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Documentary, Planet Dinosaur Episode 6 - The Great Survivors
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AnimalsTranscript
00:00We are living through the golden age of dinosaur discoveries.
00:10From all over the world, a whole new generation of dinosaurs has been revealed.
00:16From the biggest giants and the deadliest killers to the weird and wonderful.
00:30From the Arctic to Africa.
00:36From South America to Asia.
00:39Using the latest evidence for the first time, we have a truly global view of these incredible animals.
01:00In this episode, we explore the dinosaurs' extraordinary ability to survive.
01:11And witness how they have transformed over millions of years into some of the most alien-looking animals the world has ever seen.
01:21This astonishing capacity to evolve into ever more diverse and bizarre forms meant that it helped them not only spread throughout the world, but also dominate life upon it.
01:39Dinosaurs lived on Earth for more than 160 million years, most famously throughout the Jurassic period.
01:48But it was during the later Cretaceous period that the biggest, baddest, and most bizarre dinosaurs lived.
01:56By the end of the Cretaceous, dinosaurs were flourishing on every continent.
02:01Even dinosaurs that had been around for over a hundred million years, like the giant plant-eating sauropods, were still thriving.
02:10Back then, Europe was a series of large islands.
02:15On one of these, Hatzeg Island.
02:18A giant dinosaur showed a most surprising adjustment to island life.
02:23was a great natural human nature and aged globe.
02:31Final story of the city of Hatzeg Island.
02:37So, cut off from everywhere else, Hatzeg Island has its own unique collection of animals.
02:43unique collection of animals bradykne is one of the predators here
02:57Megarasaurus a plant-eater is the potential prey and it's the youngest
03:06which are in greatest danger from predators
03:13yes
03:32had said is an island where much is not as it first appears
03:36this is a world turned upside down
03:54they may look like giants but the Magiosaurus from Hatzec Island actually stood no taller than a pony
04:03weighing around one ton they are a fraction of the size of their mainland relatives and weigh at least 70 times less than their cousin Argentinosaurus
04:09on the island of Hatzec there simply wasn't enough food to support a plant eating giant so over many tens of thousands of years they adapted
04:16creating a world where many of the dinosaurs were pocket-sized versions of their relatives
04:23but some animals are still huge
04:30creating a world where many of the dinosaurs were pocket-sized versions of their relatives
04:37but some animals are still huge
04:44this is the largest flying vertebrate ever known
04:46a pterosaur with a 10-meter wingspan
04:53it's as tall as a giraffe standing over five and a half meters
04:59discovered in 2002
05:02its skull alone is three meters long
05:06this is Hatsygopteryx
05:09a giant that we assumed hunted from the skies
05:16that was until the discovery of a series of fossil footprints
05:39unlike any found before
05:43the footprints were those of a giant pterosaur
05:47and they showed that these creatures did not just fly
05:50but could comfortably walk on all falls
06:01it seems these monsters actually hunt on the ground
06:05hunting with impunity
06:12Hatsygopteryx are the top predators
06:16or they've possible to be a pterosaur
06:17as a
06:23victim of a 200-meter
06:26ht
06:27ht
06:28ht
06:29ht
06:30ht
06:31ht
06:32ht
06:33ht
06:44ht
06:45Oh, my God.
07:15Able to fly from island to island, this is their kingdom.
07:29Hatsuk Island is just one example of the strange paths evolution can take.
07:36But all over the world, bizarre-shaped dinosaurs continually evolved throughout their long reign.
07:44Perhaps the strangest of all dinosaurs is one particularly weird group, Therisnosaurs.
07:51And the best example of these peculiar animals was announced in 2009.
07:59The skeleton revealed the secrets of this strange creature that lived in New Mexico 92 million years ago.
08:06These swamps are home to Zuni tyrannus, a mid-sized tyrannosaur.
08:21Zuni tyrannus, a mid-sized tyrannosaur.
08:36And they're also home to this weird creature.
08:40Nothronycus.
08:43It's actually a close relative of the tyrannosaur.
08:48But with one major difference.
08:50Nothronycus has given up eating meat.
08:59Here, the tyrannosaur is the top predator.
09:02Therisnosaurs had been a mystery for decades.
09:17Known only from tantalizing fragments.
09:35That all changed with the discovery of Nothronycus.
09:40It gave us our clearest look at this strange group of dinosaurs.
09:45It walked upright on short, stocky legs.
09:48It had wide hips and a long neck.
09:51Its teeth showed that these weren't the teeth of a killer.
09:56Far from its ferocious tyrannosaur cousins,
09:59this pot-bellied dinosaur had evolved into a strict vegetarian.
10:04But armed with viciously long claws on its forearms,
10:09it was by no means defenseless.
10:11By becoming a plant-eater,
10:33Nothronycus has easy access to food.
10:36And because it walks on two legs,
10:41it can use its claws to pull down branches to reach leaves.
10:48Nothronycus thrives here
10:50because it doesn't compete with the tyrannosaurs for food.
11:00But just because you're not competing for food,
11:03doesn't mean you're not seen as food.
11:28These are dangerous places to be at the bottom of the food chain.
11:33Unable to run,
11:36Nothronycus relies on brute strength.
11:38brute strength.
12:08Dinosaurs are predators that will eat anything, even one of their own, whether they've killed
12:14it or not.
12:18And a discovery found in Montana of a number of meat-eating dinosaurs appeared to show
12:25that being such an unfussy eater could have dramatic consequences.
12:30It seems scavenging can hold hidden dangers.
12:35This tyrannosaur wasn't killed by Nothraenicus.
12:41There's a more deadly killer at work here.
12:47All the predator's bones were found alongside the edge of an ancient stagnant lake.
12:52All the predator's bones were found alongside the edge of an ancient stagnant lake.
13:13And all of them died at the same time.
13:25Similar mass killings have been found today among birds.
13:29And the killer, a fast-acting, naturally occurring deadly disease, botulism.
13:36Botulism is caused by bacteria that can thrive in rotting carcasses.
13:40We think that the dinosaurs too might have been victims of this lethal and invisible killer.
13:50Once a carcass is poisoned, it is quickly passed on to any animal that eats it, with lethal results.
14:01But plant eaters like Nothraenicus are usually safe from such deadly killers.
14:07By completely changing its diet, Nothraenicus shows the extraordinary adaptability of the group known as the theropod dinosaurs.
14:20These two-legged dinosaurs were the most diverse of all the dinosaur groups.
14:27From predators like Mapusaurus and Majungasaurus to the bizarre Pterisnosaurs.
14:35The extraordinary tree-living Microraptor to the weird Gigantoraptor.
14:43They evolved into an incredible range of shapes and sizes.
14:49The Tyrannosaurs were the most successful of the theropod predators.
14:55But once Tyrannosaurs dominated in an area, many other meat-eating dinosaurs simply disappeared.
15:04But those that had changed their diets flourished.
15:10Mongolia, 85 million years ago.
15:14One group of dinosaurs thrives here despite the fact that they live in the shadow of a deadly Tyrannosaur.
15:22These are oviraptorids, omnivores that eat animals and plants and so don't compete directly
15:28for food with the biggest of killers.
15:36And the benefits are clear because some of these creatures become huge, like the eight-meter Gigantoraptor.
15:47But this group have another trick to help them survive.
15:54The way they nest.
15:58In Mongolia in 1994, a nest of very large dinosaur eggs was discovered.
16:05An array of more than 20 eggs arranged in pairs around the edge of a shallow pit.
16:12They were the biggest dinosaur eggs ever found.
16:17When an embryo was found preserved within an egg, it proved that the nest, eggs and embryo were
16:23almost certainly those of Gigantoraptor.
16:36But nesting makes an animal vulnerable.
16:43ELECTROSAURUS.
16:49ELECTROSAURUS.
16:55ELECTROSAURUS.
17:01ELECTROSAURUS.
17:07But against a pair of Gigantoraptors, a five-meter Tyrannosaur has little chance of success.
17:22ELECTROSAURUS.
17:27ELECTROSAURUS.
17:31As Mongolia has given up its secrets, we have learnt more and more about these extraordinary
17:36creatures.
17:40In 2005, one particular fossil was found to contain two eggs within its body cavity, ready
17:47to be laid.
17:50Even more amazing were a number of other finds
17:52that revealed the nesting behavior of these dinosaurs.
17:55Three dinosaurs were discovered,
17:57all sitting on top of nests of eggs.
18:00The dinosaurs sitting in the center of the nest
18:02with their long arms spread out to protect
18:05the pairs of eggs arranged around them.
18:10These dinosaurs were brooding.
18:17Looking after their eggs increases
18:19the chance of them hatching.
18:23And having large eggs means the hatchling is more developed,
18:29making it less vulnerable to predators.
18:36But it takes longer to hatch,
18:38up to 80 days for Gigantoraptor.
18:44The time when both egg and the brooding parent
18:47are permanently at risk.
18:49I don't know.
19:19Smaller oviraptors are no more than a nuisance.
19:26Larger predators are a different story.
19:39Unwilling to leave the nest, the adult protects its offspring, first by hiding...
19:49...and if that fails, it goes on the offensive.
20:04I don't know.
20:06I don't know.
20:08I don't know.
20:10I don't know.
20:11I don't know.
20:12I don't know.
20:14I don't know.
20:16Let's go.
20:46Protecting the nest means gigantoraptors' young are more likely to survive.
21:16It now seems clear that the instinct to nurture and care for a nest of eggs had its origins
21:26with the dinosaurs.
21:28It's a behavior that was so successful it's still widespread today with birds.
21:34But the fossils show something else.
21:38These animals all died sitting on their nests.
21:41It seems that the threats don't always come from predators.
22:00Sometimes the real danger comes from the most unlikely places.
22:04These dinosaurs were all buried alive.
22:07These dinosaurs were all buried alive.
22:32Planet Dinosaur was an incredibly diverse and varied place, with these creatures able
22:47to colonize every continent on Earth.
22:51Continually evolving and changing, their dominance of life on Earth was absolute.
22:59Yet, they were doomed.
23:01Their downfall was caused by an asteroid smashing into the Earth.
23:15Traveling 20 times faster than a speeding bullet, 15 kilometers across, it slammed into the Gulf
23:22the Gulf of Mexico.
23:29The impact released more energy than a billion atomic bombs.
23:33The initial impact triggered wildfires, massive earthquakes and tsunamis.
23:39But most devastating was the debris blasted high into the atmosphere.
23:46This shrouded the planet in a cloak of darkness that lasted for months.
23:53Cutting off sunlight, the Earth was thrown into almost permanent night.
24:01Animals that survived the blast were now faced with their greatest ordeal, as a devastating chain
24:07of events was set in motion.
24:13Deprived of light, many plants died.
24:18Plant eaters like this Magiosaurus are the first to be affected.
24:22With no food, the biggest succumb first.
24:29Fresh growth of plants offers a glimmer of hope.
24:33Allowing smaller plant eaters to scratch out a living.
24:38But these aren't enough to sustain anything for long.
24:52Allowing smaller plant eaters to survive.
25:06Scavengers initially have an easier time of it.
25:12As the plant eaters succumb to starvation, there is a glut of food.
25:17But this surplus is an illusion.
25:42Once gone, scavengers will see.
25:46Scavengers will starve too.
25:53The impact resulted in the collapse of whole food chains.
25:59And the extinction didn't just affect dinosaurs.
26:03Virtually all life on Earth was affected.
26:07More than 60% of all species were wiped out.
26:12Yet the extinction wasn't a lottery.
26:15One factor more than any other determined the dinosaur's fate.
26:19Size.
26:21On land, no animal weighing more than 25 kilograms survived.
26:27There just isn't enough food to sustain large animals.
26:39Ironically, it's the very thing that makes dinosaurs so iconic that condemns them to extinction.
26:46The finds and discoveries of recent years have painted a staggering picture.
27:01Dinosaurs were incredibly adaptable with an astonishing capacity for survival.
27:07Enduring the breakup of continents, sea level rises, and countless changes in climate, they continue to diversify and thrive.
27:22On land, in water, among the trees, and even in the skies.
27:37They conquered every continent, dominating life on Earth for more than 150 million years.
27:50The most successful animals the world has ever known.
27:56It was only with an unprecedented extraterrestrial impact that finally saw the end of Planet Dinosaur.
28:07Piguet deliberatelyан where's a pilot?
28:08For those of us who were worked together around.
28:09He told us to pore to be the 550 miles above the campo.
28:10He told us to meet the isle of the wind.
28:11Into another dimension to the area.
28:12We're using this for pic chasera tree, to make him allaves.
28:13Transcription by CastingWords
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