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The roots of America's War on Drugs is uncovered. Secret assassination attempts, the CIA's bizarre experiments with LSD, and covert support of heroin traffickers are factors leading up to President Nixons' declaration of war on drugs in America. It's a story of lies and unintended consequences - a gonzo story of gangsters and gurus, war lords and spies, street gangs and politicians - all vying for power and control of a growing new black market for narcotics.
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00:00:00June 17th, 1971. Richard Nixon declares war on a new enemy. It's more dangerous than the mob,
00:00:18more of a threat than communism. They call it the war on drugs.
00:00:25America's public enemy number one is drug abuse.
00:00:30Anytime you've got that massive amount of drugs flowing into one area, you're gonna have war.
00:00:39This goes out there. There was the CIA that introduced LSD to the United States.
00:00:46The agency was elbow deep with drug traffickers.
00:00:52Nobody knows him. Pablo Escobar was just a customer.
00:00:56When you're making that kind of money and living outside the law, it's exciting as hell.
00:01:01This is crack.
00:01:06Really? Is this your spokesperson?
00:01:07Any questions?
00:01:13And people want their government to get tough and to go on the offensive.
00:01:17Three strikes and you are out.
00:01:23It's time to stop the drugs from pouring into our country.
00:01:29You know, I do think that most Americans would be utterly shocked if they knew the depth of involvement
00:01:42that the central intelligence agency has had in the international drug trade.
00:01:59The story begins here at Miami's Fountain Blue Hotel.
00:02:16It's a favorite spot for one of the era's most notorious gangsters.
00:02:21Santo Traficante Jr., born into the powerful Sicilian mob.
00:02:26He's well known by the FBI as one of the world's biggest heroin traffickers.
00:02:30Santo Traficante Jr. at one point had two or three of the most popular casinos in Havana.
00:02:38He was running heroin out of there. These guys were powerful. They were able to get people killed.
00:02:43But Traficante is not here on vacation. He's here to meet with two CIA operatives.
00:02:51What's interesting about the CIA and the Cold War and the war on drugs is that the CIA had so many
00:02:58shared interests with drug dealers and their modes of operation.
00:03:03They're meeting in this hotel to plan the assassination of America's newest Cold War enemy.
00:03:08The CIA had to go to the CIA.
00:03:28Just two years earlier, Havana was the Caribbean's sin city.
00:03:32Santo Traficante ran a vast criminal network with no fear of arrest,
00:03:37gambling guns and girls but by far the most lucrative product is heroin
00:03:45smuggled from the middle east through marseilles france via havana and onto the united states
00:03:52they call the route the french connection i think about traficante and like so many of
00:03:57these wise guys these mafia guys they would always claim they weren't in the narcotics business they
00:04:03could say oh yeah i killed 15 guys but i never dealt heroin which was just like oh okay the
00:04:09fact of the matter is that they've been involved in the heroin trafficking from the beginning
00:04:15traficante made havana the center of his drug trafficking empire
00:04:19by paying off cuba's president jorge batista the corrupt dictator also happened to be on the cia's
00:04:27payroll that all came to an end with fidel castro's revolution
00:04:41members of the old regime including those involved with the mob are rounded up
00:04:57in the united states it was bad enough that we had the soviet union that was this threat but it
00:05:06was far away suddenly it's right at our doorstep suddenly that threat is something that we can
00:05:12actually see and that created a tremendous amount of anxiety in washington eisenhower's vice president
00:05:20richard nixon signs off on a covert cia mission
00:05:26take out fidel castro
00:05:36the cia is from its very beginning collaborating with mafiosas who are involved in the drug trade
00:06:05because these mafiosas will serve the larger agenda of fighting communism okay so why are you
00:06:12it's got to be quiet an accident is gone too flashy it's got to be boring
00:06:22maybe drink something people get sick all the time the water there ain't so good i hear
00:06:28at the agency then and even to this day morality sometimes has to take a back seat to whatever the
00:06:36final end is this clandestine document the doolittle report is the key to understanding the last half
00:06:44century of the cia's involvement in the drug trade issued in 1954 that lays out the core mission for the
00:06:51agency the doolittle report essentially said we might have to bend the rules a little bit or we might
00:06:57even have to break the rules in order to combat this very real threat called communism
00:07:06the cia undertakes extortion kidnapping torture even murder plotting assassinations and coups in iran
00:07:15indonesia the congo guatemala and now cuba where the mafia are natural partners it doesn't matter the
00:07:24mafia is also america's largest supplier of illegal narcotics the cia enters into a devil's bargain when
00:07:32you're at war you will do anything in the short term that it takes to win that war
00:07:37the cia delivers the ingredients to carry out castro's assassination
00:07:49look at that a suitcase with 150 000 in cash and poison
00:07:57traffic honey agrees to do this knowing that once you've worked through the cia
00:08:02they have two choices they can either kill you or they can protect you it's a business decision that
00:08:07has to do with the mafia's crime empire and its prospects for the future
00:08:16the plot to poison castro coincides with the planned invasion of cuba the newly elected president
00:08:23kennedy reluctantly signs off on the operation that will be led by a paramilitary force of cuban exiles
00:08:29trained by the cia known as operation 40. operation 40 were going to go in apart from the brigade
00:08:39and they were going to knock off all the political leaders of castro's regime
00:08:49a small group of operation 40 commandos is headed to cuban soil
00:08:53their goal make contact with anti-castro locals and then seize control of the government one of the
00:09:02leaders is this man felix rodriguez the son of wealthy cuban landowners his uncle is minister of
00:09:11public works under batista when his friends are executed in the revolution he is one of the first to
00:09:17volunteer when the cia begins forming their plan to take out fidel castro for felix rodriguez and
00:09:24the other operation 40 guys this was beyond just the mission of the agency this was something that
00:09:30they were personally passionate about rodriguez has been undercover for six weeks when he receives word
00:09:39what was the status of the air support the invasion is on
00:09:53the cia trained troops land at the bay of pigs
00:09:59but castro is on to both the poison plot and the invasion plan
00:10:09it's a bloodbath
00:10:17over 100 cia trained soldiers are killed 1200 are captured
00:10:31but felix rodriguez and the other leaders of operation 40
00:10:34and it's here in south florida where many operation 40 veterans will find a lucrative new trade
00:10:53this army of cubans that had been trained by the cia
00:10:56found themselves seriously underemployed and they looked around and there was a great way to make
00:11:02money and they had the skills for it it was smuggling drugs the bay of pigs may have been one of
00:11:08history's greatest blunders but the men behind it will play oversized roles when the cold war and the
00:11:14war on drugs collide in the years to come you start having this boom of drugs and lawlessness in miami
00:11:20which is the very first experience of blowback from this whole cuban fiasco by the end of the 60s an
00:11:28estimated 20 percent of america's heroin and 60 percent of the cocaine are connected to anti-castro operatives
00:11:39the seeds of the war on drugs have been planted
00:11:58the cia saw itself as being in a kind of cold war psychological warfare arms race
00:12:28with the soviet union i would like you to sign for this sir what's the answer to controlling
00:12:33people and brainwashing them or getting them to confess it's drugs the cia has just authorized the
00:12:40purchase of 10 kilograms of pure lsd 25 enough to dose more than half the population of the united
00:12:46states sandoz even supplies the cia with the receipt and shipping information the cia was scared
00:12:54stiff of the kgb was going to get all this lsd and come over and start dosing people so we bought
00:12:59every drop of lsd in existence at that point they gave it to george white and let george start dosing
00:13:06george hunter white a larger than life undercover federal narcotics agent he's known for busting
00:13:30international drug rings at home and abroad but unbeknownst to his supervisors white also works
00:13:38for the cia his job to conduct experiments for an operation called midnight climax
00:13:49white pays prostitutes to lure their clients to the agency's safe house george had a cia safe house
00:13:57stocked with booze george would sit behind this one-way mirror drinking martinis sitting on a
00:14:03portable toilet if he had to take a leak he didn't want to get up and leave
00:14:14hookers would bring these suckers back to the apartment
00:14:17and dosing with pure lsd-25 this is where i have my effect in the mind this is lysergic acid
00:14:36diethylamide better known as acid the powerful drug was first synthesized in 1938 in switzerland
00:14:43with a dose of mere micrograms the mind becomes confused perception is distorted personal identity
00:14:51is called into question the results can be euphoric bliss or deadly panic
00:15:06white observes the effects of the acid laced cocktails on the unsuspecting men white was very
00:15:12much into snm he would visit prostitutes himself and they would strap him to a bed and whip his butt
00:15:22recognizing the bizarre behavior brought on by the truck he gives lsd the codename stormy
00:15:29white takes meticulous notes
00:15:33and files his reports to a cia handlers
00:15:36so that was how lsd was introduced to this country operation midnight climax is part of a larger top
00:15:43secret cia program called mk ultra the goal learn how to control and even reprogram people's minds
00:15:51the cia believes lsd might hold the key over the next 10 years the agency doses a cross section of the
00:15:58american public everyone from unwitting housewives to soldiers to even criminals like gangster whitey bulger
00:16:07is tested
00:16:12the allen memorial hospital
00:16:27a psychiatric patient is being prepped for treatment
00:16:34but this is no ordinary mental hospital
00:16:36the doctor is not looking for a cure
00:16:42the patient has no idea what they are about to endure
00:16:54dr ewan cameron the former president of the american psychiatric association during the nuremberg
00:17:00trials he evaluates nazi war criminals but cameron has another side to him
00:17:06he's fascinated by the idea that the identity can be erased in the mind reprogrammed
00:17:13while george white's tests become inseparable from his own sexual obsessions
00:17:17cameron's approach is clinical and deadly serious
00:17:23cameron was working for the cia they were looking into brainwashing
00:17:28they were looking into mind control they were looking into how they could create what they
00:17:34called manchurian candidates
00:17:38even his own nurses don't know he is working on a top secret cia program
00:17:43he was doing a lot of different testing with lsd they were trying to figure out if they could get
00:17:58people to go out and do things that they would ordinarily not do like assassination
00:18:05once the subject is dosed with a sufficient amount of lsd cameron begins to try and reprogram the patient's mind
00:18:22he shocks them with high voltages
00:18:24the drug began to take hold very rapidly things became very frightening
00:18:54and i became more and more despondent and that i thought i can't i can't live like this any longer
00:19:10but not every subject in the mk ultra program finds the drugs effects so terrifying
00:19:16the cia's quest to create mind-controlled zombies is about to have an unintended consequence that will
00:19:22change america
00:19:26you know what the cia really dreamed of was sort of like a drug you could give to someone get them to
00:19:31commit all sorts of unspeakable acts and they wake up the next day and they don't remember what they've done
00:19:36another cia lsd experiment is underway volunteers have been paid 75 dollars to participate in a research study
00:19:51one of the volunteers ken kesey a young writer wrestler and graduate student at nearby stanford university
00:20:01he'll go on to write the bestseller one flew over the cuckoo's nest
00:20:05a nurse turns on a recording device and asks tc what the drug is doing to his brain
00:20:15whether this would you say an uncomfortable or uncomfortable experience i think it's a good experience
00:20:20it's quite as one and i'm high out of my mind
00:20:35wild colored
00:20:39this is a big colored frog of a man outside standing at the door i look at some some guys room when the
00:20:47guys all teetering out of the bed there and the guys go mag hey hey mag what is would you say an
00:20:55uncomfortable or uncomfortable experience i think it's a good experience i've been hoping that i can
00:21:03hang on to not the experience but remember that there are other things i don't ordinarily see and
00:21:09therefore try to look for a lighter person the case of mk ultra has to be one of the craziest cases
00:21:16of blowback in cia history because here they took this drug lsd and thought that they were going to
00:21:23be able to use it to control people's minds and the unbelievable irony is that lsd is a drug that does
00:21:30exactly the opposite it frees your mind and causes people to question authority within months
00:21:37kesey will be hired as a nurse's aide and given access to the hospital supply of lsd
00:21:45perhaps the cia never meant to turn on ken kesey but they did soon he is turning his friends onto acid
00:21:53then the entire west coast then an entire generation it created the counterculture as we know it of the
00:22:0260s all that was a kind of blowback or backfire of the cia's attempt to control people turned out to
00:22:10be just the opposite it was the cia that introduced lsd to the united states
00:22:25so while lsd takes hold in the united states in southeast asia a covert cia war will fuel a new drug
00:22:42epidemic the president of the united states is dead president kennedy has been assassinated
00:23:03it's official now the president is dead the united states is shaken to its core
00:23:08jfk is shot down in the streets of dallas and lyndon johnson takes over as commander-in-chief
00:23:19the war against communism in vietnam becomes president johnson's most pressing issue
00:23:26what the american public doesn't know is just across the border from vietnam
00:23:30in laos more seeds are being planted for the war on drugs
00:23:34everybody at the time was focused on vietnam but in nearby laos there was one of the hugest paramilitary
00:23:43covert operations going on and president johnson in fact was under a tremendous amount of
00:23:49pressure to keep it secret
00:23:51local forces are waging a secret war against communist guerrillas in the remote laotian highlands
00:24:06and they're being trained by a legendary cia operative tony poe a world war ii fighter pilot
00:24:14he earns two purple hearts in the battle of iwo jima after the war he becomes one of america's most
00:24:22prolific spies now he's the cia's man in laos a lot of people think of someone like james bond as
00:24:30the kind of spy prototype you know suave and wearing a tuxedo in a place like laos that's not the kind
00:24:37of spy we were sending over there tony poe breaks cia rules and leads a regiment to battle himself
00:24:51if you take a situation like laos was at the time that kind of craziness
00:24:56and you insert someone like tony poe that's basically like adding gas to a fire
00:25:01after the battles he'd send these guys out to chop the ears off of these dead enemy
00:25:16and then they would pack the ears up and send them back to the cia headquarters like trophies
00:25:24another thing that they would do was chop the heads off their victims and then they would fly
00:25:28over with helicopters that drop the heads like bombs on the villages
00:25:46tony poe's ally against communists is a powerful local warlord
00:25:50vang pao a resistance fighter in world war ii he now commands a ragtag army of mong hill people
00:26:01against communists infiltrating their tribal land guys like vang pao and a guy like tony poe
00:26:08got in business together because they had a common enemy which was communism
00:26:11but what poe doesn't realize is that vang pao is not just fighting communism
00:26:23he's also lining his own pockets northern laos is in the heart of the golden triangle
00:26:30an area which includes burma and thailand known as one of the most fertile opium growing regions in the
00:26:35world here the mong have used opium for centuries as medicine but on the international drug market
00:26:44the real value of the poppy's sap is that it can be refined into heroin when the cia is focused on a
00:26:53mission on a particular end they're not going to sit down and pontificate about what are the long-term
00:27:02global consequences of our actions going to be
00:27:12tony poe has ordered a cia plane to drop off weapons and ammunition for the mong warriors
00:27:18and to pick up injured soldiers women children and cargo
00:27:27the plane is owned by air america
00:27:29one of the most important aspects of fighting communism in laos involved a company called air
00:27:36america which was actually a front for the cia
00:27:43the cia plane lands back at this secret base in the long chin valley in laos
00:27:49unmarked on any map it's fast becoming one of the busiest airports in the world
00:27:55world but this plane isn't just carrying the wounded and frail
00:28:05vang pao has begun using air america to transport his raw opium from the hills to the cities the mong
00:28:12people see americans coming and going with planes and having the resources to be able to help them
00:28:19transport something that's been in their culture for decades it's a no-brainer
00:28:30the cia built their america to move people and weapons and money below the radar
00:28:36well that's identical to what drug traffickers have to do it's almost inevitable that the cia and drug
00:28:45traffickers are continually crossing through the same worlds continually using the same methods
00:28:51on a rather intimate basis
00:28:56the cia turns a blind eye to vang pao's growing heroin operation
00:29:01but tony poe didn't come to laos to enrich a local drug lord
00:29:05tony poe hated vang pao because he knew he was selling drugs
00:29:20tony poe was actually the model for colonel kurtz in apocalypse now at one point i was sitting talking
00:29:27with him and he was running his hand over his bald head like marlon brando did in the movie and i said
00:29:32to him did you get that from brando or did brando get that from you
00:29:38in 1965 the cia pulls tony poe out of long chen there are probably a lot more tony pose that we don't
00:29:45know about people who went in believing in the higher cause and then found that there was a lot of
00:29:53activity that they either had to sanction or turn a blind eye to when your moral compass starts to stray
00:30:01so far back and forth you can start to lose it as tony poe did
00:30:08with tony poe reassigned the cia will send in a new team to help run their secret war in laos
00:30:15bang pao is now unleashed to continue his drug dealing and that region becomes the epicenter
00:30:24of global heroin production
00:30:34what is going to be the theme of your meeting are you going to tell what's bad about lsd
00:30:42not necessarily
00:30:43will lsd be in evidence at the graduation ceremony um why don't you guys come
00:31:02five years since ken kesey was first introduced to lsd through the cia's mk ultra mind control program
00:31:10he's now a psychedelic convert committed to spreading the lsd gospel across america
00:31:16he throws parties known as acid tests where lsd laced kool-aid is served and party goers
00:31:23are invited to achieve a communal high
00:31:26meanwhile across the country there's a smaller but growing hippie scene and a group of them have
00:31:38turned this country estate into a commune and are about to drop acid
00:31:47leading them on their acid trip is timothy leary a popular lecturer at harvard
00:31:53leary's fascinated by the effect of psychedelic drugs on the brain
00:31:57lsd was legal then and he was giving it to graduate students to open their minds and
00:32:03and like timothy uri said question authority and that's when he became an outlaw our aim
00:32:10is to transform american society america today is an insane asylum we're going to try to bring about
00:32:16a religious renaissance and a spiritual revolution when he urged people to take lsd the effect that it
00:32:24had on people was so powerful that they almost treat him like a guru of sorts
00:32:31billbrook is a bastion of old new england had all these hippies coming in there and ken kesey showed
00:32:39up there in his bus with all his merry pranksters and that scared the hell out of this old blue-blooded
00:32:47wasp aristocracy that lives in noble new york leary's acid crusade has made him a target
00:33:00a local prosecutor is on a crusade of his own
00:33:03g gordon liddy a former fbi agent turned assistant district attorney in dutchess county new york
00:33:14gordon liddy was an obscure anti-drug right-wing prosecutor in dutchess county new york until he
00:33:23took on timothy leary and the lsd movement no one was as determined to take leary down as g gordon liddy
00:33:32he just went after leary with a vengeance
00:33:45inside the officers find hippies tripping on lsd watching a loop of a waterfall
00:33:51are you on drugs are you on drugs are you on drugs where's leary leary was into disrupting the
00:34:00normal culture of america and with lsd
00:34:07that scared the hell out of this old blue-blooded wasp aristocracy that lives in a place like millbrook
00:34:15new york liddy's men find a stash of lsd and some marijuana
00:34:24but liddy can only arrest leary for marijuana possession because lsd is still legal
00:34:34the marijuana charges against timothy leary are dropped when it's revealed g gordon liddy
00:34:40failed to read him his rights but liddy doesn't give up he continues a relentless campaign against
00:34:47leary tracking his moves over the course of the next year
00:34:54worn down by liddy's crusade in 1967 leary leaves millbrook in the east coast and heads west where
00:35:02the lsd-fueled counterculture is in full swing despite the fact it was the cia that first introduced
00:35:11lsd to america the drug is now in the hands of a group that's increasingly seen as a threat
00:35:18young people they were fighting for racial justice inequality they were fighting against the vietnam war
00:35:25they were seriously opposing the government and the drugs were at the forefront there was this
00:35:33propaganda that the hippies timothy leary and lsd were all part of a communist conspiracy
00:35:40lsd begins to be distributed by an underground organization called the brotherhood of eternal
00:35:58love the brotherhood of eternal love was actually a organization of hippie mafia drug dealers dealing
00:36:06specifically in black afghani hash and then later lsd to keep the cell of lsd flowing the brotherhood
00:36:16will need a brand ambassador who encompasses everything the organization stands for turn on
00:36:22on tune in drop out timothy leary's attention-grabbing antics make him the perfect public face for the movement
00:36:36it was really kind of a political social movement but in order to keep that movement going you need
00:36:42money fortunately for the brotherhood leary has brought with him a rich and connected friend
00:36:48william mellon hitchcock playboy millionaire owner of the millbrook estate where leary was arrested
00:36:57billy hitchcock was the scion of one of the most famous old walsh families his father was the the
00:37:04model for tom buchanan and scott fitzgerald's uh great gatsby so for the son billy hitchcock to
00:37:11now team up with timothy leary was a big scandal hitchcock begins to help bankroll the brotherhood's
00:37:19mass production of acid it was never about the money but it was always about the money
00:37:27as an entire generation looks for ways to expand their consciousness the brotherhood of eternal love
00:37:33moves in to fill the void lsd has escaped from the lab you've got leary espousing turn on tune in and
00:37:40drop out huge cultural changes that were taking place in the country
00:38:02the haight ashbury free clinic a haven amidst the chaos of san francisco's streets
00:38:10this man has just taken acid for the first time and he's having a bad trip
00:38:20the doctor treating him keeps detailed notes but who he's working for is a secret no one in san
00:38:26francisco knows colonel james ketchum a psychiatrist in the pentagon's top secret psychochemical warfare program
00:38:35he's obsessed with finding the key to manipulating the mind of the enemy
00:38:41and like the cia's mk ultra program he's willing to do whatever it takes to find the answers he's looking for
00:38:47here at the edgewood arsenal ketchum first puts his lsd research to the test
00:39:03after ingesting lsd volunteers are instructed to perform basic military tasks the confused volunteer
00:39:10needed help as he attempted to traverse part of an obstacle course influenced by an obvious lack
00:39:16of purpose the drugged volunteer made no effort to traverse the trail of tires
00:39:22and in obvious confusion wandered aimlessly through the woods
00:39:28other trials move into more dangerous territory
00:39:30pushing the soldiers to the limits of sanity
00:39:44how do you feel right now just can't figure it out all right
00:39:48it's hard to figure out it's hard to figure it i don't believe it i feel it
00:39:53it's hard to figure it out all right
00:39:58many of these soldiers have been offered a powerful incentive to take part in the program
00:40:05time away from combat duty in vietnam
00:40:07just over the border in laos the cia's air america airline is increasingly becoming part of the
00:40:26international drug trade when those planes were returning to american bases
00:40:31military bases they were often used to bring back some of the bounty of laos and that bounty was heroin
00:40:51in the remote highlands of laos
00:41:08communist forces are increasingly threatening to overtake the territory controlled by cia ally veng pao
00:41:15the situation in laos really called for extraordinary means conducted by extraordinary men
00:41:25the cia has sent in a veteran spy to run the laos operation ted shackley known as the blonde ghost
00:41:37former head of the cia's top secret miami station where the cia ran failed missions to kill fidel
00:41:44castro which included poisoned milkshakes and exploding cigars now he's here fighting another secret war
00:41:53the cia itself was under a tremendous amount of pressure to accomplish this mission to fight communism
00:42:06to help finance this war vang pao has been using air america to traffic heroin
00:42:12but with the war raging shackley and the cia don't just turn a blind eye to the drug trafficking
00:42:21the u.s provides vang pao two transport planes
00:42:27now he's able to fly his opium directly to his refineries
00:42:30one right on the american air base
00:42:38the cia at the same time it was fighting in its mind a very successful anti-communist war
00:42:45was also standing up an army of drug smugglers vang pao is fast on his way to becoming the biggest
00:42:54heroin trafficker in the world and he's got a growing customer base just over the border in vietnam
00:43:01one side effect of this covert war in laos is that there's a lot of heroin in the theater of war
00:43:07and many american troops get addicted
00:43:21one of my fellow soldiers
00:43:23uh was found dead after a firefight
00:43:36we thought he had been shot and actually he had the needle stuck in his arm
00:43:44heroin a highly addictive opioid
00:43:46opioid extracted from the poppy plant and synthesized from morphine once ingesting morphine
00:43:52molecules rush opioid receptors in the brain stem that controls the body's survival functions
00:43:58it can lead to intoxicating highs or shut down the respiratory system and lead to death
00:44:09the rule was you don't get high while on patrol but you can't control depression we were wet during
00:44:17the monsoon season 24 7. the miserable life we live we were homesick
00:44:24as the war progresses two gi's are overdosing every day
00:44:31a nightclub in saigon a refuge from the horrors of combat
00:44:55in saigon camp
00:45:01sitting at the back of the club is a man well known to the cia
00:45:06mobster santo traficante jr traficante had assured protection back in 1960. he was involved in these
00:45:15plots to kill castro once you've worked for the cia you're what they called in that business a million
00:45:20dollar man traficante is meeting with a corsican gangster a middleman for another cia connected drug
00:45:28trafficker vang pao they're discussing a deal that'll bring tons of heroin into the united states
00:45:39with the booming heroin trade which was because of the influx of american troops
00:45:45trafficante had to go out there and make sure that his family got its fair share
00:45:53the deal allows trafficante to ramp up his operation as soon as couriers are trafficking vang pao's
00:45:59heroin from refineries in hong kong via south america and the caribbean onto the united states
00:46:07in one shipment alone they smuggle in as much as 20 percent of all the heroin consumed that year
00:46:14the history of the cia is really the history of unintended consequences and blowback with cia
00:46:22secret wars being fought in places like laos they became instrumental in flooding america with drugs
00:46:29by 1970 new york city alone will have over 200 000 heroin addicts a lot of people came back who had
00:46:48served in vietnam addicted to drugs it doesn't help that the economy is also declining depressing
00:46:55situation for a young person who's just spent a year maybe two years in a terrible and confusing war
00:47:05with the demand for heroin rising a new breed of homegrown dealers emerges
00:47:13one of these dealers has just arrived to check on his operation
00:47:16you okay these women are part of a production line that runs 24 hours a day they're made to work in
00:47:25the nude so they can't steal the product
00:47:32pure uncut heroin that's sold by this man i said we gonna make some money today or what frank matthews
00:47:39the heroine is born in rural north carolina his first arrest comes at 14 when he's busted for
00:47:46leading a gang of chicken thieves he moves to brooklyn where he opens a barber shop as a front for
00:47:52selling heroin the heroin business has always been controlled by organized crime and then along comes a guy
00:47:59named frank matthews
00:48:14at any given time hundreds of pounds of heroin are being diluted and packaged we actually had two
00:48:20places in brooklyn the ponderosa and the ok corral the thing that fascinates me is how could you operate
00:48:27two drug mills like this busting in 40 women every day and not anybody getting suspicious
00:48:34with a nearly unlimited supply of heroin coming in from southeast asia
00:48:39matthews begins building an empire that stretches the length of the eastern seaboard west of st louis
00:48:45they call him black caesar that's what i'm talking about frank matthews became one of the biggest
00:48:52heroin distributors in the world
00:48:54people
00:48:57but with the thousands of addicts that come with every new deal
00:49:02matthews will find himself in the crosshairs of a very powerful enemy
00:49:08the newly elected president richard millhouse nixon
00:49:12when nixon came into the white house it was essentially to clean up this chaos and anarchy
00:49:18in the streets and to impose law and order there was this legitimate fear
00:49:24that heroin was going to take over and destroy the united states
00:49:32the grand opening of an exclusive resort paradise island in the bahamas the crowd celebrating new
00:49:44year's eve is a star-studded collection of hollywood actors politicians and wealthy investors
00:49:50people look back in the 60s they are always great the music was great rock and roll but then it started
00:49:57to change 68 was like a turning point martin luther king was assassinated bobby kennedy was assassinated
00:50:03it was the end of the hippie era of the 60s where it was all about peace love and brotherhood things
00:50:10were starting to turn dark
00:50:16it's been a good year for at least one of the party goers the president-elect richard nixon
00:50:22richard millhouse nixon is no stranger to the white house
00:50:26he served two terms as vice president under eisenhower where he signed off on the secret
00:50:31plan to assassinate fidel castro he narrowly lost to kennedy in 1960
00:50:37by the time he runs for president again crime rates are skyrocketing
00:50:42and he appeals to what he calls the silent majority these besieged middle-class suburbanites
00:50:49who fear what at that time seems to be a society going through really profound and negative changes
00:51:00at paradise island it all seems a world away
00:51:04but nixon has no idea he's celebrating alongside one of his counterculture enemies
00:51:10william hitchcock is the millionaire playboy and sometimes financier of the brotherhood of eternal love
00:51:18he's also invested the equivalent of 35 million in today's dollars in paradise island
00:51:25but hitchcock is not the only one at this party moving large sums of cash to the bahamas
00:51:29you could take as much money as you wanted in cash and deposit it in banks down there in the
00:51:34bahamas and wander it next thing you know wired back into a bank account in the united states and
00:51:39nobody would ever know that it came as a result of illegal activity
00:51:44the bahamas is full of banks that launder dirty money but none will become as infamous as the castle bank
00:51:51in trust founded by a former cia spy its clients include celebrities like john fogarty tony curtis and
00:52:01hugh hefner but castle serves another purpose
00:52:09money that was coming from the drug business was deposited in these banks and then used to finance
00:52:16covert cia operations drug trafficking is really all about laundering money
00:52:23and it turns out that so is being a cia officer because everything the cia does has to be secret
00:52:31and in order to be secret you have to launder your money even the president-elect banks a castle
00:52:38in this makeshift lab the brotherhood of eternal love is producing a potent new brand of lsd
00:53:04that they hope will stamp out all competition it'll become the most famous acid ever produced
00:53:11they call it orange sunshine orange sunshine after sendos lsd 25 was the purest lsd manufactured in the
00:53:21world steve jobs dropped acid the grateful dead it infiltrated music business orange sunshine was
00:53:33all over the country in the coming months hitchcock's lab will produce 10 million hits
00:53:44enough to dose the entire population of new york city and la
00:53:53i figured out where we could load the water supply with a 55 gallon drum of acid
00:53:59timothy leary stopped this timothy said thou shalt not alter thy brother's consciousness without his
00:54:10permission wow that's timothy leary timothy leary wasn't promoting go give everybody acid we were everyone
00:54:21should take lsd but soon the look of orange sunshine's most famous advocate will run out
00:54:38a cop on the night shift makes a routine traffic stop
00:54:41the driver is lsd evangelist timothy leary the police searched the car and in the ashtray was a joint and a roach
00:54:57and they busted timothy for a minute amount of pot
00:55:01shortly after his arrest he makes a surprise announcement i'm going to run for the governorship
00:55:11of the state of california i think that we need a new party and by party i mean party
00:55:20leary's platform included among other things banning football banning all money creating a barter system
00:55:27that would kind of take over capitalism the song come together which was written by john lennon was
00:55:34actually a campaign song for timothy leary let the kids get high as a matter of fact president nixon
00:55:40why don't we all turn on together his republican opponent ronald reagan there is nothing smart
00:55:49there is nothing a grown-up or sophisticated in taking an lsd trip at all they're just being complete fools
00:55:57and they're just being complete and they're just being complete and they're just being complete
00:56:06when anti-war protesters descended on washington and protested nixon's policies nixon probably could
00:56:14smell the marijuana smoke wafting in through the windows of the white house and so nixon associated
00:56:22marijuana with his political opponents but in the nixon administration leary's old nemesis g gordon liddy
00:56:32has been brought in by the treasury department to hatch a plan to clamp down on drugs and then try and
00:56:39cover that section of the border okay
00:56:41g gordon lady was the law and order figure in the white house and when nixon was elected into the
00:56:52white house nixon saw and liddy saw that drugs were this powerful hot button issue
00:56:57liddy launches operation intercept shutting down the entire 2 000 mile border with mexico
00:57:11cutting off the source of most of america's marijuana
00:57:17for over 20 days all vehicles crossing the border are searched
00:57:21it's the largest operation of its kind in history
00:57:33the interesting thing about the very beginning of the war on drugs many of these acts were completely
00:57:39symbolic it actually had no impact whatsoever on the drug trade in the u.s
00:57:44a few marijuana smugglers may have been apprehended the most successful trackers in america are not
00:57:53waiting in line at the mexican border
00:57:55a small private plane is losing altitude fast
00:58:11the pilot juan restoy a former cuban politician who fought against fidel castro now a key player in
00:58:19the nation's largest narcotics distribution network
00:58:25in 1970 there was a plane crash in california juan rostoy was flying this plane turns out that this
00:58:37guy was a veteran of the bay of pigs operation and a cia operative
00:58:55of the u.s
00:58:56restoy survives but the crash catches the attention of federal agents working on operation eagle
00:59:03a national investigation of narcotic smuggling
00:59:11thank you very much ladies and gentlemen for being here the attorney general will have a statement
00:59:16and i introduce to you now the attorney general of the united states
00:59:18and we have called all of you this morning to tell you about operation eagle
00:59:26which is the code name for the biggest operation of its kind in history
00:59:3310 a.m last night special agents of the bureau of narcotics and dangerous drugs made simultaneous raids
00:59:40in miami new york and chicago and seven other cities
00:59:50we are very pleased to report that the raids have already resulted
00:59:55in the arrest of 123 defendants
00:59:59in the united states of the united states of the united states of the united states of the united states
01:00:04what attorney general john mitchell neglects to mention is as many as 70 percent of those
01:00:10arrested are cubans who fought for the cia against fidel castro the agency's secret war against
01:00:17communism has given rise to an entire generation of drug traffickers cuban exiles trained by the cia
01:00:26for the bay of pigs and all these skills in radios flying airplanes boats and apply these skills to smuggling drugs
01:00:45the crackdown on drugs begins to attract unlikely allies elvis presley the king of rock and roll has
01:00:53seen better days elvis has developed a prescription drug habit that includes uppers downers and needles
01:01:01doctors are on call to provide an endless supply of drugs
01:01:07at the time elvis presley was essentially a stone junkie he also was obsessed with firearms
01:01:15he actually wanted to obtain a drug agent badge from nixon so he could safely travel
01:01:22the world with his drugs and firearms elvis wrote this rambling letter requesting a visit with nixon
01:01:36expressed all these concerns and the communists in the entertainment industry the un-american people
01:01:42foreign acts like the beatles that were coming over to our country and subverting clean-cut american youth
01:01:49the letter works and nixon agrees to meet
01:01:58being seen with the rock and roll legend makes for a public relations coup for the president
01:02:04but it's also part of a larger strategy
01:02:07if you look at the wider framed photos
01:02:11there's elvis presley there's president nixon and there's this young man wearing glasses
01:02:18and he was this white house high-end political fixer and his name was eagle bud crow
01:02:25eagle bud crow as nixon's deputy of domestic affairs he'll help hire g gordon liddy and they
01:02:32will spearhead policies that will lead to the declaration of the war on drugs that's why
01:02:38bud crow brought in elvis presley he was the drug guy
01:02:41elvis gets his badge but there's no record of the king ever performing in a drug bus
01:02:55meanwhile at a state prison in california one of nixon's political enemies is beginning a sentence
01:03:01for a small amount of marijuana timothy leary's run for governor has been cut short
01:03:09but the underground hippie organization the brotherhood of eternal love
01:03:13doesn't want their lsd guru to die behind bars timothy was one of us so timothy being in prison
01:03:20we were going to let him down brotherhood was extremely well financed so the brotherhood
01:03:29hires the weatherman to break leary out of prison launched by radical students in 1968 the weather
01:03:37underground has turned into a violent revolutionary organization carrying out bombings across the united
01:03:43states for a rumored 20 000 fee the weather underground breaks timothy leary out of prison
01:03:54after they break him out of prison he ends up in algeria while he's in algeria he hooks up with eldridge
01:04:00cleaver and a lot of the black panthers who were also on the lam
01:04:03it's an audacious move but the brotherhood doesn't lay low for the rest of 1970 one of their associates
01:04:15will attempt one of the most brazen drug distribution stunts of all time
01:04:23laguna beach california 25 000 young people have gathered for an outdoor rock concert
01:04:30to celebrate the counterculture the idea initially was just to have a woodstock type rock concert but
01:04:37some of the local artists decided that it would be better to give a kind of a spiritual connotation
01:04:41to try to avoid any unnecessary law enforcement scrutiny but it became completely out of control
01:04:49one of the brotherhood of eternal love's associates has hired a private plane and it's flying towards the
01:04:55festival the plane flew over the christmas happening it dropped thousands of christmas cards and in the
01:05:08middle was a tab of orange sunshine it's just a legendary moment in the counter-cultural history of
01:05:17the united states an actual acid drop from the sky on a huge crowd of young americans
01:05:25over the past decade secret government drug tests and covert cia operations
01:05:52have unleashed a wave of drugs into the united states it's fueled the counterculture and increasingly
01:06:02anarchy in the streets the economy's starting to falter there's riots in the major cities of the united
01:06:09states so all these things are coming to a boiling point the nixon administration is looking at this and
01:06:16going my god what are we going to do we can put the controls back on our
01:06:20society that seems to be out of control we're going to declare a war on drugs
01:06:36june 17 1971 president richard nixon is about to make one of the most important speeches
01:06:54in presidential history
01:07:01you want to join me here won't you be seated please ladies and gentlemen come on dr jaffe
01:07:07bye bye
01:07:10standing next to the president 31 year old drug policy guru bud kroeg standing to his left
01:07:17his boss nixon's chief counsel john ehrlichman
01:07:23ladies and gentlemen i would like to summarize for you the meeting that i have just had with the
01:07:28bipartisan leaders which began at eight o'clock and was completed two hours later
01:07:33america's public enemy number one in the united states is drug abuse in order to fight and defeat this
01:07:41enemy it is necessary to wage a new all-out offensive this will be a worldwide offensive
01:07:50fundamentally it is essential for the american people to be alerted to this danger to recognize
01:07:56that it is a danger that will not pass with the passing of the war in vietnam which has brought to
01:08:02our attention the fact that a number of young americans have become addicts as they serve abroad
01:08:08this offensive deals with the problem there but will then go on to deal with the problem throughout
01:08:14america president nixon never actually uses the word but for everyone listening it's clear richard
01:08:23nixon is declaring a war on drugs the briefing team will now be ready to answer any questions on the
01:08:31technical details of the technical details of the program
01:08:36nixon proclaiming this war on drugs is this epic moment nixon standing up as the law and order president
01:08:44we'll proceed in about five minutes nixon has launched one of the most expensive and politically
01:08:50complicated initiatives ever attempted but behind the scenes there's another agenda at work
01:08:57the eyes of the inner circle of the nixon administration the war on drugs brought together the peace
01:09:04movement the hippies the counterculture african americans all of this stuff can be captured and addressed
01:09:12by force with law enforcement under the rubric of the war on drugs and the trick is to create a system
01:09:21that deals with this without appearing to this announcement this morning is the culmination
01:09:29of a project that began about a year ago it'll be decades before one of nixon's top advisors will
01:09:37allegedly admit to a magazine writer this deception behind the origin of the war on drugs
01:09:45the nixon campaign had two enemies the anti-war left and black people we knew we couldn't make it
01:09:51legal to be either against the war or black but by getting the public to associate the hippies with
01:09:56marijuana and the blacks with heroin and then criminalizing both heavily we could disrupt those
01:10:02communities we could arrest their leaders rate their homes break up their meetings and vilify them
01:10:09night after night on the evening news did we know we were lying about the drugs of course we did
01:10:15we got problem with the blacks we got a problem with the hippies what are we going to do we're going
01:10:22to declare a war on drugs and we criminalize these elements and we broadcast it all over the nightly news
01:10:29we can put the controls back on our society that seems to be out of control
01:10:34right right right okay fine nixon soon finds himself increasingly frustrated by the war on drugs
01:10:47lack of progress and grills his inner circle for answers are we properly organized in terms of our
01:10:53being properly organized right now quite honestly we're not we have 350 000 police officers in the
01:10:59united states their resources are not being utilized how many of them are involved and i mean uh isn't
01:11:09isn't there quite a bit of corruption in many of the police departments in major cities we read a lot
01:11:13about this we talk about respect for law you've got to have lava deserved respect inner cities are
01:11:20increasingly in the grip of a heroin epidemic drug related deaths are up to a thousand a year in new
01:11:27york city alone junkies steal to finance their addictions and police corruption is rampant
01:11:35nypd narcotics detective frank serpico tells the mayor's commission that cops are paying off their
01:11:41superiors for a transfer to the narcotics division i saw what was going on being transferred to the gold coast
01:11:54as it was called where there was big money of course narcotics was where the money was
01:12:02cops would notify drug dealers whenever some other cops were going to raid their place
01:12:13there was no limit there was no morality
01:12:16cops are also putting drugs on the street in one of the strangest coincidences in the war on drugs
01:12:25fact will collide with fiction a movie called the french connection is a favorite for an academy award
01:12:31it tells the story of an nypd 1962 bust of the famous french connection heroin smuggling network run
01:12:38by gangsters like santo trafficante so this great movie comes out the french connection
01:12:48gene hackman plays the narcotics cop who made the big french connection bust
01:12:57for 10 years the confiscated heroin is thought to be held in a secure manhattan police lockup
01:13:03so they had all this heroin that they busted and it was in the property vault in nypd custody open
01:13:13them up but when they ultimately went down there to get it
01:13:22we've got a problem they found it was gone large amounts of heroin from the famous french connection
01:13:28heroin busts had been stolen from the police evidence room and replaced with flour
01:13:3470 million dollars worth of heroin goes from nypd into the streets of new york city
01:13:42and they couldn't figure out well what happened of course we know what happened the cops stole it
01:13:46and amazingly as people are sitting there watching the movie french connection
01:13:49that heroin was on the streets of new york being sold to dealers and drug addicts
01:13:55the french connection heroin robbery remains the single largest theft in american history
01:14:02and it was done by the police themselves the french heroin was big it corrupted new york city
01:14:09they corrupted the new york cops it corrupted everybody
01:14:15while drugs are corrupting the nation's police the white house itself will soon be engulfed in its
01:14:21own criminal conspiracy
01:14:26abort i repeat abort get out of there hello hello
01:14:42good evening we have a mystery story out of washington five people have been arrested and
01:14:47charged with breaking into the headquarters of the democratic national committee in the middle of the
01:14:50night one year to the day after president nixon declares a war on drugs
01:14:57his law and order presidency is about to unravel
01:15:03one of nixon's top lieutenants g gordon liddy is arrested for trying to break into the democratic
01:15:09national committee's headquarters
01:15:14when his five burglars are interrogated
01:15:17it's revealed they're part of a secret white house team
01:15:20that includes an ex-cia officer and four former anti-castro operatives
01:15:28as congress begins hearings investigating just how high the plot goes
01:15:33mr ehrlichman are you telling me that the break-in to dr fielding's office was to satisfy the president of
01:15:36the united states
01:15:40across the country another kind of conspiracy is brewing
01:15:47a casino in vegas the east coast's biggest heroin dealer is enjoying a run on the roulette table
01:15:54frank matthews was ahead of his time because he was the al capone of african-american drug dealing
01:15:59but frank matthews is not in town just to gamble
01:16:11the drug trade is changing and he wants to find a way to stop the growing violence
01:16:15just recently one of matthew's top dealers was gunned down in a popular nightclub
01:16:23so he's called a summit of the country's top black drug lords
01:16:34a lot of people in law enforcement will tell you that
01:16:37when the mob was in control of the neighborhoods there was a lot less crime
01:16:41the days of sharing with the italians they're over now y'all hear me over this is our time now
01:16:47it's our time now you had the emergence of these gangs that were cutting out the mob
01:16:54it created these turf wars and these battles what i'm saying first though we got it together though
01:16:59without killing each other his objective was to form some kind of network where they can work
01:17:04together rather than kill each other this business is ours now all the way that's it
01:17:11but before he can see his dreams of unity fulfilled he's arrested in vegas
01:17:19matthews jumped bail on july 2nd 1973 and has never been seen again to add to the mystery
01:17:28the testimony of nine of his french connection suppliers is suppressed for national security reasons by the cia
01:17:36frank matthews may be one of the few of the big drug kingpins who actually got away but unlike
01:17:46matthews most of the guys who were involved in the drug trade were getting hammered with these huge
01:17:51sentences possibly the most enduring legacy of nixon's war on drugs is a series of laws passed in new york
01:17:59state life sentence for pushers we saw guys coming in who were like low level street dealers with 20 30
01:18:07years time under what are known as the rockefeller drug laws anyone caught with more than four ounces of
01:18:15drugs even marijuana faces a 15 year to life sentence it's the same as second degree murder other states
01:18:23soon follow suit rockefeller drug laws reverberate to this day because 90 of the people who were
01:18:32arrested under those laws were black and brown
01:18:53and the black and brown in the water's the power of the war on drugs but for the man who declared america's
01:18:57war on drugs the battle has come to an early end the irony of nixon championing a war on drugs is his
01:19:12own criminality the guy leaves office in disgrace
01:19:15For their roles in the Watergate scandal, four of the key architects of the War on Drugs
01:19:25will go to prison.
01:19:28The former Attorney General who spearheaded Operation Eagle, John Mitchell.
01:19:34The senior advisor who introduced Nixon to Elvis, Bud Krogh.
01:19:40The president's chief counsel, John Ehrlichman, and the former prosecutor who first made his
01:19:47name trying to take down LSD guru Timothy Leary, G. Gordon Liddy, will be sent to a Connecticut
01:19:53federal prison.
01:19:55And it's here where one of the strangest connections in the history of the War on Drugs will be made.
01:20:10The federal prison at Danbury, Connecticut, 1974.
01:20:20Richard Nixon's dirty tricks mastermind, G. Gordon Liddy, is here serving time for his
01:20:26role in the Watergate break-in.
01:20:28When Gordon Liddy found himself in federal prison, he found a fellow inmate there, Carlos
01:20:33Lader.
01:20:37Carlos Lader, a Colombian car thief who will soon change the face of the drug trade.
01:20:43Liddy had all these ideas about the will to power, to impose your will on circumstances
01:20:49and do heroic things as an individual.
01:20:53Lader was completely inspired by this man.
01:20:55This weird admiration society built up.
01:20:59Carlos Lader started dressing like him.
01:21:01He started talking about the same ideas and Carlos Lader would then get out and basically
01:21:07flood America with cocaine.
01:21:09And as a founding member of Pablo Escobar's Medin Cartel, he'll revolutionize a new drug
01:21:16trade.
01:21:18The power dynamics that forged the War on Drugs will now reverberate across five decades.
01:21:29Sometimes people say that the War on Drugs really wasn't about drugs and they state that,
01:21:33like, that's news.
01:21:35It's only news to people who just haven't been paying attention.
01:21:42Of course it wasn't about drugs.
01:21:48There was a fraud.
01:21:49It was a political maneuvering that was designed to keep certain aspects of the culture under
01:21:58control.
01:22:02In many ways, the counterculture was a product of the CIA LSD program that released it into
01:22:09the populace.
01:22:10All of these individual experiences that people had taking LSD collectively completely altered
01:22:18society.
01:22:19What's really remarkable is that a lot of these patterns that have their origins in the 1960s
01:22:26become cyclical.
01:22:32Virtually all of the CIA activities abroad always came on the backs of drug smuggling
01:22:39and drug financing.
01:22:42And we're going to see those relationships develop again and again throughout the War on Drugs.
01:22:49The War on Drugs is not about one thing.
01:22:53It's about many things in relationship to each other.
01:22:56On the next episode of America's War on Drugs.
01:23:17Pablo Escobar had tremendous political ambition.
01:23:20If you're going to mess with Pablo, you know, Pablo will kill you.
01:23:24This is an outlaw regime.
01:23:27They're flying secret shipments of weapons down and then coming back with cocaine.
01:23:33I'm going after the drug dealers that they were protecting.
01:23:39We were really playing Russian roulette with our lives.
01:23:43And you, it went all the way to the White House.
01:23:48You basically have a secret CIA operation laid there.
01:23:52It was really hard for me to fantasize that something so small could be so valuable.
01:23:57It was like, this is what I was made for.
01:24:01Like, this is something that stuffed out of the city.
01:24:04We were just gonna go into the city of Drugs.
01:24:06We're just gonna get out of it.
01:24:07We have to stay with these guys.
01:24:08We were just gonna go, we got to go.
01:24:10We were gonna go, we got this one.
01:24:12What?
01:24:13I did not know how to do that.
01:24:14We actually did not know where we came out.
01:24:16I had to guess what's the place.
01:24:17We got to go.
01:24:18You got to go, I've been doing the same thing.
01:24:19We got to go.
01:24:20In the same way, man, I did not know where we could.
01:24:22But I went to the game.
01:24:24And we didn't know where the game was on.
01:24:25So we did not know where we're going.
01:24:26This one was created and we couldn't do that.
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