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Following crushing defeats at Abadan and Khorramshahr, Iraqi forces defend their homeland against waves of attacks by Iran's fanatic Revolutionary Guard Corps. The Iranians enlist Iraqi Kurdish fighters to revolt against Saddam Hussein.
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00:051982, two years into the bitter Iran-Iraq war.
00:11Saddam Hussein had lost nearly all Iranian territory he'd occupied.
00:21135,000 of his men had been killed, wounded or captured.
00:31They were killed by the Iraqi forces in a way of natural.
00:36The first time in the history of the Iraqi army
00:38that would happen like this, the destruction or the destruction,
00:42the same thing I can do with that.
00:49In Baghdad, Saddam may have smiled for the cameras,
00:54but he was worried for his very survival.
00:57He needed a way to sidetrack Iran.
01:02He found it 5,000 kilometers away, in London.
01:06I had two shots, a ring out, one after the other,
01:11and there was a man lying in the gutter, and he was bleeding profusely.
01:16Mr. Shlomo Argov, Israel's ambassador to Britain,
01:19was shot outside the Dorchester Hotel late last night.
01:23Four men are helping police after the shooting.
01:25All are thought to be members of a Palestinian organization who traveled to Britain.
01:33But the assassins weren't all Palestinians.
01:36They were armed and led by an Iraqi colonel from Saddam's spy service.
01:46It is believed that Saddam was provoking a war between the Israelis and the PLO in Lebanon.
01:53He hoped the ensuing conflict would unite all Muslims against Israel,
01:58and help him make peace with Iran.
02:04When Israel invaded Lebanon three days later,
02:08Saddam's plan seemed to be working.
02:13He now offered to join forces with Iran against Israel.
02:24But Khomeini flatly rejected his proposal.
02:30He told his followers.
02:32We know Lebanon from itself.
02:36But the initiative of Lebanon,
02:40we have to support Iran from Iran.
03:05Iran's focus would remain the overthrow of Saddam.
03:10Iran's focus would remain the overthrow of Saddam.
03:11Iran's focus on higher
03:57Saddam Hussein knew that recent defeats had hit his army's morale.
04:03He decided to provide additional motivation.
04:09Those he deemed had failed him were executed.
04:26Such executions were not confined to the senior ranks.
04:32For the first time, the Iraqi army would show that the military army was executed.
04:37For example.
04:39For example.
04:40They are talking about the political parties, the political parties, and the political parties.
04:47They are together and they are together with every army who are in the battle.
04:58So if they were to kill them, they will have a good chance to be able to do it immediately.
05:10But Saddam also needed to ensure the loyalty of ordinary Iraqis.
05:19That summer, he toured the country.
05:28Many liked his strongman image.
05:38His bath party organized adoring crowds to greet him wherever he went.
06:04But hidden among the crowds were Iraqis who opposed him.
06:13Shortly after leaving Dujail, gunmen ambushed him, killing two bodyguards.
06:22Investigations revealed that the assassins were a Shia group linked to Iran.
06:28Saddam had 148 people executed.
06:35The attack reminded him that Iran wouldn't rest until they'd killed him.
06:44He stepped up preparations for an invasion.
06:51Along the border, the Iraqi army were building elaborate defenses.
06:56Concrete bunkers and miles of trenches protected by barbed wire and mines.
07:11Despite Saddam's fears, Khomeini was not convinced he should invade Iraq.
07:17The Ayatollah was happy to encourage revolution in Iraq or assassinate Saddam.
07:23But invasion was risky and would make Iran look like the aggressor.
07:35Mosin Rezaei, head of the Revolutionary Guard, was one of the leaders in a pro-war group.
07:41They were determined to punish Saddam and liberate the oppressed Muslims of Iraq.
07:48They wanted to export their revolution.
07:54Rezaei told Rafsanjani, Khomeini's trusted right-hand man, that he was confident of victory.
08:17Rafsanjani reported back to Khomeini.
08:20By prolonging the war, they would unify the country and consolidate their revolution.
08:28In just three days, a plan to invade Iraq was drawn up and orders issued.
08:42The troops prepared for battle.
08:52The officials revealed the extremists and commitments.
08:54When I labour and attack Iran was from Iraq,
08:59They cut off freedom to Iraq.
09:02By manque, they contrasted my education to Iraq.
09:02If no means it that伊達icans were sent to Iraq,
09:05We are still motivated to consultants.
09:12No one has no chance to do this.
09:16In fact, with a man's face,
09:19it's the fact that the war is going to continue.
09:25We didn't have this.
09:27We didn't have this. We didn't have this.
09:29We didn't have this.
09:29We didn't have this.
09:35We didn't have this.
09:37But the revolutionaries and radicals didn't have such reservations.
09:45The invasion of Iraq would be the first step on the path to something much greater.
09:50We felt the potential of the people who would take a piece of paper,
09:56and we would take a piece of paper,
09:59and we would take a piece of paper,
10:00and we would take a piece of paper.
10:02The invasion plan, named Operation Ramadan, was simple.
10:21150,000 young men would charge the Iraqi lines in human waves
10:26to overwhelm Saddam's defences.
10:37The Iraqi soldiers had to be resolute,
10:40as wave after wave of the Iranians started their attacks.
10:54Saddam visited the front lines to rally the troops.
11:16The Iraqis couldn't believe the scale of Iranian sacrifice.
11:24They faced them, and they were men.
11:27They used their guns.
11:31They used to attack them.
11:34They used their guns, because they were in the army.
11:35And they were waiting for the weapons,
11:35and the weapons would beDING.
11:36Some of them were not weapons.
11:40For day after day, the Iranians kept attacking.
12:24But whenever the Iranians captured an Iraqi position, they were faced with a furious Iraqi counterattack.
12:41Without effective coordination or support, the Iranians were simply torn apart.
13:17The Iraqis had defeated Operation Ramadan.
13:24They come to die.
13:27No plan, no with the military minds, just to come to die.
13:45But Iran was undeterred by their setback.
13:49By the following year, they had come up with a new plan for victory.
13:55They would launch a surprise attack through the mountains of Iraqi Kurdistan, and take
14:00the critical oil region in the north of Iraq.
14:09They enlisted the help of 800 Kurdish fighters.
14:22The plan was for thousands of Kurds to rise up and join them against Saddam.
14:30The Kurds had fought for independence from Iraq and from Saddam's brutal repression for years.
14:40The Kurdistan was a war of dolorous discussion.
14:44The U.S. delegation of the position of Saudi Arabia has been struck by the pressure of the religious groups.
14:55The U.S. delegation of Abu Ghosh and Saudi Arabia have been struck by the political powers.
15:02So actually, Saddam killed three of my brothers.
15:11One of them killed him by giving him a name of Athalium
15:17in one of the public security cases in Mosul.
15:21And the two of them killed him by a massacre.
15:32Together, the Iranians and Kurds launched their surprise attack
15:36against an important border town.
15:55The Iranians left for several days.
15:58The Iranians left for the first time
16:02and left for the first time.
16:17The Kurds from many clans were delighted by the Iraqi setbacks.
16:23Just as Iran had anticipated,
16:25they went into open revolt against Saddam.
16:31The clan of Masoud Barzani was one of the principal groups.
16:37Saddam's response to the revolt was characteristic.
17:05Saddam announced the fate of the 8,000 civilians in person.
17:09The Kurds from Iran
17:16The Kurds from Iran
17:36The Kurds from Iran
17:40...and went to the destruction of the Kurds.
17:47That was a community movement.
17:49I mean, a sense of pride on the Kurd's existence.
17:56Meanwhile, Saddam promised rights to other Kurdish groups to stay out of the war.
18:02Promises he never intended to keep.
18:07His policy of divide and conquer was successful.
18:11The invasion tailed off into a long campaign of guerrilla warfare.
18:23Saddam had seen off two major Iranian offensives.
18:27But how much longer could he hold out?
18:34Three years of fighting had depleted his weaponry.
18:38And he was running out of money to pay for replacements.
18:46His oil rigs and refineries had been bombed.
18:53And the Iranians had persuaded the Syrians to shut down his crucial export pipeline through Syria.
19:01But he found help from an unexpected quarter.
19:06The Americans, who were afraid of an Iranian victory in the war.
19:14It was not because we cared about Saddam, or that we really cared about Iraq, really.
19:20But if Iraq had fallen to the Iranians, then Jordan, the Gulf states, Saudi Arabia,
19:28a lot of other major interests would have been jeopardized.
19:35It was clear to the Americans that Saddam was in trouble and could no longer fund the war.
19:43The Iraqi economy was imploding as the Iranians got to the border and the war dragged on.
19:50Saddam had started the war with tremendous reserves, major output of oil,
19:55and everybody believes that their war is going to be two or three weeks.
20:02How many wars have started with, we'll be home by Christmas?
20:12But President Ronald Reagan hesitated.
20:16He could give Saddam cash, weapons and intelligence.
20:22But some advisers reminded him that it wouldn't look good to help a disreputable, traditionally pro-Soviet figure,
20:29who was almost as anti-American as Khomeini.
20:34Finally, Reagan decided to give limited assistance that included trade credit and, reluctantly, some intelligence.
20:43We did share satellite photographs.
20:45They were static.
20:47It was a pretty minimal intelligence cooperation.
20:53It was just enough so they would know what were the Iranian positions on the other side.
21:02Perhaps more important was U.S. diplomatic help.
21:05U.S. Special Envoy Donald Rumsfeld was sent by Reagan to meet Saddam.
21:13Having somebody of his cabinet level come to Iraq, meet with Saddam was a major signal to the Iraqis and
21:23the Iranians
21:23that, you know, we were going to be very clear that Iraq would not lose.
21:32The U.S. also sent envoys to Saudi Arabia and the Gulf states.
21:39The Saudi leader, King Fahad, agreed to help.
21:46The U.S. was a steady 마음에-ness.
21:49Dutch country was selling several states to get rid of the military.
21:52The U.S. was launched in Syria to make sure that the U.S. was invested,
21:56he was in a Siobah, but had a perfect place to perform the military.
21:58In Syria to Saudi Arabia and the U.S. were released in Syria.
22:01The U.S. was introduced and the U.S. was released.
22:01Because the U.S. was after the war, were also decided to improve the invasion.
22:06The U.S. stayed in Iraqis in Saudi Arabia
22:06and were not required for a disaster.
22:13But what Saddam really needed was cash
22:17He reminded the Gulf leaders that Iranian revolutionaries
22:21Were already fomenting violent uprisings in their countries
22:30He said, this is the truth, I'm going to defend them
22:33I'm the one who scared the Iraqis, Iraqi blood
22:38I'm going to defend them, the ones who live
22:42And this is the responsibility for them to support them
22:47And this is the responsibility for them to support them
22:49It's not to pay, it's not to listen to what Iraq wants
22:54The Saudi monarch, King Fahad, gathered Gulf allies
22:58They agreed to loan Saddam the money he needed
23:03I don't remember it, but it's not only from the Saudi Arab countries
23:11But there was also Kuwait, Qatar, the Arab Emirates and all countries
23:20They agreed to support them to support Iraq to support the Iranian war
23:30For Saddam, the fact that these debts might one day have to be repaid was not a priority
23:37He had weapons he needed to purchase
23:44The Soviets had historically been Iraq's biggest arms supplier
23:49Gulf money flowed to the Kremlin
23:52Soviet tanks and missiles to Iraq
24:01Then his buyers visited their old friends, the French
24:09They didn't go for the flashy whiz-bang sort of stuff which dictators like
24:15When they don't actually need to fight the war
24:19Here they were choosing something much less glamorous but rather more useful
24:27They bought France's new 155mm cannon
24:33Highly mobile and devastating
24:36At the top of their shopping list was an unprecedented request to borrow France's latest jets
24:52They were armed with anti-ship exocet missiles
24:57Approval for this request had to go right to the top
25:02Throwing and throwing, multiple meetings at the Elysee
25:06And eventually Mitterrand gives the go ahead
25:15Iraq was transforming its ability to defend itself
25:24But those nations that helped Saddam risked Khomeini's wrath
25:28But those nations that helped Saddam risked Khomeini's wrath
25:31You have made the help of Saddam to help Saddam
25:36You have made the power of Islam and are a slave to Islam
25:41You have made the power of Islam
25:48The third of October 1983 a new form of warfare arrived in the Middle East
25:55Suicide bombing
25:57Two trucks packed with explosives were detonated at the barracks of the US peacekeeping forces in Beirut
26:07241 Americans were killed
26:12That same day another bomb killed 58 French peacekeepers
26:21A shocked President Reagan rushed back from a golfing weekend to the White House
26:34Ronald Reagan reviewed the intelligence
26:36It was worrying
26:38The CIA had found links to Iran
26:46Reagan
26:47Reagan consulted his advisers
26:48Should he withdraw assistance to Saddam as Iran wanted
26:52Or risk escalation by retaliating against the attack
27:00From their Langley headquarters
27:03CIA officials predicted dire consequences in the event of an Iraqi defeat
27:10A major defeat could trigger the overthrow of Saddam Hussein
27:14And his replacement by a Shia regime controlled in Tehran
27:17This would have profound implications for the political equilibrium in much of the Middle East
27:27Reagan concluded that there were ways to retaliate without getting sucked into the conflict
27:38He knew that Iran was reliant on US weaponry sold to the late Shah
27:44And was obtaining spare parts from third party suppliers
27:50He put a new plan into effect
27:54We had to make sure that their American weapons were cut off from all spare parts
28:01From other countries who were using the same weaponry
28:07That, over time, had a devastating impact on Iranian combat effectiveness
28:20In addition, Reagan created an economic embargo to strangle Iran
28:24By putting it on the state's sponsors of terrorism list
28:29These military and economic embargoes America hoped
28:32Would force Iran to negotiate with Iraq
28:40But the leadership in Tehran remained undeterred
28:44They still believed they would win the war
28:54They were drawing together plans for a major new offensive
29:02The Revolutionary Guard, now 400,000 strong, were increasingly influential
29:17The regular army was sidelined
29:20The regular army was sidelined
29:26The Russian tanks were trained with the war
29:30And the war
29:33They owned the war
29:35And the war
29:37They added all to other players
29:43They were axe
29:44Rafsanjani personally launched the attack
29:46This time
29:47By a quarter of a million men
29:52The law has been decided.
29:56The law is to the command of the law and to the law of all the power and the position
30:03of the law
30:05of the law and the law of the Messenger of Allah, the law and the Messenger of Allah.
30:24Operation Khaibar targeted Iraq's vital second city and only port, Basra.
30:30Its loss would cripple Saddam.
30:47Bates and helicopters ferried troops through the wetlands to their first goal, the islands
30:53north of Basra.
30:59The battle was fierce.
31:06Casualties were high.
31:24You didn't have anything.
31:28Many people didn't know.
31:31They were right.
31:47Despite Iraq's new weaponry, the islands were taken after 19 days of heavy fighting.
31:54But the Revolutionary Guards had again relied for victory on zeal, rather than planning.
32:02They put a heli-bord in the Jazeera Majnun in Horoloveyze.
32:07They had no equipment for their weapons, food, and water.
32:12They were in the Jazeera.
32:18As the Iranian forces advanced, they now faced an armament banned by international law.
32:25Chemical weapons.
32:34Saddam had secretly been developing, with help from the East German government, the capability
32:40for mustard gas and nerve agent.
32:45The children of Jazeera had as bad as a drug by the Guatemalan.
32:51The people of Jazeera had been removed.
32:53They were встреч inhaled, with praise and followed by the people of Jazeera.
32:57But the inside of Jazeera, they had no benefits of depression.
33:11The people of Jazeera joined the Jazeera.
33:12as best neither
33:29iraq also introduced another weapon into the war
33:33it released two hundred thousand volts discharges into the waters
33:40she did it electricity to work the hardy ziyad buchia
33:47there you are a choc should but he chkis and the barna gash
33:58each kiss
34:03As their casualties mounted, the Iranian advance slowly ground to a halt
34:16Iran now took the battle to the world stage
34:18And made repeated appeals to the UN over Iraq's use of chemical weapons
34:35Iraq adamantly denied the accusation
34:44The UN sent in experts to assess the evidence
34:56The Iranian ambassador to the UN was clear what they expected to happen
35:02We hope that the international body will take the necessary steps
35:09And will meet its responsibility and prevent the Iraqis from further resort to the chemical weapons
35:18Two weeks later, the team published its findings
35:27Chemical weapons had been used
35:30But the report failed to point the finger at Iraq
35:35The fear of an Iranian victory, with all of its consequences
35:39Silenced the members of the Security Council
35:43It was clear that the Iraqis really were using chemical weapons
35:47One should normally have seen a serious effort in the Security Council
35:54To have a condemnation, at least a condemnation of Iraq
35:59But nobody was going to condemn Iraq
36:02And this was shameful
36:08But Saddam and his generals could not be complacent
36:12They knew it was a matter of time before they were attacked again
36:18They decided to find a way to break Iranian morale
36:26Saddam launched a series of air and missile strikes on Iranian cities
36:41The Iranians responded by attacking Iraqi cities
36:47This was the start of a new phase in the conflict
36:50Known as the War of the Cities
36:53Civilians on both sides became the new, terrified targets
36:59We had ourselves in the house
37:01I was afraid, for example
37:04When there was a fire fire
37:06Or an Iranian planes that were entering Baghdad's territory
37:11And the soldiers were in the war
37:11We often find that the妻s are holding all the children
37:16And holding them under the bed
37:18And they're holding them under the bed
37:21And they're holding them under it
37:23This is the truth of fear, but the children are in the same way.
37:32The sound of the air is the sound of the air.
37:37It means you have to go to the air.
37:38Because the air air is faster than the air.
37:44For example, I bought a 50-metre of the air.
37:48There was a lot of Indian food in there.
38:08The war of the cities may have terrified the citizens of both countries, but it did not
38:13break their morale.
38:16And for Iranians in particular, it actually strengthened their will to fight.
38:51The government reminded the country of the sacrifices required by war.
39:01For example, there was a sign that said that you don't have to fight for the children.
39:10Even the parents would have to fight for the children.
39:15Even the parents would have to fight for the children.
39:30The rhetoric was no longer one of easy victory, sacrifice itself was noble.
39:52What you have done is fear of death, faith, and faith.
39:57A person who believes that the rebellion of the war will fear you will fear of death.
40:05The response that has led God to unfold, did not see God to his wife.
40:12That's the right side, a lot of the army of the men of the war were in a war.
40:21Saddam's war of the cities had backfired, but the delivery of his Super Etendard jets
40:28from France made a new target possible.
40:33Iran had attacked his oil infrastructure in the past.
40:37Now Saddam would attack theirs.
40:44It was the start of what would become known as the tanker war.
41:04Predictably, Iran felt it had to retaliate, but it decided to raise the stakes and attacked
41:12the shipping of Iraq's Gulf allies.
41:16Many in the international community were angry.
41:20Iraq did confine its raids, its attacks, on shipping that was vital to Iran's economy.
41:31And Iran, when it responded, however, did not respond against Iraq.
41:38It attacked ships that belonged to neutral nations that were getting oil and doing business
41:42with countries like Saudi Arabia and Kuwait and so forth.
41:46And you had to say, what was on Iran's mind?
42:00Iran has now defied international law and order by intensifying its hostilities in the Gulf.
42:10Iran has now defied international law.
42:10The Security Council passed Resolution 552 condemning the attacks on shipping.
42:17However, UN diplomats had to do more than pass resolutions.
42:24They needed to de-escalate a conflict that was sucking in much of the region.
42:30While repeated attempts to bring peace had failed, they were now able to negotiate a ceasefire in
42:36the war of the cities.
42:39It gave the UN their first small victory.
42:43Of course, it's good if you have even a partial ceasefire because it saves lives.
42:49It might be a way of creating some kind, a minimum of trust because if neither party breaks the ceasefire,
42:58it shows maybe they could be relied upon.
43:02It's a faint hope, but I think it could be worthwhile.
43:06It could be something to build on.
43:11Negotiators tried again to achieve a full ceasefire to end the war.
43:15Iraq agreed.
43:19But Iran was stubbornly determined to continue.
43:27Rafsanjani was already amassing troops in a new plan to capture Basra.
43:43This spring offensive was yet another attempt at one great victory to end the war.
43:56This time the Iranians were equipped with gas masks and decontamination.
44:02They had learned lessons from Operation Haiba the year before.
44:21Once more into the Hoisei marshes.
44:29And once more the advance was swift.
44:36The regular military and the Revolutionary Guard set aside previous rivalries and cooperated.
44:43Over 100,000 men were thrown into the attack.
45:07In other states the country, they would have been waiting for several days.
45:10For ten years after the war.
45:10The king of war was in the claroamt.
45:13The war has been launched every night and the united states released the war.
45:14In the last few days, this war showed me the World War from the war.
45:28One Iraqi position after another was taken Iraq was in trouble
45:47But again, they brought in reinforcements with their new tanks and artillery and counter-attacked
45:54And once again, the Iranians were unprepared
46:32The Iraqis had survived yet another offensive
46:40In Tehran, the repeated failure to achieve a swift victory
46:44Had finally changed the mood amongst some of the political leadership
46:52Now, five years into the conflict
46:54There were voices questioning the war
47:04This was the same year
47:05The war was not a good time
47:08This war was the same
47:12This war was not the case
47:13And it was just a year
47:15Once after a year
47:16A few weeks ago
47:18Sometimes a kid could jump
47:21And never do anything
47:22of age.
47:26Rezaei and the Revolutionary Guard were indignant.
47:30They complained to Khomeini.
47:33He decided the war would go on, and Khomeini's word was final.
47:42But Iran's leadership knew that they needed to overcome Iraq's technical superiority.
47:49And secretly, the country began the long process of developing its own chemical weapons program.
47:57At the same time, Rafsanjani visited China to shop for new weapons.
48:05Countries like China, North Korea, Libya, and even Israel were prepared to ignore the American
48:11embargo.
48:13Significantly, on this trip, Rafsanjani was also shopping for nuclear technology.
48:22He recorded in his published diaries.
48:26We were still at war, and Iraq had come close to enrichment before Israel destroyed it all.
48:32Our basic doctrine was always a peaceful nuclear application.
48:36But it never left our mind that if one day we should be threatened and it was necessary,
48:40then we should be able to go down the other path.
48:47It was as close as Iran ever got to admitting it had a nuclear weapons program.
48:55The hugely expensive nuclear site at Boucher and the chemical weapons program would take years
49:02to come online.
49:04What Iran needed urgently was weaponry to counter the Iraqi tanks.
49:11Rafsanjani began to wonder, and it was the strangest of ideas.
49:15But could the great enemy, America, be persuaded or even threatened into helping?
49:23Hezbollah, Iran's friends in Lebanon, had been busy collecting bargaining chips.
49:31American hostages.
49:34The events that were about to unfold would become known as the Iran-Contra affair.
49:43Our series of the Iran-Iraq war continues here on PBS America tomorrow night at 5 to 10.
49:50Next, we've part two of our look back through Britain's fortified history, telling the story
49:56of the English ruler, Edward I.
50:09the simply recommend, tell the story of choice of weapons or weapons.
50:14They must many.
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