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A weekly programme from the BBC World Service, bringing you forensic journalism from all corners of the world by BBC Eye, the World Service’s critically acclaimed investigative unit, and featuring expert global correspondents taking you to the heart of the biggest international stories. In this week’s episode, Norberto Paredes reports from Venezuela on the future of Venezuela’s oil sector. President Trump sees it as a big business opportunity for the US oil sector, but will the return of US firms be the answer the country needs? Plus, as interim President Delcy Rodríguez walks a diplomatic tightrope, can she continue to satisfy Washington without alienating her socialist base? And BBC Eye’s forensic investigators uncover the untold story of last year’s mass protests in Nepal that toppled the government. With exclusive eyewitness accounts, we can reveal where the order to use live ammunition came from and how unarmed demonstrators were killed as authorities lost control of the crowds.
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00:18Hello and welcome to Global Eye, a program bringing you the best of the world's services,
00:24investigative journalism, and unmissable reporting from BBC teams around the globe.
00:29I'm Norberto Paredes, a reporter at BBC Mundo, and this week we're in Venezuela.
00:35On January 3rd, the residents of Caracas woke to a huge explosion.
00:40President Nicolás Maduro had been captured by US forces and was being taken to New York
00:45to face federal drug and weapons charges.
00:48Venezuela is now under the leadership of Delce Rodriguez, Maduro's former vice president.
00:53Under her administration, the country is undergoing a series of reforms that seemed unthinkable
01:00just a year ago.
01:01But she's walking a political tightrope.
01:08Later in the program, we'll bring you the untold story of last year's mass protests in
01:13Nepal that toppled the government there.
01:17BBC's forensic investigators, using thousands of hours of video footage and exclusive eyewitness
01:24accounts, uncover how the actions of the police that day led to the death of 19 protesters.
01:33And I'll be reporting from the Venezuelan city left high and dry by the decline of the country's
01:38oil industry.
01:40Many people there are hoping that the return of US oil firms will bring the good times back.
01:49In the early hours of January 3rd, explosions rocked the Venezuelan capital as US forces launched
01:55Operation Absolute Resolve.
01:58The mission aimed to dismantle national air defenses and capture Nicolás Maduro alongside
02:03his wife, Celia Flores.
02:06While men in the Venezuelan diaspora celebrated a tense call to quote here in the streets of Venezuela.
02:12Under the Maduro administration, support for foreign intervention had been criminalized,
02:18so people couldn't talk about it freely.
02:22With Maduro now in US custody, Venezuela is in flux, navigating a forced political transition
02:29amidst immense economic pressure and internal instability.
02:34Interim President Delce Rodriguez has introduced a way of new policies.
02:38But so far, although she has instigated radical economic change like ending the state monopoly
02:44in the oil industry, movement on political reform has been slower.
02:50How things by now may well depend on the answer to a critical question.
02:54What truly motivates President Donald Trump?
02:57Is it a genuine commitment to democracy, a desire to impose US power in its geopolitical backyards,
03:05or simply a bid to control Venezuela's oil?
03:13I was born and bred up in Venezuela, and have come back here to report on this huge moment
03:19for my country.
03:23Venezuela is a land of extraordinary diversity.
03:26From its sweeping landscapes like the Avila National Park you can see behind me, to the
03:31warmth of its people.
03:32Sitting at the northern tip of South America, it is just as much a Caribbean nation as it is
03:38a South American one.
03:39The discovery of oil, a century ago, forged a deep connection with the United States, weaving
03:44American influence into the heart of the country.
03:47You can see this most clearly in its sporting culture.
03:51While its neighbors live for football, in Venezuela, baseball is a national game, and basketball
03:58is as nearly as popular.
04:04Maduro may be gone, but the machinery of Chavismo, an anti-American nationalist ideology created
04:11by his predecessor Hugo Chavez, remains firmly in control, including in the Venezuelan parliament
04:17here behind me.
04:19Within the movements, some hardliners remain deeply hostile to political reform, which explains
04:25why Delce Rodriguez is projecting two very different personas.
04:29To her core supporters, she is still the uncompromising, anti-American voice of the revolution.
04:35But to the international communities, she is showing a new willingness to cooperate with
04:40Washington and reform the country.
04:43The question is, how sustainable is this balancing act?
04:47Many Venezuelans fear Rodriguez is simply playing for time in a bid to cement her grip on
04:52power, a tactic used by her predecessor many times before.
04:59Amid U.S. pressure for reforms since the capture of Maduro, the government has released hundreds
05:05of political prisoners, including two prominent pro-democracy activists held in the notorious Lelicoide
05:12prison.
05:13They told me of their hopes for Venezuela's future.
05:17Look, I'm with a lot of expectation, with a lot of expectation, with a lot of expectation, with a lot
05:25of hope that this
05:26is for good, that we can advance concretely.
05:32That I will take the word to the president encargada, Delce Rodriguez, who is currently
05:42exercising power in Venezuela.
05:45And, no se puede castigar más la pobreza en este país.
05:49Pese a todo ese año que hicieron, perdonarlos y construir el país, construir esa civilización
05:54del amor, que el interés del país sea primero que el interés de cualquier partido político,
06:00cualquier pretensión.
06:02Ir sin odios y sin resentimientos, ir sin rencores, a construir esa Venezuela.
06:09Por lo tanto, el mundo se centra en el drama político, para la mayoría de los Venezuelanos,
06:14la preocupación inmediata es la sobrevivencia.
06:17Esta es una nación que ha perdido 70% de su GDP desde el año 2013.
06:23Mientras el precio del mes es entre 60 y 70 dólares al mes, es una caja en el océano cuando
06:31un básico mensaje de comida mensaje costa más de 500 dólares.
06:35Para la mayoría de las familias, los números simplemente no van a añadir.
06:41Las semanas han pasado desde el ataque de la América en Caracas.
06:45Pero no queda claro si el país está realmente hacia la democracia.
06:51Hasta ahora, los cambios han hecho poco para mejorar la vida diaria diaria,
06:55y la oposición todavía se siente silencio.
06:59Bueno, otro país donde el futuro de la democracia está frente y centro es Nepal.
07:05Los votos allí decidirán un nuevo gobierno esta semana.
07:08Es seis meses desde que una protesta popular,
07:11liderada por la gente en septiembre del 8,
07:14terminó en violencia y la muerte de 19 personas.
07:17Las muertes han llevado a la protesta, destrucción y la falla del gobierno.
07:24Usando evidencia de más de 4,000 videos y fotógrafos,
07:28y cuentas exclusivas de la policía y protestantes,
07:32la BBC ha llevado una investigación de investigaciones forensicales
07:35sobre cómo las protestas de la agencia turnen a una tragedia,
07:38y ha llevado a un armado de protestantes,
07:41so más joven, a 17,
07:43siendo killed por la policía.
08:06NEPAL, SEPTEMBER 8, 2025.
08:09On the streets of Kathmandu, Gen Z protestors call for change
08:14and are met with tear gas and live fire.
08:20Over the next few hours, 19 young Nepalis
08:23are shot dead by their own security forces.
08:27Anger at these deaths ignites a second day of protest.
08:31And this time, it cannot be contained.
08:41Drawing on more than 4,000 videos filmed on the streets
08:44and an exclusive leak record of police radio,
08:48BBCI pieces together a forensic account
08:51of the most dramatic two days in Nepal's recent history
08:55and reveals who gave the order to open fire.
09:03The anger that brought down Nepal's government
09:06began not on the streets but on social media.
09:11Gen Z, sick of what they saw as corruption and cronyism,
09:15used hashtag Nepo babies to deride the lavish lifestyles
09:19of the country's political elite.
09:22Struggling to contain the dissent,
09:24the government of Prime Minister Kapioli
09:26took a drastic decision.
09:27Now in news from Nepal, the country has cracked down
09:31on a number of social media platforms,
09:33including Facebook, YouTube, Instagram.
09:37Undeterred, Nepal's Gen Z protestors regrouped on Discord.
09:44By September 8th, they were on the streets of Kathmandu.
09:51The police had expected around 3,000 people,
09:55but tens of thousands turned out.
09:58And the police are quickly overwhelmed.
10:06Already, things are getting out of hand.
10:09And the crowd sweeps towards the gates of Nepal's parliament.
10:18By 11.58, protesters face off against armed police.
10:26Some even manage to break into the grounds of parliament.
10:34At 12.30, the authorities impose a curfew.
10:38The gathering is now illegal.
10:45But it seems to make things worse.
10:50Seeing the gatehouse on fire panicked officers radio for help,
10:54asking the superiors for permission to use live ammunition.
10:59We know this because the BBC has obtained
11:02a leak of the police radio log that day.
11:05This document has never been made public.
11:08It reveals that it's now, at 12.40,
11:11that the permission to use force is given.
11:16It's not long before protesters start to get shot.
11:22The first fatality we see is at the corner of the parliamentary complex,
11:26where a young man called Binod Marjan is carried away,
11:29with a gunshot wound to the head.
11:32On Discord, news of live fire spreads from phone to phone.
11:38And on the streets, anger escalates to fury.
11:44The police are overwhelmed.
11:46This group was cornered outside the gates.
11:53The assault lasts for four minutes.
11:57At 1.42, our police timeline records the panic among officers.
12:03Police bleeding profusely and about to be killed.
12:06Open fire to establish safety.
12:12Within minutes, another man is shot.
12:1427-year-old Kamal Kimiri.
12:17At 1.48, we find him on the opposite side of the avenue.
12:22This is the view from Kamal's own phone.
12:25He records a group of police officers,
12:28at least two of whom are armed with handguns.
12:35Kamal then walks away from the front lines.
12:39His camera captures this man,
12:43throwing a stone at police.
12:46And then...
12:50Kamal falls.
12:57We have found another view of this incident.
13:01Here is Kamal.
13:04The man throwing the stone.
13:07And the moment Kamal is shot.
13:13His medical report states that the bullet entered beneath his left arm
13:17and exited through his back.
13:21We do not know the precise trajectory,
13:23but we can see the general direction from which this bullet was fired.
13:27It points towards the same group of police Kamal Kimiri had filmed just moments before.
13:35The bullet missed Kamal's spine by millimetres.
13:39He survived.
13:43Watching this scene was another young man,
13:4617-year-old Sriyam Chawlagai,
13:48still in his school uniform.
13:52Six minutes later,
13:54closer to the junction,
13:57we catch Sriyam again.
14:02Ahead of him, a group of protesters is belting the police with stones.
14:10But Sriyam turns away from the violence and moves back towards the junction.
14:15These are the last steps he takes.
14:19Moments later, another phone captures images,
14:22which go viral across Nepal.
14:29The police have been shot.
14:35Bleeding heavily from a gunshot wound to the back of the head.
14:43Bystanders lift him into an ambulance.
14:46But it's too late.
14:47By the time he arrives at the National Trauma Centre,
14:52Sriyam is dead.
14:55He's the youngest victim shot outside Nepal's parliament on September 8th.
15:05The next person to be killed, Yogindra Nupani,
15:08is shot just a few steps away.
15:11And this time, we have the clearest evidence yet,
15:15that as Yogindra fell,
15:17shots were being fired from inside the grounds of parliament.
15:21Just 90 seconds before the shooting.
15:28Vlogger Nishet Dahal turns his camera towards the grounds of parliament.
15:35Pay attention to this group of police officers.
15:40At exactly 2.21,
15:42they move towards the wall,
15:44separating parliament from the street.
15:57Seconds later,
16:06we hear seven gunshots.
16:12And see Yogindra bleeding to death on the ground.
16:20This camera angle does not reveal who shot him.
16:24But we found another clip of the same moment,
16:27filmed from a few steps further along the pavement.
16:34At first glance,
16:36there is no more evidence here.
16:42But if we zoom in,
16:44and stabilise the footage,
16:47we can clearly see gunshots.
16:58This is the clearest visual evidence we have found,
17:02indicating that unarmed protesters were shot dead by Nepali police
17:07from inside the grounds of parliament.
17:10Yogindra died of his injuries.
17:12He was 24.
17:16According to official figures,
17:1819 young Nepalis were killed in the protest on September 8th.
17:22None of those we examined were involved in any sort of violence.
17:31So how did the police come to open fire on their own citizens?
17:36According to our police sources,
17:38and the leaked transcript,
17:40the order came through police radio from callsign Kilo One.
17:45But permission to use lethal force came from his boss,
17:50callsign Peter One.
17:54Curfew already in place.
17:56No further need to obtain permission.
17:58Deploy necessary force.
18:01Peter One was Chandrakubir Khapum,
18:04Nepal's most senior officer,
18:06the Inspector General of police.
18:08He has denied responsibility.
18:12Nepal police told us,
18:14the decision to use force came from a committee
18:16made up of Nepal's main security forces.
18:19They said,
18:21IJP Khapum did not issue the order to use force
18:25ahead of the committee's decision to do so.
18:30The following day, September 9th,
18:32the protesters are back on the streets.
18:37A second curfew is imposed,
18:39but it cannot contain the fuel.
18:43Crowds morph into mobs,
18:46targeting the police,
18:48the homes of political leaders,
18:53government buildings.
18:55Left undefended,
18:57Nepal's parliament is set ablaze.
19:04By that evening,
19:06fire has engulfed police stations,
19:08singled about the historic compound housing most government ministries,
19:12even the Supreme Court.
19:15Even the Supreme Court.
19:29Finally, at nine, the army steps in, imposing a peace that has held until now.
19:36And installing a caretaker prime minister,
19:39Sushila Karki.
19:41Her task, overseeing fresh elections,
19:44and an inquiry, still ongoing,
19:47into the events of September 8th and 9th.
19:50While police and politicians pass the buck,
19:53the families of those killed are mourning their loved ones.
19:57Like Sriyam's mother.
20:00its all was cold for supper.
20:06But,
20:06in a time of a terrible vacation.
20:10If I could go to the house of the house of the house,
20:12we would wake up to the house of the house of the house.
20:14And,
20:15it was like he would come to me and come to me.
20:20That means,
20:21we don't care about the things we did.
20:21let's say we could be the Phatom,
20:22and the women and women are not part of the house.
20:23and the women are never part of the house of the house of the house.
20:26and so,
20:26that means the women are not part of the house.
20:28And he's not part of the house of the house.
20:43Elsewhere, on the World Service this week, the Asia-specific podcast has been shining
20:48a spotlight on Rodrigo Duterte, the former president of the Philippines.
20:53The International Criminal Court has been considering whether Duterte should stand trial
21:00for crimes against humanity over his brutal so-called war on drugs, which resulted in
21:06the death of tens of thousands of Filipinos.
21:10Underlying the story is a power struggle between the Philippines' two dominant political families,
21:16the Dutertes and the Marcoses.
21:18You can listen to the full podcast on BBC Sounds, or wherever you get your podcasts,
21:24or watch InVision on the BBC World Service's YouTube channel.
21:29The new Venezuelan government's move to denationalize the oil industry is being watched closely
21:35in the country's second largest city, Maracaibo.
21:38The city is at the heart of Venezuela's oil-producing region, and many are hopeful the reforms will
21:45bring prosperity back to a part of the country hit hard by American sanctions, even though
21:51it may seem problematic to some in an era of catastrophic climate change.
21:55But times have been tough in Maracaibo.
21:58I went to that region to find out who the people there blame for their economic stagnation,
22:04and whether the return of big oil really will help the region get back on its feet.
22:16This is Lema Aracaibo, on Venezuela's north coast.
22:25Here, you'll find local fishing boats, and the heart of Venezuela's oil industry.
22:32The wealth from the earth here once made Venezuela rich, but now it's a random reminder of better times.
22:42This is where oil was first discovered in the country a century ago.
22:47You can see the oil right here on the surface, you can't even touch it.
22:50If Donald Trump is really going to make Venezuela great again, as he says,
22:54this is where the impact will be felt first.
22:58Decades of mismanagement under investment and sanctions have left the oil sector crumbling,
23:04and pollution is affecting one of the last remaining industries.
23:10Every year, fisherman Carlos is pulling fewer fish from these contaminated waters.
23:16Despite the removal of his president by Donald Trump,
23:20he is ready for American investment and the oil to start flowing once more.
23:24It would be much better, because there is a lot of work.
23:27There is a lot of work, and one of the people will not take care of,
23:31but they will take care of a future and go ahead.
23:35It would be good for the oil company to stay here, and to deal with this thing.
23:43We will help all of this, and then we will take a lot of oil,
23:47and it would be good for another change.
23:49We want another change to our lake.
23:53Venezuela holds an estimated 303 billion barrels of proven oil reserves,
23:59the largest in the world.
24:03Supporters of chavism, like José Luzardo, view Donald Trump's approach with suspicion.
24:21In the mid-20th century, Maracaibo was a symbol of the great wealth of the oil boom.
24:27International oil companies built whole neighborhoods for the workers.
24:31Today, many of those homes stand empty.
24:36But oil did more than power Venezuela's economy.
24:39It helped shape its identity.
24:44In one of those homes, we met José Gregorio Martínez,
24:47who still hasn't lost hope of seeing the good times return.
25:15Maracaibo leaves a contradiction.
25:17Despite the region's potential, the city has suffered a severe energy crisis during the Chavista era.
25:24Many trace the industry's collapse to 2002, when strikes against Hugo Chávez led to major reforms at PDVSA.
25:35Chávez, who took power in 1999, responded by dismissing thousands of workers.
25:42Jorge, not his real name, was one of the workers dismissed at the time.
25:48He doesn't want to have his face and name disclosed for fear of retaliation by the Venezuelan government.
25:54When did the decadence of PDVSA start?
25:58Well, with the despids.
26:00That's right, you can't lose 18,000 technical people in a company.
26:04And nothing happens.
26:05You need a company that would serve the political fines that they had planned.
26:10And of course, all the gerencia and the majority of the technical personnel were opposed to that.
26:16That's right, we're not going to change.
26:18But these people have been so geniuses that they broke a petrol company.
26:24They broke a excellence, the joya of Venezuela.
26:27They broke.
26:28I think that this happened in any part of the world.
26:31And this is my personal conviction.
26:33When this happens, we have a country and we have a state of rights.
26:38We will recover quickly.
26:43Chavismo acknowledges corruption cases that hurt the industry, but mainly blames the economic sanctions imposed by the United States during
26:51Nicolas Maduro's administration for the decline.
26:55Juan Romero, a member of Parliament representing Zulia, and a local leader of the Fulham-Besuva
27:01Party, says foreign investment is key to the industry's survival.
27:06In Maracaibo, there are about 13,000 boats that can be recovered and there are reserves
27:11of 26,000,000,000 of barrels of petrol.
27:13What does it need to recover?
27:15Inversions.
27:16Inversions.
27:17The Venezuelan state, due to the uninterrupted economic fix from 2013 to now, has no capacity.
27:24What we have the capacity is to attract foreign investment.
27:29Recovery economic seems to be a priority for everyone here.
27:34There are also calls for democracy, free elections and reparations for victims of human rights abuses,
27:41though for now, not many dare to mention this openly.
27:44The government now says that they want to invest more to exploit the oil industry and
27:50that they produce more oil.
27:52What do you think of that?
27:54If it's a better life for us, a better life, and for the future of our children, we hope
28:03that for us, the Venezuelans, it's better.
28:08Because we are seeing a situation where there are times when we don't have good fish and
28:15we don't have food and we don't have food.
28:16We are waiting for the next day, with that desire, a bottle of water and see what God
28:20will present us in the next day.
28:26Thanks for joining me in Caracas.
28:29We want your feedback on Global Eye.
28:31Let us know what you think on social media using the hashtag BBCGlobalEye.
28:36Next week, we'll be reporting from Australia.
28:38Goodbye.
29:08Transcription by CastingWords
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