- há 12 horas
Categoria
📚
AprendizadoTranscrição
00:00A CIDADE NO BRASIL
00:30A CIDADE NO BRASIL
01:00A CIDADE NO BRASIL
01:02A CIDADE NO BRASIL
01:04A CIDADE NO BRASIL
01:06A CIDADE NO BRASIL
01:08A CIDADE NO BRASIL
01:10A CIDADE NO BRASIL
01:12A CIDADE NO BRASIL
01:14A CIDADE NO BRASIL
01:16A CIDADE NO BRASIL
01:18A CIDADE NO BRASIL
01:20A CIDADE NO BRASIL
01:22A CIDADE NO BRASIL
01:24A CIDADE NO BRASIL
01:26A CIDADE NO BRASIL
01:28A CIDADE NO BRASIL
01:30A CIDADE NO BRASIL
01:32A CIDADE NO BRASIL
01:34A CIDADE NO BRASIL
01:36A CIDADE NO BRASIL
01:38A CIDADE NO BRASIL
01:40A CIDADE NO BRASIL
01:42A CIDADE NO BRASIL
01:44A CIDADE NO BRASIL
01:46A CIDADE NO BRASIL
01:48A CIDADE NO BRASIL
01:50A CIDADE NO BRASIL
01:52A CIDADE NO BRASIL
01:54A CIDADE NO BRASIL
01:56A CIDADE NO BRASIL
01:58A CIDADE NO BRASIL
02:00A CIDADE NO BRASIL
02:02A CIDADE NO BRASIL
02:04A CIDADE NO BRASIL
02:06A CIDADE NO BRASIL
02:08A CIDADE NO BRASIL
02:10A CIDADE NO BRASIL
02:12A CIDADE NO BRASIL
02:14A CIDADE NO BRASIL
02:16A CIDADE NO BRASIL
02:18Zürich, 9 de April 1917.
02:29A train fired up and ready to roll
02:31from Switzerland to Russia.
02:34At the end of the journey,
02:35a historic new beginning awaits,
02:38one that will derail the century.
02:4130 or so Russian émigrés are on the train,
02:43led by Lenin.
02:45Who is this man
02:46who, fired by a will of iron,
02:49is heading for power?
03:01Vladimir Ilyich Lenin.
03:04He's lived in exile for nearly 17 years,
03:07most recently in Zurich,
03:09perhaps his most agonizing time.
03:11Never before has he been more acutely aware
03:14of the bitter truth of his life.
03:15He's approaching 50,
03:18the founder of a small splinter group
03:20of the Russian Social Democrats,
03:22the Bolsheviks.
03:23Radical, but powerless.
03:25He lives with his wife,
03:36Nadezhda Krupskaya,
03:37at number 14 Spiegelgasser,
03:39a shoemaker's house
03:41overlooking a sausage factory.
03:45The stench is intolerable.
03:47They have to keep the windows closed
03:49even in summer.
04:01A souvenir, Lenin,
04:03in the shop window.
04:04Political convictions
04:05have become more colorful.
04:10Lenin's life in Zurich
04:12is one of futility
04:13and frustrated ambition.
04:15He's convinced of his own importance.
04:17But in Russia,
04:18you'd have a job
04:19to find a worker
04:20who's ever heard of him.
04:25In January 1917,
04:27Lenin holds a speech
04:28in a public hall in Zurich.
04:30His words resound
04:31with bitter resignation.
04:32We of the older generation
04:35may not live to see
04:37the decisive battles
04:38of this coming revolution.
04:41The speech is a lecture
04:43on the revolution in Russia
04:44of January 1905,
04:47when Lenin was also
04:48living in exile in Switzerland
04:50and was also dependent
04:51on newspapers
04:52to know what was going on.
04:55Petersburg in January 1905,
04:58200,000 people demonstrated
04:59for reforms,
05:01a supplication
05:02led by a priest,
05:04over 1,500 dead and injured.
05:07In February 1917,
05:09Lenin is shaken out
05:10of his Swiss lethargy
05:11by the unexpected news
05:13of another revolution
05:14in Petersburg,
05:15now Petrograd.
05:17Lenin can hardly believe
05:19what he reads in the paper.
05:21Krupskaya later wrote
05:22that they'd gone to a cafe
05:24and quietly sung
05:25the Internationale.
05:26The rest was a blur.
05:28They were so happy
05:29and distracted
05:30by the far-off events.
05:32The Tsar would abdicate.
05:36Forty months later,
05:37he and his family
05:38would be murdered
05:39by Lenin's Soviet forces.
05:47Lenin feverishly envisions
05:48the surging force
05:50of the masses.
05:51He cannot miss out
05:52on this revolution.
05:54After the fall of the Tsar,
05:55the political factions
05:57in Petrograd
05:57are jostling for power.
05:59The parliament
06:00wants a bourgeois state.
06:02The workers'
06:02and soldiers'
06:03councils,
06:04the Soviets,
06:05are calling
06:05for a people's government.
06:07Lenin writes
06:08to their campaign committee.
06:09No compromises.
06:12I'm shocked to hear
06:13that there has been
06:14talk of bombs
06:15for over half a year,
06:16but not a single one
06:18has yet been produced.
06:21Lenin's thinking
06:22is now clear
06:23and cold.
06:24Workers,
06:25soldiers,
06:26do not now weaken
06:27towards social democracy.
06:29This is his appeal
06:30in his letters
06:31from afar
06:32sent to Petrograd.
06:33He bluntly repeats
06:35his 1905 call.
06:38Arm yourselves
06:38and remain armed
06:40as hard as iron.
06:45The train stops
06:46overnight in Zingen.
06:48Uncertainty reigns.
06:50Zingen is in Germany,
06:51enemy territory
06:52for Russians.
06:55Behind Lenin's
06:56train journey
06:57lies a risky
06:58political pact.
07:03The German Kaiser
07:04has decided
07:05to let the Russian
07:06emigres pass
07:07through his territory,
07:08knowing that
07:09this Lenin character
07:10is seeking
07:11Russia's military defeat.
07:13Back in his own country,
07:14he would foment
07:15war weariness.
07:17Amidst the mass slaughter
07:19of soldiers
07:19of all nations,
07:21a subterfuge
07:21of expedience.
07:23The Kaiser
07:24grants Lenin
07:25a travel permit
07:26and his party
07:27a lot of money.
07:28In return,
07:29should he come
07:29to power in Russia,
07:31Lenin would sign
07:31a peace treaty
07:32with the Germans,
07:33as will actually
07:35happen in 1918
07:36in Brest-Litovsk.
07:38The fevered fire
07:40of ideals
07:40fanned by cold,
07:42tactical calculation.
07:47Off to the Russian
07:48revolution
07:49with the German
07:50Kaiser's blessing.
07:51With Lenin
07:57in the train
07:58to Petrograd
07:59are his wife,
08:00Nadezhda Krupskaya,
08:01loyal companion,
08:02quiescent housewife,
08:04intellectual partner.
08:06And Inessa Armand,
08:08French beauty
08:09and Lenin's mistress.
08:12In all aspects
08:14of his life,
08:15Lenin has to be in charge.
08:16What's true
08:17of creating
08:18a state structure
08:19also applies
08:20on a small scale.
08:21The group
08:21in the train
08:22is tightly organized.
08:24Lenin
08:24bans smoking.
08:26Krupskaya
08:27often has to mediate
08:29between her tense
08:30husband
08:30and their fellow passengers.
08:34Lenin's plans
08:35for the future
08:36in Petrograd
08:37are inextricably linked
08:39with feelings
08:40from the past.
08:41His beloved brother,
08:43Alexander Ulyanov,
08:44had been in prison
08:46in the Peter and Paul
08:47fortress.
08:48As a student
08:48in 1887,
08:50together with others,
08:51he'd made a failed
08:52attempt on the life
08:53of Tsar Alexander III.
08:55The mother petitioned
08:57the Tsar for clemency
08:58for her son,
08:59but the son refused
09:00to accept any mercy.
09:02She begged Alexander
09:03to show remorse.
09:05Instead,
09:06he chose to be hanged
09:07at the age of 21.
09:11Symbiersk on the Volga,
09:12the present-day
09:13Ulyanovsk.
09:14It was here
09:15that Lenin was born
09:16as Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov
09:19on the 22nd of April,
09:211870,
09:22the son of an
09:23education official.
09:25The family lived
09:26far removed
09:26from the poor
09:27quarters of the city.
09:29Unlike his quiet
09:30brother, Alexander,
09:31Vladimir,
09:32four years younger,
09:33was fractious
09:34and difficult.
09:35Their parents
09:36were loyal Tsarists,
09:37for the father,
09:38the fear of God,
09:39held out more hope
09:40than political upheaval.
09:41He rose to become
09:43a state counsellor,
09:45so Vladimir would
09:46automatically also
09:47belong to the
09:48hereditary nobility.
09:51Statues never tell
09:53the whole truth,
09:54but it is true,
09:55as the statues show,
09:57that Lenin had
09:57a protected upbringing,
09:59far removed
10:00from a life of privation.
10:03Childhood,
10:04gazing contentedly
10:06into the future,
10:07beyond reality.
10:07A different,
10:13stolen childhood,
10:15looking back
10:15from reality,
10:17from a future
10:18of starvation.
10:19After school,
10:25Lenin set out
10:26to study law
10:27at the University
10:28of Kazan,
10:29up the river Volga
10:30from Symbiersk.
10:32At school,
10:32he'd been the top
10:33of his class.
10:34His worst subject
10:35was logic.
10:36Later,
10:37he would interpret
10:38logic very pragmatically.
10:40Whoever is not for us
10:42is against us
10:43and must logically
10:44suffer for it.
10:46The family followed
10:48Lenin to Kazan,
10:50escaping the taint
10:51of Alexander's
10:52assassination attempt.
10:55Kazan,
10:56bigger and more
10:57cosmopolitan
10:58than the provincial
10:59backwater of Symbiersk.
11:04Lenin,
11:05still standing
11:06in front of Kazan University,
11:08in 1888,
11:09a wave of unrest
11:10swept through
11:11Russia's universities,
11:12including Kazan.
11:14The students wanted
11:15the right of assembly
11:16and no controls
11:17on their private life.
11:19Lenin joined in
11:20the protests.
11:21As the brother
11:22of someone executed
11:23for attempted assassination,
11:25someone revered
11:26among students
11:27as a martyr,
11:28Lenin was seen
11:29as particularly dangerous.
11:31He had to leave
11:32the university
11:32and was even banned
11:34from the city,
11:35a turbulent end
11:36to a promising
11:37student career
11:38after just three months.
11:40his banishment
11:47was actually
11:47an idyllically
11:48peasant life
11:49in the country.
11:50His mother
11:51got permission
11:52for Lenin
11:52to go to his
11:53grandfather's estate
11:54at Kukushkino.
11:59He had no interest
12:00in the life
12:01of the peasants,
12:03neither in their
12:03social conditions
12:04nor their work.
12:06He went walking
12:07and hunting,
12:08swimming and fishing,
12:09the life
12:10of a summer visitor.
12:13He felt no attraction
12:15to physical labor.
12:16When he wasn't
12:17roaming around outside,
12:18he'd be pouring
12:19over books.
12:20And that's how
12:21he came across
12:21the Bible
12:22of his future faith,
12:24Capital,
12:25by Karl Marx.
12:26The book
12:27which reveals
12:28the workings
12:28of capitalism
12:29had been translated
12:30into Russian
12:31in 1872.
12:38Kukushkino,
12:39an Arcadian setting
12:41for analyzing
12:41the existing order.
12:43He read his way
12:44through the whole panoply
12:46of revolutionary thinking
12:47in Russia,
12:48a mind becoming radicalized,
12:51a surplus of intellectual energy
12:52calling him to action.
12:55Vladimir's mother
12:55was worried.
12:58On the Volga again,
12:59in 1889,
13:00the family moved
13:01to the province
13:02of Samara,
13:03280 miles downriver
13:05from Kazan.
13:07Lenin's mother
13:07bought an estate
13:08near Alakayevka
13:10in a bid
13:11to turn her son
13:11into a farmer.
13:14Arriving in Samara,
13:16even the jetty
13:16has become
13:17hallowed ground
13:18just because Lenin
13:19passed through here.
13:22Lenin lived
13:23in Alakayevka
13:24for more than four years,
13:26again in pleasant idleness.
13:28long walks
13:29in the surrounding hills.
13:31He was no good
13:31as a landowner.
13:32Well-versed
13:33in political economy,
13:34he had no talent
13:35for running a farm
13:36profitably,
13:37no idea
13:38about agriculture.
13:40All he plowed through
13:41was his books,
13:43especially Marx's capital.
13:50Lenin admitted,
13:51my relationship
13:53to the poor peasants
13:54remained anomalous.
13:57His mother
13:58sold the property.
14:00In 1905,
14:02the new owner
14:02was killed
14:03by the peasants.
14:05If Lenin had stayed,
14:06he might himself
14:07have fallen victim
14:08to the sort of savagery
14:10which he himself
14:11would one day unleash.
14:14Lenin applied
14:15to Petersburg University
14:16as an external student,
14:18his mother's doing again.
14:20She arranged it
14:21with the minister.
14:23Lenin studied
14:24canon law
14:24and police law
14:26while still under
14:27police supervision himself.
14:35Curious,
14:36this painting.
14:37Lenin only ever
14:38sat one exam
14:39at this university
14:40and only
14:41as an external student.
14:43But he's presented
14:44to today's students
14:46as something
14:46of an icon.
14:50Since the family
14:51moved to Samara,
14:53Lenin led two lives.
14:55He was a reluctant
14:56and mediocre
14:57defence counsel
14:59for peasants
14:59and thieves.
15:00And he was
15:01a passionate Marxist,
15:03which for him
15:03meant a revolutionary.
15:05At the time,
15:06he used to carry
15:07a photo
15:07of the writer
15:08Chernyshevsky
15:09in his briefcase.
15:10and read his novel
15:11What is to be Done?
15:13It's an exaggerated
15:15portrait of an intellectual
15:16who renounces wealth
15:18and personal pleasures
15:19for his political goal.
15:23It was no coincidence
15:25that Lenin's first book
15:27was titled
15:27What is to be Done?
15:29In it,
15:30he justifies
15:31the communists'
15:32leading role
15:32in history.
15:36When famine
15:37struck the province
15:38of Samara,
15:39relief committees
15:40were set up.
15:41Lenin was without pity.
15:43Every disaster
15:44which befell Russia
15:45was a blessing to him
15:46because it brought
15:47the downfall
15:48of the Tsar nearer.
15:49He called for iron hearts
15:51and steely violence
15:52against monarchy
15:53and ravening aristocracy.
15:55The Tsar's family
15:57must be annihilated
15:59in its entirety.
16:01That would be
16:02simply wonderful.
16:05He realized
16:06that his severity
16:07offended others.
16:09Time to get away
16:10to St. Petersburg.
16:11In 1893,
16:27he arrived
16:28in the city
16:29on the Neva.
16:30The six short,
16:32endless years
16:33between the execution
16:34of his brother
16:35and this arrival
16:36in Petersburg
16:37had formed
16:38the future Lenin,
16:40his power-hungry character,
16:42his Marxist view
16:43of the world,
16:44his radical will
16:45to action.
16:47Lenin got to know
16:48Nadezhna Krubskaya.
16:50He liked her aptitude
16:51for Marxist dialectics.
16:54She,
16:54the daughter
16:54of a noble
16:55but unpropertyed
16:56officer's family,
16:57was thrilled
16:58as she wrote
16:59by this
16:59so knowledgeable
17:00Marxist
17:01from the Volga.
17:02For days on end,
17:04Lenin roamed
17:05around the dismal
17:06working-class districts,
17:08always under
17:09police surveillance,
17:10dressed shabbily
17:11so as not to stand out
17:13as an intellectual.
17:15He wanted to know
17:16how workers lived.
17:17The thought of working
17:18with them
17:19never entered his mind.
17:21He loathed
17:21the powerful
17:22and sophisticated
17:23and the poor
17:24remained foreign to him.
17:26As Maxim Gorky
17:27would say,
17:27he loved the task
17:28of liberation,
17:29not the liberated.
17:30The working masses
17:32were to him
17:33what ore is
17:33to the metal worker.
17:371917.
17:38The train
17:38makes its way
17:39through the enemy
17:40territory of the Kaiser.
17:42People outside
17:43just see an ordinary
17:44looking train
17:44passing by,
17:46oblivious of the fact
17:47that Russian
17:48revolutionary history
17:49is being written
17:50before their eyes.
17:51And that a small
17:52band of men
17:53in Petersburg,
17:55co-founded in 1895
17:56by Lenin
17:57and calling themselves
17:58the League of Struggle
17:59for the Emancipation
18:00of the working class
18:01is about to act.
18:08Even back then,
18:09Lenin was known
18:10as the old man.
18:12Almost completely bald,
18:13his thin face
18:14deeply lined.
18:15The old man
18:16was just 25
18:17at the time.
18:19The League of Struggle,
18:21a resounding title,
18:23but its members
18:24were soon arrested,
18:25imprisoned,
18:26awaiting trial
18:27for nearly two years,
18:28time off
18:29from politics.
18:30In Searle 193,
18:32Lenin could read
18:33what he wanted
18:34and made a start
18:35on his book
18:36The Development
18:36of Capitalism
18:37in Russia.
18:38He also drew up
18:40the manifesto
18:40of a Marxist party
18:42using ink
18:43made from milk,
18:44which only became
18:45visible when heated.
18:46The inkwells
18:54were made of bread.
18:57In 1897,
18:59nearly all the members
19:00of the League of Struggle
19:01were banished to Siberia,
19:03an accolade
19:04for dissidents.
19:05Lenin dreaded
19:06the miserable trek
19:07on foot,
19:09but once again,
19:10he was to be privileged,
19:11and once again,
19:12it was his mother
19:13who arranged things.
19:14He was allowed
19:17at his own expense
19:18to travel
19:19in a comfortable train,
19:20and he was granted
19:21enough time
19:22to prepare himself
19:23for banishment.
19:25The destination
19:27was Shushenskyer,
19:29which Lenin dubbed
19:30his Siberian Italy.
19:32He asked his mother
19:33to send him
19:33a straw hat
19:34and a leather coat,
19:36adding,
19:36and leather gloves,
19:38please,
19:38but made of kid's skin,
19:39and a hunting rifle,
19:41preferably Belgian.
19:44Krupskaya was also convicted.
19:48The two married in Siberia,
19:50a comfortable life
19:51for a revolutionary.
19:53He wrote,
19:54I am sunburned
19:55and have put on bait.
19:57That shows you
19:58what the difference
19:59hunting and the country life make.
20:03The good life in banishment
20:05ended in January 1900,
20:07but he was still banned
20:09from living in larger cities,
20:10including Petersburg.
20:11Lenin asked permission
20:13to move abroad,
20:15and surprisingly,
20:16it was granted.
20:17eight months later,
20:40he arrived in Munich.
20:41em Paris, he arrivede in Munich.
20:45Aqui, ele escreveu o pamflet O What Is To Be Done,
20:48o primeiro texto que apareceu under o pseudonym Lenin,
20:51que significa, someone from the river Lena.
20:53Mas, desde que ele sempre vivia na Volga,
20:56ele poderia chamar-se Volgin.
20:58Lenin e Krubskaya
21:00vivia no número 14 Siegfriedstrasse
21:02na distrito de Schwabing.
21:06Lenin foi co-founder
21:07do socialista newspaper Iskra,
21:09The Spark,
21:11which he edited in his flat.
21:13The paper appeared in Germany
21:15because the German Social Democrats
21:17were the most active in Europe.
21:19The first issue was printed in Leipzig.
21:23In the 17 years of exile lying ahead,
21:26libraries would become central to his life.
21:29In Munich, it was the State Library,
21:32where he registered under the name of Dr. Jordan Jordanov,
21:36one of his many pseudonyms.
21:38He will never again be himself,
21:40Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov.
21:46Museum visits were probably rare.
21:48In the Alta Pinakothek,
21:50he might have paused at this painting,
21:52The Great Last Judgment by Rubens.
21:55The judge of the world decides
21:57who is to rise and who to fall.
21:59Lenin would assume the same almighty jurisdiction.
22:02Those against him would fall,
22:04those with him would rise.
22:06In her memoirs,
22:24Krupskaya wrote that they looked back with particular pleasure
22:27to the Hofbräuhaus,
22:29where the good beer, she said,
22:31washed away all class differences.
22:33Pure doctrine gives way to pure beer.
22:45Class struggle to conviviality.
22:59We now behave like cats, adapting to every new place,
23:17Krupskaya wrote from London,
23:19where she and Lenin arrived in 1902.
23:23Iskra was to be published here from now on.
23:25Due to increasing political pressure on the German Social Democrats,
23:29a change of location had become imperative.
23:33Day after day, as regular as clockwork,
23:43Lenin went to the reading room of the British Museum,
23:46where Karl Marx once used to work.
23:49Lenin regarded it as the crowning glory of all libraries,
23:53and the doors always closed far too early in the evening for him.
24:03One morning there was a knock at Lenin's door.
24:10It was the Ukrainian, Leo Trotsky,
24:13whom Lenin saw at his side
24:15as a member of a future revolutionary elite.
24:21Lenin showed Trotsky the sights of London.
24:24Look, their tower, he said accusingly.
24:27Years later, accusing voices in Russia would be saying,
24:30Look, they're prison camps.
24:36Contemptuously, he pointed at Parliament.
24:39Look, they're Westminster.
24:42With the same contempt, he would destroy democracy in Russia.
24:55Much as Lenin disliked London,
24:57it was the city in which his great idol Karl Marx had lived.
25:02He resented the British for not appreciating Marx's importance,
25:06and the Social Democrats for not being faithful to his doctrine.
25:10He searched out Marx's house
25:12in the rough and colourful district of Soho.
25:17In 1905, Lenin was once again in London,
25:20and visited Marx's grave.
25:22The Bolsheviks, previously one wing of the Social Democrats,
25:26had just become a party of their own.
25:29As if to a superior officer, Lenin reports,
25:32Now the path is open to communist history.
25:40After the victory of the October Revolution,
25:42the first Marx-Engels monument was erected in Moscow.
25:46Lenin himself would lay the foundation stone.
25:49As a young exile, he had written,
25:51I stand beneath the star of Marx and Engels.
25:55I will hear nothing said against them.
26:00He would have them carved in stone,
26:02but use them to formulate his own programme.
26:05And this grandiose cult would only be surpassed
26:08by the later cults of Lenin himself and his successor, Stalin.
26:14Marx's monuments would rear up throughout the country,
26:16like petrified trees of absolute knowledge,
26:20including, of course, one in Symbiersk, Lenin's birthplace.
26:24Geneva, Lenin's place of exile from 1903.
26:44Cozy cafes were the scene of bruising debates with other emigres
26:48about the party and its wildly divergent left and right wings.
26:53Lenin felt things slipping from his grasp.
26:57He saw only narrow streets and narrow-mindedness.
27:01Longing to get away, he went on holiday to the mountains.
27:06When they returned, Lenin and Krupskaya
27:08moved into a better-class area,
27:10where they now felt comfortable.
27:12Krupskaya wrote that they were living there
27:14at the expense of the organisation.
27:16The money was provided by Stalin,
27:18who had just allied himself with Lenin by robbing banks.
27:23No matter what happened to Lenin in exile,
27:28to upset him or throw him off balance,
27:30libraries were his refuge and his source of energy.
27:34In Geneva, it was the Société de Lecture.
27:37It was here in Geneva in January 1905 that he read of the massacre in St. Petersburg.
27:50Feeling that world revolution was about to begin,
27:53he read books on the barricades of the Paris Commune
27:56and steeped himself in the works of the Prussian military strategist, Clausewitz.
28:01The revolution was inconclusive,
28:04but the Soviet authorities would later honour the victims of 1905,
28:09celebrating their struggle and the victory as heroic.
28:13This monument doesn't tell the truth.
28:16It simply proclaims the aspiration, art as a weapon, cold and hard.
28:22Living in Geneva in 1905, Lenin was deeply disconcerted
28:32by this first attempt to overthrow the Tsar.
28:35It had taken place without him and had no need of him.
28:39His arrogance about sweeping everything aside
28:42was constantly set against his anxiety about being swept aside himself.
28:47The same anxiety troubles him now on his journey to Petrograd.
29:00The Statue of Liberty in Paris.
29:02The site of revolution for three great dreams.
29:05Liberty, equality, fraternity.
29:09In Russia too, these dreams were born aloft in the streets.
29:18But here, they remain dreams.
29:23Liberty would never lead this people.
29:30This monument to the Communades in Paris speaks the truth.
29:34These stones proclaim the bitterest message.
29:37Suffering is the mother of every new hope.
29:41But hope should never disregard the fear of new suffering.
29:46Lenin visited the waxworks at the Musée Grévin,
29:53as if to tip us the wink that we all live the same tragedy,
29:59which, once the blood has dried, will stiffen into a grotesque way.
30:05entertainment.
30:18Ultimately, we are all wax in history's chamber of horrors.
30:37Hope springs eternal.
30:41Of an end to all the horror.
30:44But the slogan that brought the masses out on the streets of Russia
30:47was accompanied by another.
30:49The chamber of horrors is still open.
30:55Lenin in Paris.
30:56He lived here for four years, from 1908 to 1912.
31:00He was rather wary of this city, as he wrote to Gorky.
31:04The easy-going attitude of the French is danger to Russians.
31:09They are easily infected.
31:12As he himself was, he had met Inessa Armand,
31:16a beautiful woman who had a warming effect on his cold nature.
31:23Inessa Armand, the mother of five children separated from her rich Russian husband,
31:28had become a Bolshevik and had also been exiled in Siberia.
31:33Krupskaya seriously considered leaving Lenin so that he could marry Inessa,
31:38but he wouldn't hear of it.
31:39He had become accustomed to a certain relationship with Inessa
31:43and could not imagine possessing her completely.
31:51He did want her near him, though,
31:53and found her a flat next door in the Rue Marie-Rose.
31:56So he lived with two women.
31:59Krupskaya, his confidante,
32:01who made sure he ate regular meals and got his remaining hair cut.
32:05She gave him the strength to do his work.
32:08And Inessa, the half-French, half-Scottish daughter of touring actors,
32:13who gave him joy in life.
32:15Now, in 1917, Inessa is with Lenin's group on their way home to Russia.
32:26They have left the enemy territory of Germany and taken the ferry to Sweden.
32:31One of the exiles later remembers Lenin laughing when he got splashed by a bow wave, saying,
32:37The first revolutionary wave from the Russian shore.
32:46The night train to Stockholm.
33:01On arrival in the Swedish capital, a surprise welcome by the mayor, who's a social democrat.
33:06Lenin is persuaded to buy new clothes under protest.
33:12I want revolution in Petersburg, not a gent's outfitters.
33:17But Krupskaya and Inessa obviously win him over.
33:33Lenin is a reminder of the scene.
33:37Here, part of the pavement has been dug up and relayed in front of a church.
33:42The spot where Lenin makes a speech is marked with a cross.
33:49In Sweden, Lenin acquires the workman's cap that becomes an inseparable feature of his iconography.
33:58With Petrograd drawing ever nearer, Lenin is buoyant.
34:02Our trials are at an end.
34:05We shall soon be back on our own soil and will prove that we are its worthy masters.
34:12The landscape outside is beginning to look like Russia.
34:16Majestically northern, pleasantly austere.
34:19He's writing a paper that will go down in political history as the April Theses.
34:25A text that is typical Lenin.
34:27Intelligently sharp, icily self-assured, unashamedly power-hungry.
34:33And he also cables his sister Anna.
34:36Arriving eleven at night, in Font-Prada.
34:39He wants a show, not a homecoming as an unknown exile.
34:43Ten minutes late.
34:46Arrival at Petrograd's Finland Station.
34:48It's April the 16th, 1917.
34:52The station is crowded.
34:55Lenin feels like a new man, revived by the cheering masses, who embody the mood of uncertainty.
35:01Where are we going? What comes next?
35:04Lenin is lifted onto an armoured car and delivers a speech.
35:08A demon marshalling his forces.
35:10The dawn of the worldwide socialist revolution is breaking.
35:15All in the past now, the locomotive is consigned to a siding these days.
35:22The armoured car battles on, but only against rust.
35:27Lenin heads for the Bolshevik headquarters in the Kshisinskaya Palace, rapturously crossing the Neva, spurred on by his lust for conquest.
35:41The torch kindled by the February revolution is smouldering below the surface of political events, waiting to be grasped.
35:49And he intends to grasp it.
35:51Lenin, in the glow of crystal chandeliers and candelabra.
36:01The balcony of the palace becomes his pulpit for the next fiery sermon.
36:07Against liberalism.
36:08Against other parties.
36:10Against the war.
36:12Against the still embroiled Russian army.
36:15Indignant murmurs from the soldiers in the crowd.
36:18Let him come down here, we'll show him.
36:21The next morning, on the drive to the Torrida Palace, he sees the ferment on the streets.
36:34He wants to urge on the tide of history.
36:37Keep rolling. You're rolling for me.
36:43In the Torrida Palace, he is to make one of his most important speeches.
36:47He knows in advance that it will unleash protests, threats and incomprehension.
36:53But he's not afraid. The long years of defiant isolation in exile have hardened his resolve.
36:59Lenin proclaims his April theses to the assembly.
37:10All power to the Soviets. War on the provisional government.
37:15The revolution must be proletarian and the party communist.
37:18And his theses do indeed shock people, render them speechless and arouse resistance.
37:26But he's determined to have his way.
37:29Just a few days after the victory of the October revolution,
37:33he is to extinguish the constituent assembly in which so many of his comrades have placed their hopes.
37:39Extinguish in the literal sense by simply having the lights switched off.
37:42It will soon be extinguishing more and more.
37:51In 1917, Petrograd is a melting pot of political passions.
37:56All the instincts suppressed by centuries of serfdom.
38:00All the longings kindled by the breath of freedom.
38:03All the bourgeois fear of the Bolsheviks and all the mutual hate.
38:07Who has the upper hand? Each in turn, but only briefly.
38:16By July, the mass demonstrations are at a peak.
38:20In panic, the provisional government declares the Bolshevik demonstrations as insurrection.
38:25And orders the troops to shoot.
38:28The new head of government, Kerensky, has his moment of power.
38:31His father was the very teacher who had criticized Lenin's lack of logic.
38:36Lenin will show the son what he has learned in the meantime.
38:40But first, he has to take flight again.
38:43Threats of murder make him flee to Raslif, a small fishing village near Petrograd.
38:49He hides in a reed hut and in a fisherman's cottage.
38:52The hut is now commemorated in concrete.
38:56And the fishing cottage preserved under glass.
38:59Inside, there's the feeling that Lenin could enter at any minute.
39:03A historical stage set.
39:06He worries. Is it to be exile again?
39:10If so, for how long?
39:12He's desperate to keep contact with the city.
39:13By the Raslif Lake, he works on his book, The State and Revolution, a utopian view of future society.
39:23But, though trying to sound like a philosopher, he remains a leader writer.
39:28Months later, Lenin slips back to Petrograd.
39:32The crowds are still assembling as if offering themselves to the highest bidder.
39:35It will be Lenin, promising the factories to the workers, the land to the peasants, peace to the soldiers, and the state to everyone.
39:48In the evening of the 6th of November, he leaves his hiding place in disguise and makes his way to the headquarters of World Revolution, the Smolny Convent.
39:58On foot. No armored car this time.
40:01Has he been forgotten?
40:05Finally, after hours of perilous walking, the Smolny.
40:15A cautious approach.
40:17The gates are closed.
40:20His arrival nearly ends in tragedy.
40:24White entry cards have been distributed, but Lenin only has an old red one.
40:30Finally, he's allowed in.
40:35And once inside, his old fire returns, and with it, the enthusiasm of the masses.
40:43Lenin encourages the fearful, convinces the doubters.
40:48Revolution now.
40:50To hesitate would be a crime.
40:51What he doesn't know comes as a shock the next morning.
40:57The telegraph offices are already occupied, along with the bridges, without him.
41:02All that's left for him is the Winter Palace, where just a few ministers remain.
41:07Whether legend or reality, the volley fired from the cruiser Aurora, as the signal for storming the Winter Palace, resounds down the years.
41:17Truth does not conquer.
41:20Truth does not conquer.
41:22It simply serves as a base for revision, for legends.
41:26This is the principle of history writing hired out in the service of politics.
41:31Anything that's not loud enough, big enough, heroic enough, has to be staged.
41:36This is how the world knows the storming of the Winter Palace.
41:46But these pictures are monumental theatre, staged for the third anniversary of the October Revolution in 1920.
41:52In reality, there was just a small group who entered through a side staircase.
42:00The red flag billows like a new heaven, but will ultimately cover a new hell.
42:08Lenin's chief of the Cheka secret police says,
42:12I pull out the weeds from our lovely garden.
42:15These are the weeds.
42:17And the party's sword has a sharp blade.
42:19The Bolsheviks stay in power only through brutality.
42:24Lenin is soon having concentration camps built.
42:27For the sake of liberating mankind, of course.
42:30The battle for mines results in a myriad skulls.
42:35Millions of dead.
42:39Lenin is now head of government.
42:45His office in the Smolny.
42:46His life is still lived among books.
42:49A man of the written word.
42:52Everything is strictly in order.
42:54Nothing left to chance.
42:56The office is also his apartment, where he and Krupskaya sleep in separate rooms.
43:04In March 1918, Lenin's government leaves the Smolny.
43:09Moscow becomes the capital.
43:11He has never liked Moscow.
43:15The government basically moves there from fear.
43:18The war is still raging, and the Germans are in the Baltic states, within striking distance of Petrograd.
43:24The new address, Moscow, the Kremlin.
43:28Lenin moves into the old imperial palace, where he shares four rooms with his wife and his sister Maria.
43:34His office.
43:35He writes decrees to awe and sundry about the soil, about peace and so on.
43:50A man who has reached his goal.
43:54Krupskaya writes that people were now reading about them in the newspapers everywhere that the poor, funny-looking emigres had lived.
44:02Even the shoemaker in Zurich.
44:03Every day Lenin dusts the palm.
44:07He hates cut flowers.
44:10He can't stand them wilting so quickly.
44:16He gives interviews to the world's press.
44:19Does he mention the shops boarded up, the closed factories, or the workers sending their children out to beg?
44:26Every day he looks at the clock.
44:33It doesn't keep time.
44:35However much the clockmaker tinkers with it.
44:38A petty annoyance.
44:40And an inadvertent metaphor for a whole epoch.
44:43In August 1918 Lenin addresses the workers in the hand-grenade section of a Moscow armaments factory.
44:56Suddenly shots ring out.
44:58A woman, a political opponent, has critically wounded him.
45:03In his speech Lenin had been talking about the exploiter of the masses.
45:07No one here denies that he must go.
45:12Word of mouth can drive him away.
45:15But if he doesn't go voluntarily, there is another muzzle that speaks our meaning more clearly.
45:23Lenin convalesces in the palace of a former Tsarist general at Gorky near Moscow.
45:30Inessa visits him.
45:32Do they talk about the old days in Paris, perhaps?
45:34But now everything has changed completely.
45:41He writes to her afterwards.
45:44The revolution needs me.
45:46My head must relentlessly remind my body of that.
45:49His head is fantasizing again.
46:03When the November revolution breaks out in Germany, he believes world revolution can't be far off.
46:07Just a month after the assassination attempt, Lenin is back in Moscow, now permanently carrying a gun in his pocket.
46:21He has all Tsarist monuments destroyed.
46:25He covers the city in posters and banners.
46:28Religion is the opiate of the masses.
46:30He raises the number of students of the universities, with priority given to the children of workers and peasants.
46:37But his Bolshevik government faces relentless reproach in the form of famine, squalor, typhus, exhaustion, and political opposition.
46:49On the first anniversary of the revolution, Lenin says with a note of surprise,
47:00We've lasted longer than the Paris Commune.
47:04But soon the cheering gives way to jeering.
47:07Even the loyal Putilov workers, once the very nucleus of the movement, are now shouting,
47:12Down with Lenin and horse meat! Give us the Tsar and pork!
47:18Krupskaya wrote later that they'd acquired a cat in Moscow.
47:23Lenin's comment?
47:25Cats don't share the canine fawning of the petty bourgeois.
47:30But the idol is deceptive.
47:33Stalin will be Lenin's successor.
47:34He will describe himself as a servant of Lenin's work,
47:38and will therefore become simply more dictatorial than his predecessor.
47:43He will say he is continuing Lenin's idea.
47:46And since Lenin's idea is the violation of a utopia,
47:50Stalin will step up this savagery, the messianic arrogance, the terror.
47:58The country is increasingly devoured by wars.
48:01Wars pressing from outside, and civil war gnawing from inside.
48:07Lenin's revolution is consigned to the battlefield.
48:12The more desperate the times, the greater the glorification.
48:16While the country starves, a devouring drive towards idolization sets in.
48:21The hunger of the masses met by the hunger for adoration.
48:26The celebrations for Lenin's 50th birthday in 1920 begin five days early,
48:32in great pomp and ceremony.
48:33The beginning of his personality cult.
48:37Cities and streets are renamed in his honour.
48:41Painters are put to work.
48:42Sculptors wield their chisels.
48:44Ideology fills every vacuum.
48:48The cult assumes overweening dimensions,
48:51even though the object of acclaim, of veneration,
48:53allegedly rejects any sort of cultic display.
49:04The same year, 1920, sees the death of Inessa.
49:08She is buried at the Kremlin wall.
49:11Lenin is hardly recognisable.
49:13As though the deepest sorrows evoke once again
49:15the deeper truth of the life unlived.
49:26In one of her last letters, Inessa wrote resignedly,
49:29All I have left is Vladimir Ilyich and my children.
49:38October 1923.
49:40Lenin is in his office in the Kremlin for the last time.
49:43On his desk is a sculpture reminiscent of Rodin's thinker.
49:48The ape stares at the human skull as if contemplating evolution's biggest mistake.
49:55A telling object for Lenin to have chosen.
49:59He heads for Gorky, leaving behind what torments him
50:03and what he himself has brought about.
50:06The abuse of power.
50:08The callousness of bureaucracy.
50:10The brutishness of functionaries.
50:13And Lenin becomes increasingly alienated in his own life.
50:18A series of strokes.
50:23Loss of speech.
50:25Ever fewer official engagements.
50:27The visionary benighted.
50:29Benighted.
50:32In his last hours, Krupskaya reads him a story by Jack London,
50:36which he has specifically asked for.
50:39It's the pitiless depiction of the torments and frustrations faced by a dying man.
50:45On January the 21st, 1924, Lenin dies in Gorky at the age of 53.
50:54In a mood of exhilaration, he had once said that it was solely for the moment of the October Revolution that he had been born.
51:07Now his early death spares him the bitter truth.
51:10The state he created amid so much bloodshed will never fulfil his expectations.
51:16It's something of an unintentionally cynical allegory of communism.
51:29The only fitting memorial is provided by the pallbearers.
51:33They look as though they are suffering under the burden of the one who is being allowed to escape into myth.
51:40The myth of the unsullied saviour.
51:42Lenin lies in state in the House of Trade Unions in Moscow.
51:57The place of honour of the communists.
51:59Later, the place of shame.
52:01During Stalin's terror trials, Lenin's comrades will hear their death sentences pronounced here.
52:08Lenin is entombed in Red Square.
52:10Explosives have to be used to break up the frozen earth for the first provisional mausoleum.
52:18Lenin died with a troubled conscience.
52:21He had recognised that his so-called dictatorship of the proletariat was in fact a dictatorship imposed on the proletariat.
52:28The man for whom freezing workers were now feverishly digging a first mausoleum had written at the end of his life.
52:37I am, it seems, strongly guilty before the workers of Russia.
52:42We are revolutionary in a truly terrible manner.
52:46But I now know that there can never be anything absolutely new which does not contain elements of what has been before.
52:54The old cannot simply be ripped out abruptly.
53:03This late recognition provides no salvation and brings no one back to life.
53:08But how many other dictators have ever said, I am sorry?
53:13He's still there in the mausoleum.
53:22The last guest at a party long over.
53:29Would that he could find a last resting place in St. Petersburg next to his mother and sister.
53:35Then he would be a human being and no longer a mummified myth.
53:40ORCHESTRA PLAYS
53:59ORCHESTRA PLAYS
54:04ORCHESTRA PLAYS
54:08A CIDADE NO BRASIL
Seja a primeira pessoa a comentar