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Mobility Matters How Do We Make Cities Greener and Smarter
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03:57les métros et les trams sont très efficaces, très efficaces en termes d'utilisation de l'utilisation spatiale.
04:02Par exemple, avec une ligne de métro qui est de 9 mètresètres,
04:06vous pouvez transporte 50 000 personnes par heure.
04:10Pour faire le même avec une route, vous voulez 20 fois plus d'espace.
04:15En termes d'énergie, les métros et les trams sont aussi très efficaces,
04:205 à 10 fois plus efficaces que d'autres alternatives, même des voitures électriques.
04:24Et parce que le rail est déjà électrifié, c'est très bas en termes d'émissions.
04:29En average, 20 grammes d'énergie de CO2 par kilomètre mondiale.
04:33Mais avec une électricité de low carbone, comme en France,
04:38nous pouvons descendre à 2 grammes d'énergie de CO2 par kilomètre.
04:41Et c'est bien reconnu par l'IEA, l'International Energy Agency,
04:45qui dit qu'en order de pouvoir atteindre net-zero carbone en transport,
04:50nous devons pousser plus grand public transport,
04:53pour augmenter la moyenne d'énergie de 40 % par 2030,
04:57et même augmenter la moyenne d'énergie de 2050.
04:59Donc, c'est plus grand travail ahead de nous.
05:01Et ce qui nous donnera également des bénéfices,
05:04en termes de sécurité, en termes d'air pollution,
05:06en termes de développement socio-économique.
05:09Par exemple, nous avons maintenant installé la ligne 7 en Santiago de Chile.
05:14Et en termes d'entreprise, nous allons réduire le temps de voyage en 2.
05:20Et ce qui changeait la vie des gens.
05:23Je veux dire, vous savez les gens une heure par jour.
05:26Donc, c'est une très significative d'impacte.
05:28C'est aussi pour donner accès à une grande population,
05:32et surtout aux femmes.
05:33Il y a un aspect de gendarme dans l'accès à public transport.
05:37Parce que dans une famille, quand vous avez une voiture,
05:39c'est souvent le mec qui drive.
05:41Et donc, la femme utilise le public transport.
05:43Et nous avons vu des post-mortem analyses de certains de nos projets,
05:47comme le tramway en Casablanca,
05:50que les femmes sont en train de utiliser le tramway très largement.
05:53Et donc, le public transport project
05:56nous permet d'avoir plus d'accès à plus d'accès et confortable transport.
06:01Je ne veux pas être trop long.
06:03Nous allons dire plus sur nos comportements en un moment.
06:06Mais, parce que beaucoup de solutions que vous mentionnez, Cécile,
06:10sont des solutions public transports.
06:11en fait, la plupart des solutions.
06:13En fait, la plupart des solutions.
06:14Frédéric,
06:17qu'est-ce que vous pensez,
06:19dans les dernières années,
06:21que vous pensez que vous pensez
06:22que vous pensez que vous pensez
06:22que vous pensez que vous pensez
06:23à ces goals que Cécile vous présentez?
06:26OK.
06:27So, as of today,
06:29first,
06:30moving to public transportation,
06:32rather than your car,
06:33is a way to make mobility greener.
06:36So, for me, that's really the key goal
06:37when we're talking about mobility.
06:40When we're talking about solution,
06:42the one we see looking in the past,
06:45the first one is the transformation we make in our trains.
06:49So, for example, at RATP Group,
06:51we are shifting our trains from old generation to new generation,
06:56and more or less, we are saving about 20% efficiency.
07:01So, that goes energy efficiency.
07:03So, that goes about the green gas effect, for sure.
07:06So, the train, swapping them.
07:09And the other one in our area would be the buses.
07:11So, we use, as everybody, fossil fuel buses.
07:15And we are now shifting to electric buses.
07:20So, about 50%, in some cases, with hydrogen.
07:24And also shifting to biogas buses.
07:27So, here is a huge shift.
07:29And, of course, the greenhouse effect
07:33is getting really lower and lower.
07:35So, that goes for the past.
07:37Thank you, Frédéric.
07:39So, this is public transport,
07:41and it so happens that it's already electrified.
07:44I'm going to ask, Christophe,
07:47from the point of view of Uber,
07:49which is not public transport,
07:51at least not in the classical definition of the term,
07:54and didn't start as electrified,
07:57what do you think are the contributions
08:00of a company such as Uber to past changes,
08:04past progress towards these goals?
08:07And then, you know,
08:09what are the things that you thought,
08:12you might have thought would happen 10 years ago,
08:14and didn't happen?
08:16Okay.
08:17So, I hope you can hear me well.
08:19So, I think our vision is really in line with what I've just heard.
08:24is going electric, low emissions, etc.
08:29The world that we are envisioning is really to have a multimodal approach,
08:36where cars will be shared and electric.
08:41So, you do not need to own a car to use a car.
08:44Basically, that's what we want to do.
08:47And we see it as a world where cars will be electric.
08:51And last week, we made some very clear commitments in London
08:56towards a zero emission fleet in Europe by 2030.
09:04So, that's what we want to do.
09:08I think it's a teamwork.
09:11So, it's not Alstom, RATP, etc., finding the solutions.
09:17From our point of view, what we want to do is to provide options
09:22to the consumers and to corporate in our various markets.
09:27And these options, once again, it's electric cars, but also multimodal options.
09:35So, we want to have public transportations, micromobility options,
09:40and potentially also encourage just the fact that people can walk.
09:44Sometimes, it can work.
09:47When I look backwards and also I look at the future,
09:5210 years ago, it was the very early days of Uber.
09:55So, I think the company has grown super fast.
10:00I think ride sharing and this idea that you do not have to own a car now
10:04is very clearly in people's mind.
10:08Very clearly, there are things that we would have liked to see going faster,
10:13like an autonomous vehicle.
10:15It's coming.
10:16It's coming.
10:17And here, we are going to have various partners joining the platform
10:23to really add to this multimodal solution.
10:30Thank you, Christophe.
10:31And we'll go more into that in a moment.
10:35Gautian, so I know your company has an integrated approach
10:39to developing urban mobility with devices, digital platforms, and vehicles.
10:44Can you tell us more about those types of solutions?
10:47Yeah, sure. Definitely.
10:49First of all, the title of this session is Mobility and Mobility Matters.
10:56So, that already indicates a huge transformation.
11:00Some years ago, we would say transportation matters.
11:02Some years ago, we would say automotive industry matters.
11:05So, this is already what we see happening.
11:09So, what is happening right now is that with the development of the technology,
11:13which is basically the IOTS on one side, the technology on the power train
11:19with lithium-ion batteries, electric vehicles on the other side,
11:23and with the artificial intelligence.
11:25So, the spaces, they are flowing into each other.
11:29They are melting into each other.
11:30So, our car formally becoming more and more intelligent
11:36and becoming more and more a smart device
11:38so that it becomes a living space.
11:40So, if you are moving from A to B in the huge cities,
11:43and in Turkey, we have one of the largest crowded cities in the world.
11:48So, we would like to have the seamless experience, the living space together with us.
11:53And in order to design this, what we did was we simply started with the user
11:58because the user needs the value. The user has the pain points.
12:02And if we did the analysis, we have identified 350 user experience scenarios.
12:09Out of them, 40 have been for them very much liked with no degree high
12:14where they said, hey, we would like to have it. I can't even pay for that.
12:17And this is including, for example, like Christoph said, the multimodal, intermodal mobility.
12:23This is the energy efficiency. This is the move from A to B without any interruptions.
12:30And this is what we are doing, putting the user into the center,
12:33using the state of the art of the technology.
12:36Within our DNA, being grown up in Turkey as a company,
12:40we have the welcoming culture, the hospitality, and also the community approach.
12:44We are combining both best parts of Eastern culture and the Western culture
12:50to provide solutions for our users.
12:53Thank you for putting the user center of everything.
12:57So this is a great transition.
12:59I think it's clear that behaviors have changed in the last 10 years,
13:05at least as someone who lives in Paris,
13:08or same thing for Rome and San Francisco, for example.
13:12It's changed tremendously. The urban landscape is different.
13:15Now, what would you say, since multimodality is critical to the shift in solutions that we're talking about,
13:24what would you say the three top changes in user behaviors that you have observed and measured are in Paris?
13:34The key point when we want to go to a greener mobility is for sure change of behaviors.
13:40Because you can have a car, you can have a train, you can have a bike.
13:46But for example, in France, when you want to make a travel, I'd say less than seven kilometers,
13:53in 65% of the cases, you still use your car.
13:59You could use your bike, you could walk, but the behavior is not there yet at the large scale,
14:04and we need to change that.
14:05The good thing is that it's starting to change.
14:10I was discussing with a young woman, let's name her Sophie.
14:14She lives in Paris. She's 22, and she wanted to visit her sister,
14:20who is currently living in Roma. And no way she would use a plane.
14:26It was not possible. So you can see the behavior changing with the youngster,
14:32which is a very good new. You can also see that in Paris.
14:36And when you go outside, there are many, many more bikes than two or three years ago.
14:40And really, the behavior is changing. The question we need to address,
14:45as the players in this field, in how to help the change.
14:51And from her perspective, it's about offering the travelers
14:55a seamless, top-notch travel experience.
15:00Because you don't want to take your car, or the bus, or the train.
15:05You want to go from point A to point B. That's what you want to achieve.
15:09So we need to make that effortless for them.
15:14So it's about multi-mobility, as you mentioned.
15:17So the bike, the e-scooters, it can be the cars in some cases.
15:22It would be the train. So some parts of the offer are here,
15:26and they are growing. That's a change that's coming.
15:29The thing that's not there yet is to make it seamless.
15:34So to make it seamless, you need to have the people cooperating.
15:38For example, if I use my bike to go to a subway station,
15:43I need to have an infrastructure to park my bike.
15:47OK? And that's one way the infrastructure needs to change.
15:51And the other thing we need to do is to help the traveler
15:55prepare for his journey, and maybe update his path while he's doing it.
16:01And we are convinced that the mass applications,
16:05so mobility-as-a-service applications like Bonjour within RATP Group,
16:10is a key lever to achieve that.
16:13Because you will be at home, you will be deciding which path,
16:16which mode you will use, and that's the way we will lever it.
16:22One striking point in what you're saying is five years ago,
16:26similar conversation.
16:28I think you might have told us about the lack of sharing of data
16:34and open data infrastructure.
16:36And I'm not hearing this as an obstacle now.
16:39I'm hearing about infrastructure to park the bike.
16:43I'm hearing about existing software.
16:45So do you believe there is still a data and software issue,
16:49or that part has advanced enough?
16:53If I'm trying to think of the roadblocks to go there,
16:57there is the awareness of the people that will come over time.
17:02It's already changing.
17:03You have the availability of the different modes.
17:06Some are already there.
17:08They need to develop.
17:11Autonomous vehicles could be an opportunity in some low-density areas
17:15to complete the offer, to really be able to offer that seamless.
17:19About the software, it's okay.
17:24The issue we are facing in France is that,
17:27I mentioned the mass applications are the key lever.
17:32In France, there is no viable business model for the mass suppliers.
17:38So it's something that the government is working on currently.
17:43But we need to help those suppliers, those mass suppliers,
17:48to have a viable business model so that the offer can go higher
17:54and it can help transform the behaviors.
17:56Okay, great.
17:58So you mentioned incentives and making it possible for the various players
18:04to have sustainable business models, right?
18:07So I think this is probably a critical point for the business side,
18:12but also the users.
18:14Cecile, what do you see as critical in incentivizing the change
18:21we want to keep incentivizing in user behavior?
18:24Well, I fully agree with Frederic that we need to think in terms of door-to-door mobility.
18:29We cannot just think at station-to-station.
18:32So for us, it's really critical and so we are doing a bit in this move.
18:38First, we see our customer asking more and more to adapt our trains,
18:42our metros, tramways to secure that we can onboard bicycles.
18:46For example, we have more and more rank for bikes within the trains.
18:51You see it in the suburban trains in Paris, for example.
18:54And also, we are convinced that we should ensure that we are promoting the access to the station.
19:03And at Alstom, we have just signed a partnership with an NGO that is called Walk 21,
19:08that is promoting walking.
19:10And we will work with them in order to analyze the way people are moving to the station,
19:15are the access walkable?
19:18Because we know that this is critical to the success of public transport projects
19:22with experiencing in some countries that by changing the path to get to the station,
19:29we could significantly raise the number of people that were using public transport.
19:34And the shift is actually happening.
19:36And today in Paris, I don't know if you know, but it's 90% of the travel,
19:39the journeys that are done either biking, walking, about 60%, the two of them,
19:4430% public transport, and the rest is cars.
19:48But it's very minimum for the moment.
19:51Speaking of cars and the share of cars,
19:56I would assume Uber measures very precisely part of users' behavior
20:04just by getting the data for all those Uber rides.
20:10Can you share with us some striking changes in behavior that you have observed over the last few years?
20:16Of course.
20:17So data is king.
20:20And by the way, we are ready to share our data with the cities
20:25to make sure that we are collectively smart on the areas where we can implement charging stations for car drivers.
20:39I think the use of data is already helping us optimize the trips.
20:44So the consumption on a given trip is a function of number of kilometers of miles, elevation, speed.
20:53And we have our algorithms that are really working to reduce as much as possible the carbon emission on these
21:03trips.
21:04And at the end of the day, what we see is that we want to help the drivers.
21:09So at Uber, we want to help the drivers first to get access to an electric vehicle.
21:17And here we have an $800 million fund worldwide to help them transition to EVs.
21:25We are, and that's quite an important amount of money for that transition.
21:32We are also working very closely to help them answer to their needs.
21:40So some drivers will want to rent to lease a car.
21:44And we have, for example, partnerships with Hertz and Tesla.
21:48So we are bringing 25,000 Teslas to EMEA via Hertz to get our drivers equipped, number one.
21:59Number two, some drivers at some point may want to buy their cars.
22:04And here we have real partnerships with car manufacturers.
22:08And then on the data, I think it's quite important.
22:11We are also using machine learning to help drivers define when and where they should recharge their car during the
22:22day.
22:22Right, great. So electrification seems to be very important.
22:26But if I go back to the user behavior there, are people, you know, doing more or fewer rides, smaller
22:35rides,
22:36knowing that cars, I'll take Paris as an example.
22:39Paris is not very car friendly, is it?
22:42That has changed for the last few years.
22:45At least that's what some of the Parisians think.
22:48Have you observed that?
22:49And has that had an impact positively or negatively on rides?
22:54So what I can observe, and that's public information because it's in our financials, is that our business is growing.
23:03So for the path that I control, like ride sharing is growing.
23:09And then the electric part of the equation is also growing.
23:13And I think what is interesting is that Europe is leading the way.
23:17So today, when we look at our platform in our key European cities,
23:2212% of the kilometers driven already are electric.
23:26So yes, Uber is growing.
23:29We are growing in terms of sheer volume.
23:32And we are also growing with today more than 20,000 EVs that are on the road in Europe.
23:39Do users prefer an electric Uber to a non-electric Uber?
23:44What we see is it's always a question of supply and demand.
23:50And on the demand side, Europe again is leading the way.
23:54So we have seen a great demand from consumers, but also from corporates.
23:58We have lots of corporations like big consulting firms, media, financial companies that want to use green solutions for their
24:08employee transportation.
24:12And we were, Europe was the first region at Uber to launch Uber Green,
24:18which is an answer to that demand with both consumers and corporates wanting to go green and towards a zero
24:27carbon emission world.
24:29Thank you. User again.
24:32What would be your view?
24:34You mentioned user behaviors, touch points, multi-modality.
24:40Can you share with us one of you of the ideal user journey going from point A to point B
24:48in a city that you would equip with your solutions?
24:51Okay. And I would like to pick up the point with the changes in the behavior.
24:57If you think of the social media generation, they are resisting to step into the old car.
25:05By the way, Christophe, if Paris doesn't like cars, we'll provide soon smart devices, maybe different.
25:12So that point, that point that the young generation, since they are not connected, are resisting into being in the
25:22car, gave us the thought.
25:26And during our user research, we identified the following.
25:29So if you ask the people sitting on the passenger side, after 20 minutes, they are bored and they would
25:35like to do something else.
25:36So if you ask them what you would like to do, because of the paradigms, they don't know what to
25:42say.
25:43So we observe them. We understand them with, for example, thinking, reading their minds with metaphors.
25:48They would like to do shopping. They would like to do reading. They would like to watch their NFTs trade
25:58them.
25:58And these are not possible with today's infrastructure. So what did we do? Solution. We have a side-to-side
26:08screen.
26:09A one-fifth television touchscreen. So you can partition it.
26:15So that side-to-side screen is the user interface side. That needs a powerful processor.
26:22That needs an efficient design of the entire chips and processor sets, that you have not only the speed, the
26:32memory, the alignment, everything.
26:34Like an App Store. And that made us to design our own computer.
26:42So a domain, I mean, engineers would say it's a domain-controlled computer. So we call it an infotainment domain
26:48-controlled computer.
26:49So what you can do is, for example, if you sit in our smart device, you can, first of all,
26:55configure it.
26:58Every minute, every day, if you want 20 times. So on one corner, on one window, you can put your
27:05movies.
27:07On the other corner, you can put your artificial intelligence radio. By the way, it's also one of the other
27:12solutions.
27:13So we have taught the computer in each category more than thousands of songs.
27:18And from the learned ones, the computer is composing songs and is able to stream infinitely long without royalty.
27:30Can you imagine? Jazz, Turkish classic music, classic music, pop music, everything.
27:35And that's a completely different category. So we are redefining, in that sense, what the mobility itself is.
27:41So it is a living space. And the intermodal mobility is the simplest thing.
27:46But on the other side, we also allow our users to pay their taxes from the smart device.
27:53Because you go and enter into the e-government.org.
27:57You know, I was going to comment that you reminded us that mobility is entertainment.
28:01But then you started talking about paying your taxes while you're on the go.
28:05Yeah, that's entertainment too.
28:08At the end, you as a user, you want to have fun. You want to have an optimized use of
28:13your time.
28:13That's the most valuable thing in our lives. Time, time and time. And then hassle-free.
28:18Do you think there is a generational divide? You mentioned, you know, young people not wanting to own a car.
28:25Unfortunately, there is. And the point is, in that case, the truth and the belief in what happens with the
28:32data.
28:33There is a generation, my generation, for example, they want to read everything and sign it five times before they
28:41release.
28:41So even though all the data is sanitized and there is no one-to-one personal relation, it's also legally
28:47not possible.
28:48So on the other side, the young generation, they don't even care.
28:52They are more easy to give away their data because they get something for this data.
28:58And this something for this data is not simply alone achieved by talk as a company.
29:04It's the ecosystem. This point has not been mentioned at all. The ecosystem we are building right now is together
29:11with the startups.
29:13So you remember the use case scenario and the examples I gave to you?
29:17So you need blockchain technology, you need gamification, you need fintech, you need insurtech,
29:22you need every derivatives of the cybersecurity and artificial intelligence.
29:26Is that available in the automotive industry? None. None.
29:29So what happens? We need to go to the startups and that's why we are here.
29:34We have in last year here, this year here, we have in two Las Vegas, two CES, last year, the
29:39year before.
29:40And this is the way how we build it up.
29:42So if some infrastructure platforms are open with their APIs, with their SDKs,
29:49there are lots of companies here, they would love to build services on top of that.
29:54The thing is, the critical thing is, be open, open, open your data, open your system to the startups, companies.
30:02Great. So change is happening.
30:04But is it happening fast enough for the goals?
30:07We got reminded at the beginning what the goals were and climate change is happening.
30:11So we talked about behavioral changes and incentives.
30:15There is another part to this. It's not only incentives. Sometimes it's coercive, it's regulation.
30:22Cecile, can you think, what is the single most important piece of regulation or policy that you think has triggered
30:30change in the last ten years?
30:32And then I'm going to ask you the question about the next ten years. What could happen? Regulation.
30:37The piece of policy that has pushed sustainable mobility in the last years?
30:42Yes.
30:44That's not an easy one. I think the move has happened naturally and maybe more pushed by the people themselves
30:51than by the regulation.
30:53We've seen also the commitment thanks to the Paris Agreement. I think the Paris Agreement was a major step forward.
31:00And then it cascaded from the countries to the cities to the companies.
31:04And so we are all sharing these carbon targets. And it's a common goal that we have.
31:09So that's, I think, for the past. For the future and in my business especially, I think something that would
31:15be really important is that we integrate in public tender sustainable development criteria.
31:22Because it is possible, but it's not mandatory. And so sometimes we tend to go for the easy option, not
31:30the most efficient,
31:31when there are actually options to do more, to be more energy efficient, to be co-designed, to think at
31:36the end of life,
31:37to optimize the system at the global level, to be more integrated with other modes of transport.
31:43But this needs to be anticipated early enough and integrated in the tender. So that would be my recommendation.
31:52So not too much coercion. A little bit.
31:56Yes. Just enough.
31:58Just enough to get them to move.
32:01Okay. Let's... Christophe, do you have any comments on regulatory aspects,
32:07knowing that Uber is a North American company operating everywhere, including in Europe.
32:14And Europe is, as usual, at the cutting edge of regulation.
32:18So what's your feel and what did you learn from one side that you can apply to the other or
32:23not?
32:24I think, so first in terms of policy making, we have seen some cities like London, Lisbon or Amsterdam
32:34taking some serious steps to make electric cars either compulsory in some areas
32:44or having some additional price tag for usual cars when they go to the city centre.
32:52So I think the city policies are super important to push, to really push the trend towards electric cars.
33:05Number one. And again, cities like London, Lisbon and Amsterdam are clear benchmarks.
33:10But it's not only that. It's also policies that help people acquire an electric vehicle at a cheaper price.
33:19Because I think also what's important when we look at our business and when we look at our drivers,
33:25it is very important to have a second-end market.
33:29So I think by encouraging the first-end market, then we are growing also the second-end market.
33:36So it's really like a price tag on using cars that are like fuel cars in city centres
33:44and really developing a second-end market that would be super helpful.
33:51Thank you. So let's, we have a little time left, two minutes.
33:55So let's switch on to the future and to enabling technologies.
34:00I'm going to ask each of you to mention the top one, two, three technologies that you think might be
34:09most impactful
34:10in creating that smart green mobility in cities of the future.
34:16And I'm going to start with you, Frédéric.
34:20Thank you. We elaborated quite a bit about the fact that we need to change the behaviours.
34:25So in the future, some stuff that is coming will be more mature.
34:31I mentioned the mass applications, so we need to tackle the regulation.
34:35But that's not a technical breakthrough, that's a regulation breakthrough.
34:41We mentioned some of the technologies of the bike, the train, the buses.
34:45The one I see coming would be autonomous vehicle.
34:50It's not dead, it will strike back.
34:52OK.
34:54Because in some areas, to really offer the seamless offers, especially in low-density areas,
35:01having a vehicle able to pick you where you are and take you where you want to be
35:07might be easier if it's autonomous.
35:09Or if you take the example of buses in the deep night, so between 2 and 5 at night time,
35:15when the autonomous vehicle will be mature enough, it will be easier to offer that to the passengers.
35:23So autonomous vehicle will strike back.
35:26And you mentioned the regulation evolving.
35:29There was one small thing that changes last summer.
35:34An international regulation changed it.
35:37It's no more mandatory to have a driver and a vehicle.
35:41OK.
35:42So it allows autonomous vehicle to go, when mature enough, with no driver.
35:49So it really will enhance the value of the autonomous vehicle at the end of the day.
35:55So my bet would be that.
35:56Autonomous vehicle.
35:58Thanks a lot.
35:59We're out of time, actually.
36:01So, you know, if we have one more minute, just very briefly.
36:07All of you mentioned one or two bullet points on future technologies.
36:13For me, what's exciting me a lot is what we showcased last week in London.
36:18It's about machine learning.
36:20Using our data to provide drivers with the right information on when and where to recharge their cars.
36:28For me, I'm blown away.
36:29Thank you.
36:32For me, I would quote, automated operation.
36:35So with up-to-date signaling system, you can increase significantly the capacity of transport by reducing the headway between
36:43two trains.
36:44And you can also optimize the energy consumption of the system globally.
36:47So that's the future.
36:49And another important point is the impact from infrastructure.
36:52Because whenever you build a new line, there are impacts with the concrete and the tracks you are putting there.
36:58And we've been working, for example, on Grand Paris Express to have specific new solutions for trucks that are made
37:06from recycled steel and steel built in electrical furnace, which is significantly reducing the emission of the infrastructure.
37:13And I think that's really something to look at for the future.
37:16Thank you, Cecile.
37:18And finally?
37:20Seamless, green, and personalized mobility.
37:25And the next big thing in our business will be in a completely different area, according to our opinion.
37:30That will be the smart contracting with blockchain.
37:32We need a solution for the ecosystem subsystems to connect with one single sign-on.
37:39And this, so far, is only available with the smart contracting.
37:43Well, thanks a lot to all of you.
37:46And please join me in a round of applause for all the panelists.
37:55Thank you.
38:03Thank you very much, Vincent and everyone.
38:06Our next session will allow us to hear from the latest big breakthrough in nuclear fusion.
38:12But before, let's take a one-minute break.