 ans et des aiguilles à coudre remontant à 3000 ans. Le tissage permettait de fabriquer
17:33des paniers et des filets pour attraper la nourriture, tandis que les aiguilles à coudre
17:38permettait de confectionner des vêtements et des abris plus efficaces, assurant ainsi
17:43chaleur et protection, deux éléments cruciaux pour la survie.
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