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Mysteries of the Abandoned Season 12 Episode 6
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Short filmTranscript
00:01A concentration camp in the Czech Republic designed as a publicity stunt to disguise a heartless regime.
00:08For the men themselves, this was about survival. For the repressors, it was an attempt to fool the world.
00:16In England, the life of world-famous playwright Oscar Wilde is forever changed.
00:23He was here as a result of one of the first ever celebrity trials.
00:30And in Memphis, a building intended to protect, corrupted by its chief.
00:37This guy had absolute, total power. He was a dictator.
00:43In the town of Terezin, in the Czech Republic, are the remains of a site that played its role in one of humanity's most disturbing eras.
01:00We see these well-built structures, formidable walls rising out of the ground.
01:11The largest building stretches hundreds of feet down the road, but it's really in bad shape.
01:16Further in, it seems that this site was some kind of town.
01:20The streets are lined with neat and orderly blocks.
01:26Evidence suggests the residents were enjoying life here.
01:30There were performances, concerts, famous musicians.
01:35The scenes may appear joyous, but the reality could not be further from the truth.
01:41This is a really surreal moment of hope in this otherwise completely hellish space.
01:50Little did they know. Most of them only had weeks to live.
01:54The things that I started to study 24 years ago, they got under my skin.
02:11Dr. TomΓ‘Ε‘ Fedorovic first came to Terezin as a student.
02:15What he unearthed inspired him to become custodian of this site's past.
02:24We're in one of the yards of the large infantry barracks.
02:28It was one of the first facilities built in the Terezin fortress.
02:38The fortress, originally constructed in the 1700s, was an imposing facility.
02:43And it caught the eye of the Nazi empire when parts of Czechoslovakia came under their control in 1938.
02:54A meeting was held at Prague Castle in October 1941 regarding the Jewish question.
03:01And one of the outcomes was that Jewish people should be gathered somewhere
03:05so that they could not have a negative influence on the rest of the population.
03:10Terezin would become a transit camp that helped to fulfill the logistical methodology of the Germans
03:23in creating an Aryan nation.
03:25A nation in which the people that they considered to be inferior would be wiped out.
03:31This was once the Terezin stadt ghetto.
03:37It began as a concentration camp where the Nazis sent the Jewish people they wanted removed from their empire.
03:45At first, the regime touted it as a retirement village, even describing it as a spa.
03:51So the first Jewish people to arrive here didn't know what it really was.
03:55In November 1941, the first transport arrived.
04:04It was 340 men.
04:07They were from Czechoslovakia, but soon more came from Austria, Germany and beyond.
04:13Many of them had in fact been German veterans, people of Jewish heritage who had fought in the First World War.
04:22Sport stars, athletes, intellectuals.
04:27Many were well known internationally, so the Germans wanted to disguise the true nature of the facility.
04:38The Nazi occupation administration tried to present Terezin as a place where Jews were doing well.
04:45They had concerts, they had plays, they had music, and they were able to play sports as well.
04:55The central courtyard became a hub for soccer.
04:59Terezin became the home to Jewish football players.
05:04Some of them were full-time professional footballers, others were lower league players.
05:10One professional player who ended up here was Paul Maurer, a Jewish man and soccer superstar.
05:18He had played for the Czechoslovakian national team and several soccer clubs in the United States.
05:24These players were in many ways heroes of the ghetto, because thousands of people watched those matches.
05:39Every week there were league matches, and then the ghetto cup matches took place here.
05:45The ghetto's league was made up of 30 teams and 700 players, with each team representing a group from the ghetto, like gardeners or butchers.
06:00And it wasn't only the inmates who enjoyed the spectacle.
06:05We know that some members of the SS had their favorite teams that they rooted for.
06:11But by 1943, Terezinstadt had expanded to include Jewish people from across Europe, including Denmark, which was now under German martial law.
06:25Here, the Nazis caught almost 500 Jews, forcing Denmark's king to send them to Terezin.
06:34The king of Denmark, he insists that the Danish Red Cross are allowed into the city to make sure they're being cared for properly.
06:41For the controllers at the camp, this would be a test.
06:46It appeared as if the people here were being given a more lenient, more affable lifestyle than those in other camps.
06:55But this had a more sinister purpose.
06:58By now, the Nazis had solidified their plan to annihilate the Jewish people.
07:06And they were sending inmates from Terezin to death camps across their empire.
07:13Initially, this camp was designed for between 6,000 and 7,000 people.
07:18But in the height of the conflicts, it was housing eight times that number.
07:24So, in order to satisfy the Danish Red Cross, the Nazis would have to escalate their program of extermination to bring the camp's population down.
07:377,000 inmates were removed and sent to camps elsewhere.
07:43Many of them, in fact, were killed.
07:47Inmates that looked sickly were also physically removed.
07:52The eyes of the world were about to descend on Terezin, so the Nazis were prepared to put on a show.
08:00They have this whole beautification campaign.
08:02They make the prisoners paint houses, plant gardens, do anything that would make it look beautiful, clean, safe, healthy.
08:10They even put on a children's opera in a hall built specially for the occasion.
08:20The delegation concluded the conditions at the camp were adequate.
08:25But the show wasn't over.
08:27The Nazis see a real opportunity here, so they decide they're going to make a new piece of propaganda.
08:35They use the filmmaker, Kurt Guerin, to make a documentary.
08:41Kurt Guerin was a Jewish film director, and he was being forced to film the activities at Terezin for the sake of his life and for the sake of the life of his own wife and family.
08:53It's message was to show how things were done here in Terezin, how well they were doing, and, of course, to con the global population.
09:09And the Nazis were keen to show how much the inmates enjoyed their soccer.
09:15The people in the audience were chosen.
09:21They were definitely meant to be seen.
09:24They cheered enthusiastically, or at least pretended to be enthusiastic.
09:31So the idea, to show the match, was to prove how well the Jewish people were doing in Terezin.
09:38But it painted a picture that couldn't have been in starker contrast to the horrors unfolding within these walls.
09:50In the Czech Republic are the remains of a concentration camp, which the Nazis were determined to portray as an ideal place for Jewish people to resettle.
10:00But when filming wrapped on their deceitful propaganda film, the genocide continued, and a wave of transports departed Terezin, bound for the death camp at Auschwitz.
10:16The vast majority of those in the film died in the gas chambers of a concentration camp, or were destroyed by slave labor.
10:26Even the film's director, Kurt Guerin, was killed.
10:34In the end, the film was never made public during the war.
10:39They made this project to try to fool the world.
10:43But by the time they were finished with it, everyone knew what they had done.
10:47On May 9, 1945, the Soviets finally liberate the town.
10:52And they found terrible horrors within.
10:56More than 150,000 Jewish people were brought to Terezin.
11:0235,000 died here because, in reality, the living conditions were intentionally harsh to hasten death.
11:10A further 88,000 were sent to death camps in Poland.
11:14I don't look at this entirely as propaganda, but more like the last record of the lives of the thousands of people who were here.
11:27So it seems to me more like a memorial, a visual memorial, to those who suffered here.
11:34Many of the Danish Jewish people survived the conditions here, as did the renowned soccer player, Paul Marr.
11:51After the war, he returned to the United States.
11:53While the remnants of the Terezin ghetto still stand in testimony to those who perished here.
12:06In southern England is a domineering building that's synonymous with a monumental fall from grace.
12:13We're in the town of Reading.
12:20It's just a short train ride out of London.
12:22It's a busy town, full of commuters, shops, homes.
12:26But tucked away right in the middle is a hulking eyesore.
12:29Behind the brick wall is an enormous red brick building that has Victorian features, castellated windows.
12:40You almost feel like you could be looking at a royal palace from some angles, but the reality is much less dignified.
12:47Once you're inside, it's clear this can only be a prison.
12:51Long quarters, rows of cell blocks, and a gloomy, oppressive air.
12:56It's the last place you'd expect to find one of the most celebrated figures of British high society.
13:05One man entered the jail and changed its place in history forever.
13:10His arrest shocked the country.
13:12At the time, he was already a household name, but he was reduced to Prisoner C-33.
13:19He was here as a result of one of the first ever celebrity trials.
13:26Matthew Sturgis has written extensively about the prison's most famous inmate and the inhumane conditions he faced.
13:39This is somewhere where your personality is sort of negated.
13:45The whole building is designed to limit your sense of self and your sense of agency.
13:51The reason for this jail's existence dates back to the 18th century, when it was designed to solve a unique problem.
14:02For more than a century, Britain had sentenced many of its criminals to what was known as transportation.
14:09They would be sent halfway around the world to Australia.
14:12But by the mid-19th century, that process was coming to an end.
14:18The result of this, though, was if you stop sending them off to be Australia's problem, they're going to start piling up at home.
14:25When London's prisons became overcrowded, the government looked outside the capital to build somewhere new.
14:34This is Reading Jail.
14:38Reading Jail, in its early years, was full of the typical kind of criminal you'd imagine here.
14:44Thieves, debtors, murderers.
14:46But the laws were about to change in a way that would bring an entirely new kind of felon into the prison.
14:52Homosexuality had been illegal in Britain for hundreds of years.
14:59But in 1885, a new law, nicknamed the Blackmailer's Charter, was introduced.
15:06What it did was it extended the grounds for which somebody could be prosecuted to the point where even if two men exchanged friendly letters where they expressed affection for each other, that could be grounds for prosecution.
15:18This would have grave implications for one of Britain's most famous writers.
15:27Oscar Wilde was a household name at this time.
15:30He was a celebrated poet and playwright, had shows on in the West End, published books, and mingled with the literary elite of London.
15:38His books and his plays were enormously popular, and he himself was a very public figure who liked attention.
15:47But that was also putting his freedom at risk, especially in this new climate.
15:53He was apparently happily married to this lovely wife, Constance.
16:01He had two small children.
16:03But he'd been engaged in a passionate love affair relationship with this young English aristocrat, Lord Alfred Douglas.
16:13Douglas's father happened to be an important and public figure, the Marquess of Queensbury.
16:18The stories floating around about his son and Wilde could land him in hot water.
16:24When the Marquess publicly confronted Wilde about his actions, Wilde sued him for libel.
16:31But when he lost in court, the Crown brought charges against the author for sodomy and gross indecency.
16:40Wilde had a decision to make.
16:43Flee the country or stay to fight the charges.
16:46In 1895, the famous literary giant Oscar Wilde had the chance to flee Britain and escape a public trial for gross indecency.
17:04But he made the ill-advised decision to stay and fight the charges, thinking he would be let off the hook.
17:10He was found guilty and sent to a prison in London, where one of his punishments was hard labour.
17:18What he faced was practically torture.
17:21They employed the crank, which was just a stiff rotating handle attached to nothing.
17:28And the treadmill, where prisoners were forced to walk around like hamsters for hour on end.
17:33Wilde was laid out that when he began his prison sentence in London, he was absolutely crushed by the horror.
17:45Wilde was transferred to Reading Jail in November 1895.
17:50But his situation didn't improve.
17:53While there, he faced a brutal form of incarceration known as the separate system.
17:59This system was all about isolation as a form of punishment and pacification.
18:07Even when they left their cells, they were forced to put on something called a scotch cap,
18:12a kind of leather contraption, leather hood that obscured their face
18:15and made it difficult for people to talk to each other or even recognize each other.
18:19It was literally dehumanizing.
18:22Within these walls, Wilde was reduced to the number of his cell, C-3-3.
18:33It is extraordinary to think that this is Oscar's cell.
18:41The narrowness of the door.
18:44The narrowness of the room.
18:46And he would have spent 20 hours of each day looking at these, these walls.
18:56That door.
18:58That window.
19:00This must have felt like a massive fall from grace.
19:04He was used to crowds applauding him in the theatre.
19:08Wilde wrote,
19:08Soon after writing these heartfelt words, Wilde witnessed an event that inspired one of his last great works as a writer.
19:31In 1896, one of Wilde's fellow inmates was taken into this courtyard for his execution.
19:42Wilde watched the whole execution and found it deeply upsetting and horrifying.
19:49And that became the impetus for his final great work.
19:53When he finished his two-year sentence, Wilde was a shell of his former self in every way.
20:04And his reputation was entirely ruined.
20:08An immense sense of shame shrouded Wilde, and he couldn't stand to be seen in his old circles in London.
20:15After his release in 1897, Wilde exiled himself in France.
20:20And his forbearing wife finally cut him off, when he refused to give up his lover, Lord Alfred.
20:30In France, he wrote a poem about the execution, The Ballad of Reading Jail.
20:37It was published under the name of his cell, C-3-3.
20:41And care was something that would draw on the horrors of the prison world,
20:49the horrors to which he'd been subjected by the British legal system,
20:53and it would transmute them into art.
20:57It was a remarkable poem, and it was remarkably received.
21:02On November 30th, 1900, just three years after his release,
21:11Oscar Wilde died of meningitis in Paris.
21:15The truth was inescapable.
21:17The two years in jail had undermined his health.
21:21Reading Jail, I think, is one of the key elements in Oscar's life.
21:27I mean, the only location, the only address which he turned into a work of art.
21:40Reading Jail continued operating throughout the 20th century.
21:45But in 2014, it was closed for good.
21:49Now, there is a movement to make sure the legacy of its most famous inmate is not forgotten.
21:59There's been a push to save Reading Jail.
22:02Celebrities like Kate Winslet, Natalie Dormer, and Kenneth Branagh have all backed the campaign.
22:07In downtown Memphis, a bastion of institutional corruption hides in plain sight.
22:27We're right at the heart of the city, and it projects this sense of power and authority.
22:31But the domineering edifice belies the dereliction within.
22:37The main entrance is fenced off.
22:40The windows are boarded up.
22:43It makes you wonder, what happened here?
22:48Above the building's grand entrance is etched an indelible clue.
22:53In faded lettering, above the door reads Memphis Police Station.
22:58This was clearly an impressive station.
23:02This now forsaken structure was built by a man who reigned over Memphis for decades,
23:08and who used the people inside to do his dirty work.
23:13He would stop at nothing to control this city, and even the entire state.
23:18Everyone was expected to do his bidding, and if they didn't, there would be consequences.
23:23In the early 1900s, the city of Memphis was experiencing rapid growth.
23:34But with that came a downside.
23:38Business was booming.
23:40But as the population surged, overcrowding, substandard living conditions, and crime became serious social issues.
23:48An ambitious local businessman saw an opportunity and used it to launch his ruthless rise to power by running for mayor on a Democratic ticket to clean up the city.
24:01There was a new political player on the scene, and someone wanted to shake it up, and that was Edward Hull Crump.
24:10When he was elected mayor in 1910, Crump began work on a complex of these, you know, grand structures downtown.
24:20In 1911, work began on a new police headquarters building.
24:25This building was central to his strategy.
24:30It was called Memphis Central Police Station.
24:34Along with their new headquarters, the department recruited more officers and invested in cutting-edge patrol vehicles.
24:43The Memphis police were becoming a modern and efficient police force, and they owed, that's an important word, they owed a lot of that to Edward Crump.
24:55Joe Lowry is a historian who has extensively researched Edward Crump, and his unorthodox operations.
25:04He was a tremendous man of vision, but the way he went about gaining what he gained was different than any other mayor that we ever had here.
25:16The idea was that citizens had more autonomy and power and influence in politics.
25:22They voted for the mayor, but they also voted for the heads of various commissions, like police and fire.
25:29The belief was that this would lead to less corruption, you know, more efficient government.
25:35But Crump had other plans.
25:37He realized that all he really needed to do to control the city was ensure that his people were elected to these commission rules.
25:45And he would control the budgets, the hiring, the firing, and even the police.
25:52The mayor grew his network of trusted lieutenants in key positions.
25:57It became known as the Crump political machine.
26:04This building became an extension of Crump's political machine, and he used the force like his personal staff.
26:10They were expected to help him campaign, register voters, and even drive citizens to the polls to make sure that they voted for the right candidate.
26:19And this was all done on their own time and without pay.
26:22Any police who didn't agree with what he was doing would find themselves passed over for promotion, given worse duties, or fired under some pretext.
26:31They intimidated and imprisoned journalists, fabricated charges against Crump's enemies, and enforced the mayor's dubious views.
26:43Crump used his police department to influence white rule, and they did it at the end of a nightstick.
26:53Mr. Crump was a white supremacist.
26:56He was a segregationist.
26:58He ran Memphis just exactly like a small plantation, and he was the master.
27:07Everybody, judges, department heads, state judges, all were taking their orders from the machine.
27:18This guy had absolute, total power.
27:24And Crump's ambition spread far beyond Memphis.
27:28In 1931, he was elected to the U.S. Congress and became a close ally of future President Franklin D. Roosevelt.
27:38When he would go to Washington, Roosevelt had a standing order that if Mr. Crump came, he didn't need an appointment,
27:46because he knew that Crump was that powerful and could bring the votes.
27:50In 1937, Crump made sure that his longtime ally, Joe Boyle, was appointed to the position of a police commissioner,
28:07mostly because Boyle would do his bidding.
28:10Every decision made by the police department was made by Mr. Crump, through his police chief and his police commissioner.
28:21And Crump liked the way he did things because Joe Boyle was an aggressive bully.
28:26There were numerous reporters that had their cameras broken, and they were beat down because they wrote something that they shouldn't write.
28:35But in the 1940s, Crump's absolute control was challenged, and he would go to great lengths to maintain his grip on power.
28:44That challenge came from an entrepreneur and Republican organizer who would not kowtow to Crump's regime.
28:52J.B. Martin was a successful black businessman in Memphis.
28:58He owned a successful drug store, and also was the owner of the Memphis Red Sox.
29:03Dr. Martin made an enemy of Crump by supporting his political opponent.
29:09Campaigning for the Republican candidate in the upcoming presidential elections,
29:14he was putting himself at odds with Crump and his political machine.
29:18Consequences would be life-changing.
29:21In Memphis is a derelict police station that was once under the personal control of career politician Edward Crump.
29:36In the late 1940s, he used the building's officers to target his enemy, an influential drug store owner named Dr. Martin.
29:46Mr. Crump realized that Dr. Martin was one of those guys that you wanted to follow.
29:53He was a guy that you respected because of his knowledge and because of his character.
30:01He dispatched his loyal deputies to persuade Dr. Martin to renounce his support of the Republican presidential candidate and Crump opponent.
30:12They went to him and they told him, do not support that candidate.
30:17And he basically told them what they could do with themselves.
30:22Realizing that he couldn't be threatened, Crump used his man in the police, Commissioner Boyle, to do his dirty work.
30:31From his office in this building, Boyle accused Martin of selling illegal drugs and ordered two policemen to stand in front of his drug store all day.
30:42Police searched everyone going in and out of Martin's store, including kindergartners who were buying ice cream.
30:48Eventually, people just didn't really want to go, and so they just basically put him out of business and they ran him out of town.
30:58He went to Chicago.
31:01Dr. Martin's crucial support for Crump's political opponent had been crushed.
31:07It just goes to show you the power and control Crump had.
31:13It was more like a dictatorship, actually.
31:16Crump's grip over the city continued right up until the day he died on October 16th, 1954.
31:25Only then did his political machine grind to a halt.
31:30After Crump's death, the Memphis police force continued to grow.
31:35This was certainly still an impressive building to work in, but it wasn't really built for an ever-expanding police force.
31:43By the 1980s, the police station was getting overcrowded and tired in need of renovation.
31:50So, in 1982, it was finally shuttered.
31:54For more than 40 years, it has sat dormant.
31:57Today, while the former Memphis police headquarters faces an uncertain future, the complex legacy of E.H. Crump continues to be felt across the city.
32:15He had such a command of administration and how to use people.
32:22When you have that, you can do anything.
32:28And then he did.
32:37Off the southern tip of Argentina lies a remote coastal settlement that served as the backdrop for an unlikely global showdown.
32:46On the edge of town, there is this long airstrip, and then in the distance, you see what looks like mounds of earth, but there's actually something under them.
33:01They're entirely bare inside.
33:03There's no sign of any furnishings, just these huge curved roofs.
33:07These don't look like airport buildings.
33:12These look like something much chunkier.
33:17This quiet facility and the people living nearby were plunged into a war that no one thought they could win.
33:24An armada of warships and aircraft carriers set sail from Europe to this far-flung corner of the South Atlantic Ocean.
33:37This was a mobilization the likes of which the country hadn't seen since World War II.
33:42This spot is going to become a piece of key terrain in a confrontation that will pit a regional power against a world power.
33:58Argentinians, like Alejandro Guerrero, lived through a time when his country faced severe economic problems.
34:15It's very difficult to explain today, but at that time, there was a constant concern.
34:21Generations were permanently on edge.
34:24In the late 1970s, Argentina's military junta looked to war to distract its discontented public from the government's failings.
34:37In 1978, a military air base was built here to focus on the tense and conflicted warlike atmosphere with the neighboring country of Chile.
34:47Successful diplomatic intervention averted war with Chile.
34:55But by the 1980s, when a new military leader came to power, Argentina's woes had still not abated.
35:03In 1982, General Galtieri realizes that the Falklands present a very enticing opportunity for him.
35:10But the Falklands had been a British overseas territory since the 1800s.
35:15They valued its potential resources and strategic position over sea routes.
35:21Its 2,000-odd islanders considered themselves British, but Argentina had long disputed control.
35:28On April 2nd, Galtieri launched a full-scale invasion of the islands.
35:34By many, it was seen as this grand nationalistic move.
35:39The Argentines are convinced the last thing the British are going to do is fight.
35:47Why would they, right? I mean, it's over 8,000 miles away.
35:51U.S. President Ronald Reagan tried to convince the British not to fight,
35:56even though the Americans were supplying intelligence, fuel, and ammunition to the British behind the scenes.
36:03To the surprise of everyone.
36:09And as the world watches, in disbelief, a British task force is moving slowly to take the Falklands back.
36:22In 1982, a British armada, made up of 127 ships, carrying 25,000 troops, headed to the Falkland Islands to defend their strategic outpost.
36:40Meanwhile, the invading Argentinians rushed to fortify their positions there.
36:48But they ran into a problem.
36:51The Falklands only had three airfields, and none of them were big enough to support fast jets.
36:56And so the Argentines had to launch their bombers and fighter jets from the mainland.
37:01This is Puerto San JuliΓ‘n Airfield, the closest point on mainland Argentina to the Falklands, more than 400 miles away.
37:14By April 5th, this was a world of over 1,000 people working 24-7.
37:21It never stopped.
37:22Then, on May 1st, 1982, the British task force arrived off the coast of the Falkland Islands.
37:32At the same time, pilots from Puerto San JuliΓ‘n took to the skies.
37:38It's precisely from here, from San JuliΓ‘n, that the first mission making contact and engaging the British fleet departed.
37:46One day later, a British nuclear submarine responded with an attack that remains controversial to this day.
37:58HMS Conqueror is able to put weapons into the General Belgrano and sink it.
38:08The Belgrano was an Argentine Navy cruiser, which had been bought from the U.S. military.
38:14This was one of Argentina's key military assets.
38:21The Argentinians respond by bombing a series of targets around the Falklands.
38:29The Argentine Air Force pounds the British task force, pounds it when it lands, pounds it when it's at sea.
38:39All the people of Puerto San JuliΓ‘n could do was wait, and hope that the pilots would return home safely.
38:50The residents would watch the fighter jets take off, and then when the pilots came back,
38:55they would be counting each aircraft in the sky to make sure no one had been lost.
38:59It's a time that locals like Andres Kyle will never forget.
39:08I knew people who would say things like,
39:10hey, did you notice that today four planes took off, and only two or three came back?
39:16Over 45 days, the two squadrons based at Puerto San JuliΓ‘n flew more than 150 sorties against British ships.
39:28There were allegedly seven ships sunk.
39:32Nobody in the world, especially Britain, expected Argentine aircraft to hit even one ship.
39:39The Argentine Air Force is immensely successful at blunting the British attack.
39:50For a moment, it seemed the Argentinian underdogs might have the upper hand,
39:55but the pilots' efforts would be in vain.
39:57The Argentine forces were not strong enough.
40:05Those poor Argentine conscripts freezing in trenches in the Falklands, they had no chance.
40:14The British army manages to kill or capture all the Argentines.
40:21They surrender, and the Union flag flew once again.
40:30The conflict lasted just 74 days, and it cost the lives of 649 Argentines, 255 British, and three Falkland Islanders.
40:42The British had regained their strategic foothold in the South Atlantic.
40:47And by the end of the year, the airfield at Puerto San JuliΓ‘n had been abandoned.
40:53After the conflict ended, the hangars were basically left to their own devices,
40:58and life in this sleepy port town went back to normal.
41:06Currently, the Falkland Islands is still in British hands.
41:10But for many, the dispute remains.
41:13If you ask me what I think, well, geographically and historically,
41:21the Falklands are Argentinian, and have always been Argentinian.
41:25For me, they were Argentinians, and they were always Argentinians.
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