00:00You already know that a sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought, like, Lewis is playing
00:09soccer.
00:10A sentence has a subject that tells who or what the sentence is about, and a predicate that gives us
00:18more information about the subject.
00:20The predicate always contains a verb.
00:24Did you know that a sentence is also a type of clause?
00:28A clause is any group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate, or we could say subject
00:37and verb, since verb is the anchor of the predicate.
00:41So, whether we wrote the sentence, Gina played, or the sentence, Gina played basketball with her dad, we would be
00:52writing a clause because both groups of words contain both a subject, Gina, and a predicate, which contains a verb,
01:02played.
01:03A phrase, on the other hand, is a group of words that lacks, or doesn't have, a subject, or a
01:11predicate, or maybe both.
01:13For example, my friend Justin is a phrase.
01:19It gives us a subject, Justin, but there is no predicate because there is no verb.
01:27Plays the guitar contains a verb, plays.
01:32So, it's a predicate, but there is no subject to tell us who plays the guitar.
01:39In the kitchen doesn't contain a subject or a verb.
01:43It's a prepositional phrase.
01:46All of these are examples of phrases because they either lack a subject, or a predicate, or both.
01:56Let's sort some groups of words to tell whether they are clauses or phrases.
02:02How about, the bird flew.
02:06Well, there is a subject, the bird, and a predicate, the verb flew.
02:12So, the bird flew is a clause.
02:17What about, rolling down the hill.
02:21We have a predicate, because we have the verb, rolling.
02:26But, there's no subject to tell us who or what was rolling.
02:31So, rolling down the hill is a phrase.
02:36What about, the lady in the purple hat.
02:41That's a lot of words, but there's no verb, so there's no predicate.
02:46So, that makes, the lady in the purple hat, a phrase.
02:52Okay, one more.
02:54Cheetahs run fast.
02:56Right.
02:58That's a clause, because we have a subject.
03:01Cheetahs, and a predicate, that contains the verb, run.
03:07Okay, so, you know that a clause contains a subject and a verb.
03:12Now, we will learn about two different types of clauses.
03:16First, there are independent clauses.
03:18They can stand alone as a complete sentence, like,
03:23Grace is baking cookies, or
03:25Max is making a cake.
03:27Both of these sentences are considered independent clauses.
03:34Then, there are dependent clauses.
03:38They contain a subject and a predicate, but they can't be sentences on their own, like,
03:44As Lacey served the ball.
03:47Mmm, as Lacey served the ball what?
03:50It's a clause, because it has a subject, Lacey, and a predicate, where we find the verb served.
03:59But, it's not an independent clause, because it can't stand alone as a complete sentence.
04:06The word, As, keeps it from being independent.
04:12The word, As, is a subordinating conjunction.
04:15When a clause begins with a subordinating conjunction,
04:20it is called a dependent clause,
04:24also known as a subordinate clause.
04:28A dependent clause must be attached to an independent clause
04:33to be a part of a complete sentence.
04:37Like,
04:39As Lacey served the ball,
04:41the crowd was silent.
04:43Now, we have a complete sentence,
04:46because we added an independent clause.
04:51Let's look at some clauses,
04:52and decide whether they are independent or dependent.
04:58How about,
05:00I play baseball.
05:02That clause doesn't begin with a subordinating conjunction,
05:06and it can be a sentence on its own, so,
05:10I play baseball is an independent clause.
05:14But, if we took a subordinating conjunction like,
05:18after,
05:19and put it on the beginning of,
05:21I play baseball,
05:23we would turn it into a dependent clause.
05:27After I play baseball.
05:30Let's try another one.
05:32What about,
05:33When cats purr.
05:35It has a subject,
05:37cats,
05:38and a verb,
05:40purr,
05:40but,
05:41can it be a sentence on its own?
05:44No.
05:46When cats purr is a dependent clause,
05:48because it begins with,
05:50the subordinating conjunction,
05:53when.
05:54Without when,
05:56cats purr could be an independent clause.
06:01Let's review what we've learned.
06:03We know that a phrase is a group of words that lacks or doesn't have either a subject or a
06:11predicate,
06:12or maybe it's missing both a subject and a predicate.
06:16A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.
06:23Clauses can be independent,
06:26meaning they can stand alone as a sentence,
06:29or dependent,
06:31meaning they cannot stand alone as a sentence,
06:34because they begin with a subordinating conjunction.
06:38That's why dependent clauses are also known as subordinate clauses.
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