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Conteúdos:
- Multinacionais e transnacionais;
- Práticas de mercado (monopólio, oligopólio, dumping, cartel e outras);
- Cidades globais e megacidades;
- Instituições supranacionais; ]
- Blocos econômicos (definição, classificação e exemplos/casos);
Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU);
- Hegemonia do dólar, Acordo de Bretton Woods e Choque de Nixon.
- Multinacionais e transnacionais;
- Práticas de mercado (monopólio, oligopólio, dumping, cartel e outras);
- Cidades globais e megacidades;
- Instituições supranacionais; ]
- Blocos econômicos (definição, classificação e exemplos/casos);
Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU);
- Hegemonia do dólar, Acordo de Bretton Woods e Choque de Nixon.
Categoria
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AprendizadoTranscrição
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08:53$1,500. Minimum wage in Brazil, 1,500 reais. If the dollar is at 5, that's 1,500 times 5.
09:00In other words, the American minimum wage in reais is 6,000. In Brazil, it's 1,500.
09:05So, obviously, a product manufactured in Brazil will have a significantly lower labor cost.
09:11This will obviously cause profits to increase.
09:15Now, folks, another aspect that isn't always considered is proximity to the raw material.
09:21For example, your factory is located in Italy. Italy is far from where the raw materials come from.
09:26All of this has a logistical cost, a transportation cost, a freight cost.
09:30If you stay nearby, it's cheaper.
09:33Flexible labor and environmental legislation.
09:36Labor legislation encompasses workers' rights.
09:39Weekly working hours, workday, paid weekly rest, 13th-month salary, FGTS (Brazilian severance fund), retirement, vacation, and so on.
09:49If your country makes workers work 16 hours a day, 6 days a week, and not have vacations,
09:56That's how it is, people are working more.
09:59If you pay 1,500 for someone who works 160 hours, your profit is X.
10:05If you pay 1,500 reais to someone who works 200 hours, that person is costing you less in the end.
10:10of the accounts.
10:11And another thing is environmental legislation.
10:13People, the environment needs to be protected, but there are countries that don't protect it that much.
10:18Protecting the environment less makes the cost lower for a company.
10:22Consider, for example, a company that pollutes the environment significantly.
10:25Look, if the company doesn't have to pay for water treatment because the government doesn't require it, it won't.
10:31to have.
10:31And then she'll profit more from it, okay?
10:34Multinational corporations, you know, they produce and sell to various countries, and they have a more centralized structure.
10:42Like this?
10:43Here, this drawing, it more or less shows that.
10:46Look, the headquarters is this little blue dot, and it connects to all the branches.
10:52Assume that each branch is located in a different country.
10:54Guys, what's the contact information for this branch with the rest of the company?
10:58It doesn't really exist, does it?
11:00It's with the thirst.
11:01So, headquarters gives the orders, the branch obeys, and they don't communicate with each other.
11:07Or at least, he communicates very little.
11:09Now, the transnational corporations...
11:11People, trans.
11:13Trans is what crosses.
11:15It crosses nations.
11:18In other words, transnational corporations, in general, have a less centralized structure.
11:23How does it look in this diagram?
11:25The headquarters, it's there in a role that is not central, but rather one of coordination.
11:30So, it has great relevance, but the branches also have a certain relevance.
11:36Observe.
11:36The branches communicate with each other.
11:40They all communicate with headquarters.
11:42The headquarters communicates with everyone.
11:43But the branches also communicate with each other.
11:45Google, for example, is a multinational company of this type.
11:48Google's Gemini, or VO3, or various Google AIs,
11:53They are not necessarily produced in California, which is where Google is headquartered.
11:57Where was Gemini, or most of it, produced?
12:01In London, through DeepMind, which is a Google company.
12:04So, Google uses the entire world to produce.
12:07That's actually a clever idea.
12:09Why would you only use American labor?
12:11Does Brazil also have a skilled workforce?
12:13You play as workers all over the world.
12:16This makes your company more productive, more creative, and more competitive.
12:20That's why they are also more current.
12:23More up-to-date, not only because of the organization,
12:26But that's precisely because of the internet, for example.
12:29which will allow these companies to exist.
12:32It's a real-time connection.
12:35Now, in that same lesson, folks, we saw two concepts.
12:40Offshoring and outsourcing.
12:43What is offshoring?
12:44Offshoring, folks, is basically the fragmentation of the production process.
12:48In other words, parts of the products are produced in different branches or countries.
12:53It's not a car manufacturer that produces car A in a country.
12:58And he produces car A in another country.
13:00And car A is produced entirely in one country.
13:04No.
13:04Nowadays, for example, we have the creation and manufacturing.
13:07divided among several countries.
13:09Look, there's a plane here, everyone!
13:11The plane, in fact, is produced in Brazil.
13:14Embraer is one of the world's largest aircraft manufacturers.
13:17But Embraer doesn't only use things from Brazil.
13:20No.
13:20Embraer, in fact, uses, for example,
13:22the engine of a certain country, the chassis of a certain country,
13:26the wing of another country, and so it goes.
13:29So, the airplane, it's produced all over the world.
13:32and set up in one place.
13:33But several countries participate in this production.
13:36This is what we call offshoring.
13:38Now, outsourcing means contracting out.
13:43Outsourcing, in Portuguese,
13:45What does that mean?
13:46These are the contracted companies.
13:48who carry out part of the production process.
13:51For example, Adidas,
13:53instead of her producing everything,
13:54the brand, the clothes,
13:57Having the factory, having the sales and everything else,
13:59no.
14:00Adidas will outsource to other companies.
14:03So, she will allocate it to third parties.
14:06And it will take care of, for example,
14:08from the Adidas brand,
14:10which are those three famous little lines.
14:11So, the company might be able to be more productive.
14:14focusing on one part.
14:15Instead of taking care of everything,
14:16She manages her relationship with a certain company.
14:20And that company specializes in something.
14:22The production of the iPhone works the same way, for example.
14:25Apple does not own the factories.
14:27The factories are owned by Foxconn.
14:29Apple doesn't want to know exactly how Foxconn does it.
14:32Apple wants to hire Foxconn.
14:34And Foxconn takes care of that process.
14:36This is also typical of our planet.
14:39of our global economy, of today.
14:41Okay, folks.
14:42In our second class,
14:44We also looked at processes and practices of the global economy.
14:48A cartel is one of them.
14:50Cartel should remind you, then,
14:53of the Mexican cartels, of drug trafficking.
14:56And the cartel we're talking about here,
14:58That's also a crime.
14:59But it's not the same style.
15:00Why?
15:01Cartel, in this case here,
15:03It's a combination of prices.
15:05For example,
15:06gasoline wells.
15:08Imagine you have a city.
15:09And this city has three gasoline wells.
15:12The gas station wants to sell to everyone.
15:15Because if he sells to everyone,
15:16He has a higher profit.
15:17The idea is that in capitalism,
15:19This competition will lower the price.
15:21and improve quality.
15:23Now,
15:24these three guys,
15:25They can accept it that way.
15:26instead of us killing each other
15:28to gain market share,
15:30why don't we take
15:31one third of the market for each
15:33And does it play at the same price?
15:34Instead of selling at 5.75
15:37to be lower than the other position,
15:40Let's all sell at 6.
15:41You won't be able to capture the entire market.
15:43And truth.
15:44But you will secure a share of the market.
15:45with a much higher profit.
15:47The cartel, folks,
15:48It is prohibited.
15:50It can't happen.
15:52That's why it's illegal.
15:54Dumping,
15:55a word in English,
15:57It means selling below cost.
16:00Let's go to the initial example.
16:01You produce a product.
16:02which costs 500
16:03And they sell them by the thousand.
16:04A new competitor has arrived.
16:06The competitor is selling it for 700 reais.
16:10Can you lower the price to 700?
16:12He can,
16:12But the profit rate will decrease.
16:14And so, folks,
16:15if you sell at a thousand
16:16and the guy sells it for 700,
16:18You lower your price to 700.
16:20The guy, looking at that price,
16:22It won't stay at 700.
16:23It will drop to 650.
16:25And you'll have to download it.
16:26But now you can lower it to 600.
16:28And so it goes.
16:29What's happening to your profit margin?
16:30It's decreasing.
16:32Why?
16:32Because you have a competitor fighting with you.
16:34Competing in the market with you.
16:36So how do you do it then?
16:37So that your profit can be greater?
16:39It reduces your profit.
16:40Like this?
16:42Well, folks,
16:42You reduce your profit.
16:44to break the competitor.
16:46For example,
16:46Your cost is 500.
16:48Sell your product for 490.
16:51You can handle that.
16:54Why?
16:55Because you have money saved.
16:56of the other months,
16:57from other years.
16:58Your competitor,
17:00It's just arriving,
17:01He doesn't have that much money.
17:02to be kept,
17:03to burn.
17:04What will happen?
17:05He's going to sell 500.
17:06But like this, folks,
17:09people will look
17:10for the price difference
17:11And they'll go your way.
17:13Your competitor is about to start.
17:15losing money,
17:16It's not going to start holding up.
17:17And it will eventually end.
17:20And you,
17:21after,
17:22increase the price
17:23and he's competing alone again.
17:25You set your price.
17:27You're burning your cash register.
17:28for a certain period of time
17:29and then you
17:31It produces it on its own.
17:32Because you
17:32it broke
17:33The competition.
17:35Is this legal?
17:37No.
17:37It is also a practice.
17:38illegal.
17:40Now,
17:41holding
17:43are companies
17:44who are owners
17:45from other companies
17:46or brands.
17:47In Brazil,
17:48has a company
17:49call
17:49BR Foods
17:50that you don't know.
17:52But you know.
17:53Why?
17:53Because she owns it.
17:54from Sadia
17:56and from Perdigão.
17:58It is a holding company.
17:59You don't buy
18:00BR Foods products.
18:01You buy
18:01Sadia products
18:02and from Perdigão.
18:03But BR Foods
18:04She owns both.
18:06Many companies
18:07of today's world
18:08They are holding companies.
18:09Unilever,
18:10P&G
18:10They are an example.
18:11from that.
18:13Other
18:15practice
18:16or process
18:17or concept
18:18of the global economy
18:19These are oligopolies.
18:20and monopolies.
18:22Let's think about it.
18:23Polio
18:23it means
18:24seller.
18:26Mono
18:26for those who play
18:27knows that
18:28mono
18:29it means
18:29one.
18:30Polio
18:31in turn
18:31it means
18:32few.
18:32few.
18:33What happens
18:34people?
18:34The monopoly
18:35and the oligopoly
18:36respectively
18:37that's when
18:38you have
18:39a seller
18:40in the market.
18:40So you have
18:41a seller
18:42selling that thing.
18:43For example,
18:44search engines
18:44They are basically
18:45like this.
18:45Google
18:46it's almost
18:48monopoly.
18:49There are other browsers.
18:50but they are
18:50very few.
18:52And oligopoly
18:53so it means
18:54exactly
18:55few.
18:56Few companies
18:56participate
18:57from that market.
18:58Uber
18:58and 99
18:59That's an example.
19:00Do you have Uber?
19:0099
19:01and it's more or less
19:02that.
19:03It is not a
19:03but there are two
19:04or maybe
19:05three
19:06But there are few of them.
19:08What happens
19:09people?
19:09They consolidate
19:10the market
19:11and they buy
19:11other companies.
19:13So for example
19:13what is the dream
19:14From Uber?
19:14It's a competition.
19:15alone.
19:16Uber
19:16then
19:16try to buy
19:1799.
19:18Will you succeed?
19:19It won't happen.
19:19because the government
19:20will not allow
19:21but he is
19:22more and more
19:22wanting to concentrate
19:24market
19:24in order to make a profit
19:25more
19:25to impose
19:26prices
19:26that he wants
19:27And so it goes.
19:28And who are they?
19:28companies
19:29Are they becoming established?
19:30Exactly
19:30companies
19:31transnational.
19:32They win
19:33scale
19:34they pass
19:34making products
19:35cheaper
19:37they come to dominate
19:37that market
19:38and there
19:39There's little left.
19:41for the consumer.
19:42Then
19:43This is the first
19:44and the second lesson
19:45but we didn't see
19:46And also the multinationals.
19:48People
19:48multinationals
19:49if you go
19:50stop and think
19:51they have some
19:52origins more or less
19:53determined.
19:54Here we see
19:54the 100 chart
19:55major multinational corporations
19:56then
19:56each percent
19:58It's a company.
19:5836%
20:00out of 100
20:01bigger
20:01multinationals
20:02They are American.
20:0313 from China
20:047 Japan
20:047 Germany
20:056 Switzerland
20:065 France
20:074 India
20:083 Canada
20:083 United Kingdom
20:092 Brazil
20:1014 other countries.
20:13Let's think
20:14a pattern
20:14people
20:14just look
20:15United States
20:16Japan
20:17Germany
20:18Switzerland
20:18France
20:19Canada
20:19United Kingdom
20:19what they all
20:20What do they have in common?
20:21These are countries
20:22developed.
20:23In the end
20:24people
20:24most
20:25multinational companies
20:26their headquarters
20:27their origin
20:28it is exactly
20:29in countries
20:29then
20:30developed.
20:31These headquarters
20:33They open branches.
20:34in countries
20:36generally
20:37underdeveloped
20:38for example
20:39reduce the cost
20:40of the workforce
20:41So look at this
20:42the reduction
20:43of the cost
20:44labor
20:44It is made in countries
20:45above all
20:46underdeveloped
20:47And so it goes.
20:48it doesn't mean
20:49that all
20:50stay
20:50but most
20:51he is
20:51and then we can
20:53Think now
20:53then in
20:54global space
20:55global space
20:56people
20:57then
20:57it is permeated
20:58basically
20:59two types
21:00of cities
21:01or better
21:01two types of city
21:03They win big.
21:03relevance in the world
21:04global cities
21:06and megacities
21:07most cities
21:09global
21:09people
21:09they stay in countries
21:12developed
21:12and most
21:13of megacities
21:14they stay in countries
21:15underdeveloped
21:16But what is each one?
21:17Global cities
21:18people
21:18They are the great ones.
21:19we of the world wide web
21:20So here I represented
21:21megacities
21:22in purple
21:24megacities
21:25indeed
21:26global cities
21:27people
21:27they have a great
21:28economic preponderance
21:29why?
21:30Well folks
21:31because most
21:32of global cities
21:33has company headquarters
21:34then precisely
21:36multinationals
21:37or transnational
21:39furthermore
21:40they converge
21:41and disperse
21:42information
21:43just as I represented
21:47here
21:47or here
21:49multinationals
21:51They are as if they were
21:51the headquarters
21:52which is the same
21:53something that they
21:54comply
21:55here
21:55they disperse
21:57and converge
21:57information
21:58the information
21:58go to her
21:59and are dispersed
22:00by her
22:01after all
22:02most
22:03from headquarters
22:03of companies
22:04They are in these cities.
22:05global
22:05That's where they come from.
22:06they send
22:07That's where they come from.
22:07receive information
22:09They are also cities.
22:11generally
22:11with high technology
22:12with a higher degree
22:13technology
22:14in their places
22:15This reminds us
22:16of that
22:17the technical environment
22:17scientific
22:18informational
22:19are cities
22:20then luminous
22:21Isn't that true?
22:22and they emit
22:23orders
22:23as I already said
22:25now
22:25megacities
22:27people
22:27they are simply
22:28cities with more
22:29out of 10 million
22:29of inhabitants
22:30which is interesting
22:31for us to see
22:32just look
22:33here in the United States
22:35you have it in red
22:36global cities
22:37in a circle
22:38megacities
22:38global cities
22:40we can
22:40observe
22:41if you have
22:42a red dot
22:44with a circle
22:44around
22:45this city
22:46It is a city.
22:47global
22:48and a mega city
22:49at the same time
22:50notice
22:51United States
22:53is rich
22:53Europe
22:54is rich
22:55Australia
22:56and New Zealand
22:57They are rich
22:58notice
22:59here you have
23:00a bunch of little balls
23:01red
23:01without a circle
23:02around
23:02It means that the United States
23:04or Europe
23:05or Australia
23:06and New Zealand
23:07are countries
23:09that has many cities
23:10global
23:10which is not
23:11mega city
23:11i.e.
23:12are cities
23:13with relevance
23:14global
23:14but that doesn't have
23:1510 million
23:15of inhabitants
23:16has 1 million
23:17and why
23:18this happens
23:18good
23:20this happens
23:20because these cities
23:22They don't need to have
23:22so many people
23:23to gain relevance
23:24because they are
23:25for example
23:25headquarters of multinational companies
23:26so they have
23:27global relevance
23:28even without having
23:30so many people
23:30because there is
23:31one, two, three, four
23:32five companies
23:33which has global relevance
23:34and then they
23:36they become
23:37an influence
23:39worldwide
23:40now
23:41observe the countries
23:42underdeveloped
23:43like India
23:44China
23:44Latin America itself
23:46There are a lot of cities.
23:49which is mega
23:50i.e.
23:50mega city
23:51with more than 10 million
23:52of people
23:52which is not a global city
23:54There are a lot of people.
23:55but that city
23:56It's somewhat unknown.
23:57There are a lot of people.
23:58but that city
23:59It does not have global relevance.
24:00why?
24:01because they are cities
24:02for example
24:02poorer
24:03They are full of people.
24:05but there isn't one there
24:06large companies
24:07that influence
24:08the whole world
24:08so you have
24:09this question
24:11the underdeveloped world
24:13It has mega cities.
24:14and a few global cities
24:16and the developed world
24:18It has many global cities.
24:20and a few megacities
24:22So this has to do with
24:23with economic power
24:25relevance
24:25the strength
24:26economic
24:27geopolitics
24:28of the countries
24:29generally speaking
24:30global geopolitics
24:32What is geopolitics?
24:34geopolitics
24:35basically
24:36it concerns
24:36to relationships
24:37which are woven
24:38between countries
24:39if we were to think
24:41about relationships
24:42which are maintained
24:43between countries
24:43we can think
24:45that the world
24:45he is actually
24:46in a state of anarchy
24:48i.e.
24:49there is no order
24:50above the countries
24:52nothing commands
24:53in the countries
24:54there is nothing
24:54hierarchically superior
24:56to the states
24:57to the countries
24:58to their governments
25:00and the UN
25:01the UN
25:02It is not hierarchical.
25:03superior to no country
25:05It is an organization.
25:06between countries
25:07but above Brazil
25:08there is nothing
25:09there are countries
25:10which are more
25:11strong
25:12which others
25:13but they are not
25:14hierarchically
25:15above
25:16as if it were a kind of
25:17law
25:17This doesn't exist.
25:18in practice
25:19And then comes a question.
25:20important
25:21if it doesn't exist
25:22nothing hierarchical
25:23superior to the states
25:24if we live
25:25in a situation
25:27of anarchy
25:27how then
25:28that relationships
25:29are woven
25:30we can think
25:31then in three
25:32great examples
25:33that we actually
25:34we've already seen
25:34when we were
25:35speaking of orders
25:36world
25:37we have
25:37unilateralism
25:39bilateralism
25:40and multilateralism
25:42multilateralism
25:44can be interpreted
25:45from that
25:46image here
25:47no one can stop us
25:48nobody's hand
25:49I think
25:50at least
25:52multilateralism
25:53he is marked
25:54by organizations
25:56supranational
25:57i.e.
25:57organizations
25:58that are
25:59between countries
26:00generally
26:01organizations
26:02supranational
26:03are organizations
26:05that bring countries together
26:06with the objective
26:07to establish
26:07dialogue
26:08and cooperation
26:09if the world
26:10lives in a situation
26:11of anarchy
26:12where there is no order
26:13where there is only
26:13savagery
26:14one of the forms
26:15to avoid conflict
26:16that's exactly
26:17the countries
26:19to have a dialogue
26:20cooperate
26:21each other
26:22And we do this.
26:24in different ways
26:25in different areas
26:26for example
26:27There is cooperation.
26:28military
26:29cooperation
26:31policy
26:32cooperation
26:33human rights
26:35cooperation
26:36in the economy
26:36etc
26:37etc
26:38etc
26:38within
26:40of these issues
26:41we then have
26:42economic blocs
26:44economic blocs
26:45people
26:46they are
26:47nothing more, nothing less
26:47what integration
26:48economic
26:49between countries
26:50in truth
26:51These are integrations.
26:52which are
26:53at least
26:54economic
26:55between countries
26:57can evolve
26:58in addition to integration
26:59purely economic
27:00he can
27:01but that's not
27:02necessarily
27:03it happens
27:05you don't make a block
27:06economic
27:07between countries
27:07completely
27:08different
27:09that doesn't have something
27:10similarity
27:11or interest
27:11in common
27:12so we say
27:13which are integrations
27:14between countries
27:14which are economical
27:16geographical
27:17or culturally
27:18similar
27:19this integration
27:21It doesn't happen.
27:22only in one way
27:24or of the same complexity
27:25always
27:26in truth
27:27they possess
27:28different levels
27:30and then when we
27:31think about these different things
27:32levels of integration
27:33we can then
27:34to think that there are
27:34different types
27:35of economic blocs
27:36with complexity
27:38growing
27:39then we can
27:40to think like that
27:41for you to be considered
27:43an economic bloc
27:44you must
27:44at least have
27:46free movement
27:47of goods
27:48How is this done?
27:49through exemption
27:50of fees
27:51or reduction
27:52of fees
27:53for example
27:54Brazil charges
27:5550% fare
27:57from other countries
27:58of the world
27:59but if he wants to
28:00sell more
28:01with the country
28:01he will reduce
28:03the fee charged
28:04above this country
28:05and that country
28:06to be
28:08complementary
28:09years
28:10it will reduce
28:11the fee
28:12charged
28:13about products
28:14from Brazil
28:14then Brazil
28:15will negotiate
28:16more with Argentina
28:16charging less
28:17Argentina tax
28:18and Argentina
28:19charging less
28:20Brazilian tax
28:21when this is done
28:23a treaty is signed
28:24which brings together
28:25two countries
28:25or more
28:26we call this
28:27of free movement
28:28of goods
28:29that he creates
28:30an area
28:31free
28:32business
28:34now
28:34It's possible to evolve.
28:35More than that?
28:37from the
28:37you can
28:38in addition to
28:38no fee charged
28:40for export
28:41or import
28:42between countries
28:42you put
28:43an external tariff
28:44common
28:45an external tariff
28:46common
28:46creates
28:47in turn
28:48a union
28:48customs
28:49as an example
28:50customs union
28:50we have
28:51our own
28:52economic bloc
28:52What is Mercosur?
28:53Mercosur
28:54It is the economic bloc.
28:55of which Brazil
28:55It's part of it.
28:56It's possible to evolve.
28:58Beyond Mercosur?
28:59from the
28:59and only
29:00an economic bloc
29:01He has done this until today.
29:02first step
29:03to evolve
29:03beyond the zone
29:04free trade
29:05customs union
29:06of free movement
29:07of products
29:08and the external tariff
29:09common
29:09you adopt
29:11free movement
29:12of people
29:13so now
29:14people
29:15circulate freely
29:16It's not just the products.
29:17people too
29:18you stop asking
29:19identity
29:20you make it easy
29:21someone leaving
29:22of a country
29:23and go live
29:24in another
29:24the information
29:25the services
29:26circulate freely
29:27for example
29:28a bank
29:28it only
29:29in Brazil
29:30the bank acts
29:31in several countries
29:32different
29:32with certain
29:33adaptations
29:34but adaptations
29:35which are relatively
29:36easy
29:37this amplifies
29:38commercial integration
29:40and integration
29:41more than commercial
29:42between countries
29:43This forms what we call
29:44common market
29:45common market
29:46It's only the European Union.
29:48but like the European Union
29:49It is even more integrated.
29:50than that
29:51adopting currency
29:52and common standards
29:53we call her
29:54of Economic and Monetary Union
29:56common currency
29:57It's simple.
29:57the euro
29:58common norms
29:59for example
29:59the European Union
30:01she put it to Apple
30:02that she could only sell
30:03iPhone
30:04in the European Union
30:05in case she adopted
30:06USB-C
30:07and the European Union
30:09charged Apple
30:10and Apple
30:10followed
30:11that's why
30:12nowadays
30:13the iPhone
30:13worldwide
30:14It comes with USB-C.
30:15and not with a Lightning cable
30:16because the European Union
30:17she then possesses
30:18coin
30:19and standards
30:20common
30:20then the European Union
30:21It is at the highest degree.
30:23integration
30:24commercial
30:25between countries
30:26in the world
30:27So here we have
30:28the map of economic blocs
30:30in yellow
30:31precisely her
30:32the European Union
30:33Here is Mercosur.
30:34in green
30:35the Andean Community
30:37of Nations
30:37or Andean Union
30:39in brown
30:41orange
30:42anyway
30:42we have APEC
30:44in purple
30:45which is not exactly
30:46in operation
30:47here
30:48in red
30:49the outline
30:50we then have
30:51the SMCA
30:52which is the replacement
30:53of NAFTA
30:54ASEAN
30:55in green
30:56And so it goes.
30:58Here you can see
31:00the reflection
31:01that economic blocs
31:02they bring
31:02notice
31:03in orange
31:04we have the trade
31:06done
31:07inside
31:08of an economic region
31:09notice
31:10like Europe
31:11sells a lot
31:12each other
31:12two thirds
31:13of European trade
31:14It is done between countries.
31:15from Europe
31:16Why does this happen?
31:17because the European Union
31:18makes it happen
31:20Note North America
31:22half of the trade
31:23from North America
31:24it is made inside
31:25from North America
31:26why?
31:27because North America
31:27it has what we call
31:28from USMCA
31:29Mexico has its economy
31:31completely
31:32or almost completely
31:33based
31:34in the United States
31:35Asia and Australia
31:37has a large part
31:38of commerce
31:39within Asia itself
31:40both by ASEAN
31:41how much by China
31:42Japan
31:43and India
31:43which are countries
31:44economically
31:45very relevant
31:46then they will increase
31:47trade
31:47between countries
31:49next
31:49this is a way
31:50your answer
31:51globalization
31:52because globalization
31:53creates a competition
31:54that she is voracious
31:55it happens
31:56among all countries
31:57of the world
31:58It's very difficult.
31:59you compete
31:59with 192 countries
32:01beyond your
32:02then the countries
32:03they come together in blocks
32:04economic
32:05to market
32:06more amongst themselves
32:09now
32:10another organization
32:13created
32:14in the current context
32:15or better
32:16in context
32:17post-World War II
32:18It's our famous
32:20UN
32:21the UN
32:22United Nations
32:24it was founded
32:25in 1945
32:26in the dim light
32:28of the second world war
32:29it is the organization
32:31what brings together the most
32:32members worldwide
32:32There are 193 full members.
32:35and two observers
32:36these two observers
32:37they are
32:38Vatican
32:38which is the headquarters
32:39of the Catholic Church
32:40of the Holy See
32:41and Palestine
32:42which is not a state
32:43recognized
32:43by some states
32:45such as
32:46the United States
32:47and Israel
32:47the UN
32:49it is perhaps the organization
32:50most representative
32:51of the world
32:52most important in the world
32:53and with the greatest objectives
32:55of the world
32:55She has four main goals.
32:57the maintenance of peace
32:59What is a goal?
33:01Herculean
33:01the establishment
33:03of friendly relations
33:04among nations
33:05international cooperation
33:08And the UN also wants to serve.
33:10like a center
33:10harmonization
33:11of the disputes
33:13and the agreements
33:14cooperation
33:14for example
33:15instead of the world
33:17create a new organization
33:18to deal with the climate
33:19undergoes treatment
33:21of the climate
33:22within the UN itself
33:24uses its own structure
33:25from the UN
33:26to carry out
33:26this type of task
33:28That is why the UN
33:29she brings together
33:31unions that are military
33:32human rights policies
33:34economic
33:34And so it goes.
33:36the UN
33:37it is divided
33:38in six organs
33:39what are the main ones
33:41we have the General Assembly
33:43which is the best known
33:44of all
33:44she will treat
33:45of questions
33:46which are important
33:47globally speaking
33:48especially those
33:49They are not military personnel.
33:50So basically
33:51all questions
33:52except for the military.
33:54and questions as well
33:55internal
33:55for example
33:56to vote for the secretary-general
33:57from the UN
33:58the countries
33:58of the security council
33:59And so it goes.
34:00so we have
34:01193 members
34:02and the General Assembly
34:03she is equal
34:04It means that each country
34:06has one vote
34:07i.e.
34:08Brazil
34:08has one vote
34:10East Timor
34:11one vote
34:12even though it is much smaller
34:13being much poorer
34:15And so it goes.
34:15the General Assembly
34:17She is very well known.
34:18because it is the meeting
34:19annual in New York
34:20what happens at the end of the year
34:21October
34:22November
34:22generally
34:23including now
34:24that we are arriving
34:25in September
34:25We're going to start listening.
34:27speaking
34:27about the countries
34:28to go to New York
34:30and meet there
34:31another body
34:32very important UN
34:33It is the Council.
34:34Security
34:35the Council
34:36Security
34:36it is the only organ
34:37from the UN
34:38who has decision-making power
34:39i.e.
34:39he forces
34:41the countries
34:41to follow that
34:42But I just said...
34:44or better
34:44I spoke a few minutes ago
34:46that it does not exist
34:47a hierarchical relationship
34:48between countries
34:48how the UN
34:49then
34:49to have decision-making power
34:50to force
34:51It's because, in reality...
34:53this mandatory power
34:55it is made
34:56starting from sanctions
34:57for example
34:57if a country
34:58does not follow
34:59a decision
34:59of the Council
35:00Security
35:00He will suffer.
35:01sanctions
35:02from other countries
35:03so you don't
35:04force
35:05but you almost
35:06obliges the country
35:07saying that he
35:08It will not be commercialized.
35:09that he will not buy
35:10that he will not do
35:11I don't know what
35:11And so it goes.
35:12then you can
35:13to force
35:14taking
35:15things
35:16It's like you putting
35:17a country of punishment
35:19the Security Council
35:20his main goal
35:22the promotion of peace
35:23notice that I put
35:24peace
35:24with red risk
35:26why?
35:27because the Security Council
35:28he has a background
35:30which ends up being
35:30very problematic
35:31how does it happen
35:32not all
35:33UN members
35:34that are part
35:35of the Security Council
35:36in truth
35:37is formed
35:37by 15 members
35:395 permanents
35:4010 rotary
35:42including Brazil
35:43It's part of it.
35:44of the Security Council
35:45now
35:46these 5 members
35:47permanent
35:48they are
35:48United States
35:49Russia
35:50China
35:51France
35:52and the United Kingdom
35:53all of them
35:54have
35:55pump
35:55nuclear
35:56these countries
35:57they entered
35:58in the Security Council
35:59on the creation date
36:01from the UN
36:011945
36:03because nowadays
36:04France
36:05and the United Kingdom
36:05They are not that relevant.
36:07in a world like this
36:07Germany itself
36:08is richer
36:09bigger
36:10and more populous
36:11that these countries
36:12Why are they there?
36:13because they entered
36:15at the time of its founding
36:16from the UN
36:16and Germany
36:17for example
36:17It doesn't have a nuclear bomb either.
36:19one of the things
36:19that Brazil
36:20including
36:20together with Germany
36:22together with India
36:23he's been asking
36:23that they are part
36:25of the Security Council
36:26from the UN
36:26as members
36:27permanent
36:28because this here
36:29you prioritize
36:30these countries
36:31that are part
36:32and why does it cause
36:33So much privilege?
36:34because the Security Council
36:35people
36:36the countries
36:36who are members
36:37permanent
36:38they have the power to
36:39veto
36:39What does this mean?
36:41it means that
36:41if 14 countries
36:43vote
36:44in favor of something
36:45but the United States
36:46vote against
36:47United States
36:48has veto power
36:49It doesn't happen.
36:51if 14 countries
36:52vote
36:53in favor of something
36:54but Russia
36:55no
36:55Russia has power.
36:56veto
36:57The same applies.
36:58to China
36:59France
36:59United Kingdom
37:00in the end
37:01how do you have
37:02United States
37:02being an enemy
37:04from Russia
37:04United States
37:05being an enemy
37:06from China
37:07It's very difficult.
37:08that a decision
37:09whether it is indeed
37:09outlet
37:10because a country
37:11it will be put
37:11against the other
37:13in practice
37:14the power of veto
37:16that the countries
37:16who are members
37:17permanent
37:18of the Security Council
37:19have
37:20It will end.
37:20preventing
37:22the reduction
37:23of the number
37:23of conflicts
37:24and the reduction
37:25of the number
37:25of conflicts
37:26including
37:26is one of
37:27large
37:28acclamations
37:30that various groups
37:31have
37:32trade
37:33in recent decades
37:34he increased
37:35and many
37:36they put as
37:37responsible
37:38by reducing
37:39of the number
37:39of conflicts
37:40that the world
37:40observed
37:41because in fact
37:42the number
37:42of conflicts
37:43decreased
37:43at least
37:44the number
37:44of people
37:45white
37:46dying
37:46decreased
37:47now
37:48the Middle East
37:49It's almost there.
37:50permanent war
37:51whether between countries
37:52be civil war
37:53African countries
37:54They are still at war.
37:55so it's one thing
37:56Something like this
37:57the number of conflicts
37:58decreased
37:59but he decreased
38:01predominantly
38:02in countries
38:02white
38:04the power of veto
38:06it ends
38:07contributing
38:08for birth
38:09of unilateralism
38:11and bilateralism
38:13in other words people
38:14the Security Council
38:15not allowing
38:17that they take
38:18decisions
38:18for everyone
38:20it will end up doing
38:21with what the world
38:22get together
38:23perhaps
38:23again
38:24in unilateralism
38:26and bilateralism
38:27this here is merely
38:28assumption
38:29Just something for you to think about.
38:30what can happen
38:31with the global order
38:32for example
38:33Donald Trump
38:35he is charging
38:36the world
38:36And he is doing it.
38:37with what the United States
38:38he establish
38:39relations
38:40between each country
38:42that each country
38:43have a relationship
38:44different
38:44with the United States
38:46Pax Americana itself
38:48which was the great
38:49American peace
38:51of conflict reduction
38:52that we had
38:53in recent decades
38:54she might be
38:55ending
38:56for a world
38:57which is now going to be
38:57valued by
38:58unilateralism
38:59i.e.
38:59I make the decision.
39:00alone
39:01I think I'll send it.
39:02in the world
39:02and everyone who me
39:03obey
39:03or even through bilateralism
39:05what do they mean
39:06relationships that are
39:07sockets
39:08from two countries
39:09instead of everyone
39:10sit at the table
39:11and talk
39:12each country
39:13sit
39:13with each one
39:14from other countries
39:15to establish
39:16relations
39:17then the UN
39:18maybe I'm seeing
39:19the reduction
39:20of its influence
39:21based
39:22of problems
39:23like the one from
39:23UN Council
39:24but the Security Council
39:26it's not just
39:27together with the General Assembly
39:29the only organs of the UN
39:30the UN actually
39:31It has other organs.
39:32one of them
39:33It is the International Court.
39:34of Justice
39:35which is quite interesting
39:36the International Court
39:37of Justice
39:38she judges
39:39countries
39:40she usually
39:41is considered
39:42like
39:43or equal
39:44to the Criminal Court
39:46International
39:46but in practice
39:48There are differences.
39:49between these two
39:50countries
39:50the Criminal Court
39:52International
39:53he judges
39:54individuals
39:55for example
39:55when a subject
39:58for example
39:58a president
39:58of a country
39:59he commits crimes
40:00against humanity
40:02for example
40:02for violating human rights
40:04from various people
40:05who will judge
40:06It's the ICC.
40:07What is the Criminal Court?
40:09International
40:09He is not part of it.
40:11from the UN
40:12although he possesses
40:13a relationship
40:14the Criminal Court
40:16International
40:16for example
40:17the United States
40:18They are not part of it.
40:19so if you ask
40:20to judge
40:21an American
40:22the United States
40:23You don't have to do it.
40:24nothing
40:24Brazil
40:25for example
40:26he does
40:26Vladimir Putin
40:28for example
40:28who is the president
40:29from Russia
40:29he was convicted
40:31by the Criminal Court
40:32International
40:33Brazil
40:34would then
40:34duty
40:35to arrest
40:37Vladimir Putin
40:38now
40:39that's why
40:40that Vladimir Putin
40:41for example
40:41He doesn't come to Brazil.
40:42because Brazilian justice
40:44in Brazil
40:44She is independent.
40:46this causes
40:47the government
40:48can say
40:49Don't worry.
40:50Putin
40:51You're not going to be arrested here.
40:52because the government
40:53it cannot
40:53because it's not the government
40:54who commands
40:55in court
40:56like Brazil
40:57It's part of it.
40:57of the Criminal Court
40:58International
40:59justice
40:59has a duty
41:00to arrest
41:01Vladimir Putin
41:02that's one of the reasons
41:04for him not having shown up
41:05the meetings
41:06what happened
41:07here in Brazil
41:08now
41:09another trait
41:11from our
41:11of our world
41:13marked by
41:14multilateralism
41:15and then
41:18the hegemony of the dollar
41:20the hegemony of the dollar
41:22people
41:22It means that the dollar
41:23He is the currency.
41:24most used
41:26in the world
41:26it is used
41:27for two big things
41:29as a means of exchange
41:30and as a reserve
41:31of value
41:32first
41:33What is a coin?
41:34exchange
41:34currency of exchange
41:35it's the currency
41:36that we use
41:36to market
41:37between countries
41:38for example
41:38you will buy
41:39then
41:40Aliexpress
41:41Aliexpress
41:42sells things
41:42from China
41:44you will use
41:45then the Yuan
41:46What is the Chinese currency?
41:47no
41:47you will use
41:48the dollar
41:49why?
41:50because the dollar
41:51He is the currency.
41:52exchange
41:52global
41:53like this
41:54the dollar
41:54It's the reserve.
41:55of value
41:55global
41:56What is a reserve?
41:57Of value?
41:58now
41:58the countries
41:59they have
41:59some money
42:00spared
42:00the countries
42:01over time
42:01They are saving money.
42:03We call this
42:03reserve
42:04and the countries
42:05they save reserves
42:07not only
42:07in your own currency
42:08for example
42:09Brazil has no money.
42:10spared
42:10only real
42:11Brazil also has
42:12dollar
42:12spared
42:13and the chosen currency
42:15precisely for
42:15make a reservation
42:17of value
42:17It's mainly the dollar.
42:18not only him
42:19but mainly
42:21This gives a lot of power.
42:22to Americans
42:23why?
42:24because the currency of exchange
42:25being the dollar
42:26creates greater demand
42:28by the dollar
42:29the greatest demand
42:31makes the dollar
42:31to appreciate
42:33i.e.
42:33to be worth more
42:34this will reduce
42:36inflation
42:37American
42:38the reduction
42:39of inflation
42:39American
42:40allows for greater
42:41currency issuance
42:42Why, people?
42:43inflation
42:43It's basically
42:44print more money
42:45than the economy
42:46generates wealth
42:48like you
42:48generated more currency
42:50from what you generated wealth
42:51wealth
42:52becomes effective
42:53less
42:54let's say
42:55Since you have so many people
42:56wanting dollars
42:57all the time
42:58the United States
42:59they can stay
42:59issuing, issuing
43:00or by printing currency
43:01There will always be people
43:02wanting
43:03this allows
43:04to the United States
43:04then go into debt
43:06which is what we see
43:07then with the store of value
43:08the store of value
43:09people
43:09nothing more
43:10than a debt security
43:11in case
43:12of the store of value
43:13in dollars
43:14the United States
43:15They go there and get into debt.
43:16i.e.
43:16They speak like this
43:16I need a billion.
43:18borrowed
43:19who has it there
43:19to lend me
43:21Then Brazil arrives.
43:22I have
43:23beauty
43:23Brazil went there then.
43:25lent one billion
43:26dollars
43:27like the United States
43:29It is the preferred country.
43:31to set aside money
43:32the American debt security
43:34There will be greater demand.
43:35because there are many people
43:36wanting the title
43:37American debt
43:38It will be something like this.
43:39I need a billion.
43:41Who here offers me some?
43:42That's when Brazil arrives.
43:43beauty
43:44I offer you
43:45I'll only charge 3%.
43:46annual interest
43:47Japan arrives
43:48no
43:48I want that too
43:49I'll only charge 2.5
43:51Germany arrives
43:52I also want
43:53I'll only charge 2%.
43:54This will download.
43:55through increased demand
43:57the cost
43:58i.e.
43:59There will be lower interest rates.
44:01to the United States
44:02and this will allow
44:04higher emissions
44:05because it's much easier
44:06you get into debt
44:07at a cost of 3%
44:09than at a cost of
44:1015%
44:11this will be
44:12a weapon
44:13almost secret
44:14from the United States
44:14but that is very
44:15very
44:16very important
44:17the dollar
44:18keeps the United States
44:19in relevance
44:20and the United States
44:21Keep the dollar
44:22in relevance
44:23So look at this
44:24When did it start?
44:26the hegemony of the dollar
44:27she begins
44:28or move forward
44:29with the Bretton Woods Agreement
44:31when did it happen
44:32the Bretton Woods Agreement
44:34in 1944
44:36at the end of World War II
44:38World War
44:39It wasn't over.
44:40but it was ending
44:41who came out stronger
44:43of the Second World War
44:43the United States
44:44It was not directly attacked.
44:46Its territory was intact.
44:48the factories booming
44:49And so it goes.
44:50It's the United States.
44:51that will emerge
44:52a major world power
44:54the Bretton Woods Agreement
44:56he gathered
44:57various countries
44:58and he was responsible
45:00through creation
45:00of three things
45:01the IMF
45:03What is the International Monetary Fund?
45:04International
45:05that lends to countries
45:06the World Bank
45:08that lends to countries
45:09make investments
45:10specific
45:11and the gold dollar standard
45:13What is the gold standard (dollar standard)?
45:15that was the standard
45:15where the dollar
45:16he was worth
45:17a certain amount
45:18gold
45:19the variation of the dollar
45:20varied
45:21according to gold
45:22varied
45:23How did that work?
45:24the United States
45:25they said that
45:26an ounce of gold
45:27i.e.
45:2831 grams
45:30gold
45:30more or less
45:31will be equivalent
45:32$35
45:34the United States
45:36they would guarantee
45:36that it
45:37would remain
45:38and then a country
45:39such as
45:39Brazil
45:40although Brazil
45:41not exactly
45:41have participated
45:42of this process
45:43He would then say this:
45:44beauty
45:45my coin
45:46a unit of currency
45:47It will be equivalent to 1 dollar.
45:4935 currency units
45:51that will be equivalent to 35 dollars
45:5335 dollars
45:54will be worth
45:54an ounce of gold
45:55if the dollar
45:57equivalent
45:57if the dollar
45:58It's a convertible.
45:59in gold
46:00and my coin
46:01It's a convertible.
46:02in dollars
46:02then my coin
46:03It's a convertible.
46:04in gold
46:05gold
46:06to
46:07to be issued
46:09he actually
46:10needs to be
46:10mined
46:11It's much easier.
46:13you print money
46:15than you
46:16find gold
46:17this will guarantee
46:18inflation
46:19much smaller
46:20the price of things
46:21for decades
46:22varied very little
46:24but the countries
46:25They didn't even ask.
46:26the exchange for gold
46:27why?
46:28because the United States
46:29saying that he guaranteed the exchange.
46:30simply the countries
46:31they trusted
46:32I trust
46:33that the United States
46:34will keep that reserve
46:35gold
46:36How is this done?
46:38the United States
46:39simply
46:39they had an influence
46:40very large
46:40he didn't need to
46:41to maintain
46:42he needed to do
46:43with which countries
46:44accepted
46:45or better
46:45imagine
46:46that they
46:47they would
46:48then
46:48generally speaking
46:49for you to print
46:50another 35 dollars
46:52it is necessary to obtain
46:53an jaguar
46:54gold
46:54this then created
46:55stability
46:56prices
46:57That's what I said.
46:57but that has
46:59one but
46:59this creates a part
47:00negative
47:01What is what?
47:02low adaptability
47:03what is that?
47:05for example
47:05if a country
47:06needs money
47:07He's going there.
47:08and you can print
47:09coin
47:09to print money
47:11he literally
47:12creates new money
47:13people catch
47:14this new money
47:15and they spend
47:15then the government
47:16creates money
47:18invests
47:18and it's ready
47:19but that will generate
47:21inflation
47:21at the same time
47:22when you don't
47:24you can do that
47:25because of your price
47:25it is attached
47:26to gold
47:27This will make it more difficult.
47:28the increase in spending
47:29And then came what he did.
47:31the gold standard
47:32to finish
47:32the Vietnam War
47:33along with some
47:34conflicts or crises
47:36like the oil crisis
47:37caused the government
47:38American
47:38needed to spend
47:39much more
47:40like the American government
47:41I needed to spend more
47:43He needed to print more.
47:44but he couldn't
47:46this eventually led
47:47then to collapse
47:48of the system
47:49or better
47:50of the gold dollar standard
47:51We call this
47:51Nixon shock
47:52It happened in 1971.
47:54Nixon spoke
47:55from now on
47:57the gold standard
47:58he finished
47:58the dollar
47:59instead of floating
48:00with gold
48:01it will float freely
48:02the United States
48:03They will be able to create
48:04However much the dollar wants.
48:05and the price of the dollar
48:06it will be governed
48:07by offer
48:08and demand
48:09which is what governs
48:10our economy
48:11global
48:12if you did
48:13the gold offer
48:13the best
48:14dollar
48:15began to be
48:16much bigger
48:17this allowed
48:18to the countries
48:18spend
48:19freely
48:20and so we
48:22then it ends
48:23our content
48:24for the test
48:26then the joints
48:27between global economy
48:28global space
48:29and global geopolitics
48:32and global geopolitics
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