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Documentary, Pandora's Box Part 1: by Adam Curtis-The Engineers
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00:00I dreamt last night, the moon was so bright, it melted the walls away.
00:08And it wasn't alarming when I saw Prince Charming come into my bedroom and say...
00:16Let me persuade you to come to the place where tomorrow meets today.
00:22Ooh!
00:23If you were a scientist, you were in.
00:53Your excellent science, I am your faithful servant.
00:58Let's go tomorrow!
01:00Building a new world.
01:09To those who began the revolution in Russia 75 years ago, science was a grand liberating force.
01:16They believed Karl Marx had discovered the scientific laws of society
01:20which they would now use to unlock the gates to a new world
01:23where everyone would be equal and free.
01:27But within 20 years, the revolution was taken over by technocrats
01:31who looked down on the crowd below as though they were atoms.
01:35They were inspired not by Marx but by the laws of engineering.
01:39They believed they could transform the Soviet Union into a giant rational machine
01:43which they would run for their political masters.
01:46There are a lot of people.
01:49They are dressed differently.
01:50They are dressed differently.
01:51They are dressed differently.
01:52They are dressed differently.
01:53But all of these people who are walking,
01:56they are aggregated into some social groups.
02:02In society there are absolutely objective laws.
02:07Even in nature, in physics, in mechanics.
02:11And so I wanted to make people happy.
02:13And so I wanted to make people happy.
02:18And so I wanted to make them,
02:21if they are not rich, they are enough.
02:32Come on everybody!
02:34This is a story of science and political power.
02:51How the Bolshevik's vision of using science to change the world
02:54was itself transformed.
02:56What resulted was a strange experiment,
02:58far removed from the original aims of the revolution.
03:01Greetings from Moscow, the capital of the Soviet Union,
03:07the world's first socialist state,
03:10in which everything belongs to the people,
03:13everything is created by the people,
03:16and everything is done to benefit the people.
03:20From the beginning of the revolution,
03:22modern technology was central to the Bolsheviks' plans.
03:25Above all, the new power of electricity.
03:27In 1920 Lenin unveiled in the Kremlin a huge map,
03:31studded with light bulbs,
03:32to show the planned electrification of the country.
03:37To illuminate the bulbs,
03:38all electricity in the rest of Moscow had to be shut off.
03:42The idea was simple.
03:47He was interested not only to build factories, factories,
03:51electric stations,
03:52but the idea was such a way to create a new person.
03:56The idea was such a way to create a new person.
03:57The plan of Guil-Rou was really different from any other
04:01that had been developed before this time.
04:04Communism, said Lenin, is Soviet power plus electrification.
04:23The aim of the Bolsheviks was to transform the people they ruled
04:26into what they called scientific beings.
04:29People able to understand and control the machines of the modern world
04:33rather than become enslaved by them.
04:36They organised mass parades
04:38where the machines symbolically crushed
04:40the irrational dogmas of the past.
04:43Moscow became what Lenin called a talking city.
04:46Its walls adorned with geometric perspectives,
04:49giving glimpses of a new rational world.
04:51Its statues surrounded by parallelograms and futuristic structures.
04:56Even music was used to transform the way people understood the world.
05:03Electrical machines made what was called rational music.
05:17The most extraordinary project of all was the Central Institute of Labour,
05:20set up on Lenin's orders.
05:22It was run by Alexei Gastev,
05:25who photographed and studied workers
05:27as though they were parts in a machine.
05:30It was far more than mere time and motion.
05:33Gastev believed he could teach people
05:35to think and behave in a rational way.
05:40To do this, he built the social engineering machine,
05:43a giant structure of pulleys, cogs and weights.
05:47How it worked is today a mystery, even to his son.
05:50In the central institute of work,
05:53was built a social engineering machine.
05:58Social engineering, I think,
06:00is an account of short paths,
06:05as he was looking for
06:07in this way,
06:09the maximum effective path.
06:12So it is possible to learn the state,
06:14as this person is teaching.
06:17The state can teach people to control,
06:19as well as any other machine.
06:23And this social engineering machine
06:25must be installed everywhere.
06:28To make the new society work so effectively,
06:32as it is in the state,
06:34this is the task of social engineering machine,
06:36if you understand the person
06:38as part of this social engineering machine,
06:41as part of this engineering machine.
06:43Such is the power of science,
06:45said Trotsky,
06:46that the average human being
06:48will become an Aristotle,
06:49a Goethe,
06:50a Marx,
06:51and beyond this,
06:52new peaks will rise.
06:54In fact,
06:59the power to shape the future of the Soviet Union
07:02was passing to those who could build
07:04the new industrial society
07:06that the Bolsheviks wanted so much.
07:09They were known as the bourgeois specialists,
07:11engineers from before the revolution
07:13who had the skills needed
07:14to master the modern technology.
07:17Many had actually opposed the revolution,
07:19but by 1923,
07:21they made up over three quarters
07:22of the powerful state planning committee.
07:26Under the Tsar,
07:27their plans for factories and power stations
07:29had remained on the drawing board.
07:30Now,
07:31they were being given the chance to build them,
07:33and they became influential figures.
07:37At that time,
07:38there were large engineers,
07:40engineers,
07:41engineers,
07:42engineers,
07:43engineers,
07:44engineers,
07:45engineers,
07:47engineers,
07:48engineers,
07:49engineers,
07:50engineers,
07:53engineers,
07:54engineers,
07:55engineers,
07:56engineers,
07:57engineers,
07:58engineers,
08:02engineers,
08:04you know,
08:06and felt.
08:07And they felt,
08:08a path of thought
08:09for this living.
08:13Those people came across
08:15a day looking at anyzet blowing
08:17Lenin saw how his dream of control over this new technical world
08:21was slipping away.
08:23To tell the truth, he said, the Communists are not directing anything.
08:27They are being directed.
08:33But in 1924, Lenin died.
08:38After a bitter struggle, Stalin seized power.
08:41He was determined to recapture the momentum of the revolution.
08:44To do so, he decided to send Russia
08:47on a crash course of industrialisation.
08:50It would bring even more power to the bourgeois engineers.
08:56We were standing there.
08:58We were on the bus.
08:59We were on the bus.
09:01We were on the bus.
09:03We were on the bus.
09:05We were on the bus.
09:07We were on the bus.
09:09We were on the bus.
09:11We were on the bus.
09:13We were on the bus.
09:15We were on the bus.
09:16We were on the bus.
09:17We were on the bus.
09:18We were on the bus.
09:19We were on the bus.
09:20We were on the bus.
09:21In 1927, Stalin began the five-year plan.
09:24Hundreds of thousands of volunteers travelled to the remote and desolate parts of the Soviet
09:29Union.
09:30Millions more were forced off the land at gunpoint to join them.
09:34They had five years, Stalin told them, to build a modern industrial state.
09:39The electrician parts came from the bus.
09:41We moved in the bus.
09:42We went all to the town of the bus.
09:44We went to the bus.
09:45We were on the bus.
09:46We said, let's go to the bus.
09:48We put the walls in the walls, the walls in the walls, so that they don't wake up.
09:57Guys, don't leave, don't leave.
10:02Magnet will be one of the commercial cities.
10:06Everything will be.
10:09And one of the steps will be...
10:18Magnetogorsk, built in the far-off Ural Mountains on the edge of Asia, was to become one of the largest steel plants in the world.
10:30At the centre of these gigantic projects were the only engineers the Soviet Union possessed, the bourgeois specialists.
10:39The bourgeois engineers went on to be organizers and directors of the great buildings.
10:50Of course, they sold their freedom.
10:54It didn't mean that at first.
10:58On the other hand, it seemed to be clear that there were no obvious horizons of freedom of art.
11:06No one of them knew that their great plans would be to turn back to the people with enthusiasm to restore our own land,
11:19will sit with us under the court, and will be accused of the fraud.
11:25At the end of 1930, the engineers' dream suddenly became a nightmare.
11:31Where are you now?
11:34Stalin ordered 2,000 of them to be arrested, and eight of the most senior were put on a public show trial.
11:53The charges were fantastic.
11:55The prosecutor alleged that the bourgeois engineers were leaders of a political organization, the Industrial Party,
12:01and had plotted to seize power.
12:03Their government would have been composed solely of technical specialists and scientists.
12:08Their confessions were carefully rehearsed.
12:11But behind this public charade was a very real struggle.
12:29Stalin, like Lenin before him, had come to realize that with technology came power.
12:34A year before, a group of these engineers had publicly challenged him to give them more control of the five-year plan.
12:41The future they had announced belongs to managing engineers.
12:45Instead, they were led away from the cameras, condemned to death, or to continue to work on their schemes in chains.
12:52A week later, Stalin announced, Bolsheviks must master technology.
13:01It is time for the Bolsheviks themselves to become specialists.
13:05In the Reconstruction period, technology decides everything.
13:09He ordered engineering schools to be set up across the country to train thousands of the young party faithful.
13:18But in the process, the aim of the revolution was redefined.
13:22Ten years before, technology was to have been a radiant means of liberating millions of people.
13:28Now it had become an end in itself.
13:31For these young red experts, it was simply large-scale industrial production.
13:36There was also a large plethora of engineers.
13:41The score was already on hundreds of thousands.
13:44It is necessary to admit that it were people who looked at the society as a mechanism.
13:50Just as a mechanism.
13:52The terminology was close to Stalin.
13:55The person was a villain in this mechanism.
13:58If we look carefully at the psychology of these people,
14:02they truly believed that with the technology,
14:06that this mechanism could quickly move forward.
14:09But in reality, it was different.
14:12It was different.
14:13There were companies, factories, factories, new companies.
14:16They needed new engineers.
14:19And it became strange.
14:21Engineers create new engineers.
14:24We are now in the country,
14:26they prepare engineers even now.
14:28More than in any country.
14:30The education the engineers received was of the narrowest kind.
14:35Lunachowski, the Commissar of Education, pleaded with Stalin.
14:40There is a certain minimum of general scientific culture, he said,
14:43which an engineer must master and which we cannot dispense with.
14:47It is as if discovering that it is possible to live with four fingers,
14:51we have decided to cut off the fifth one.
14:54But he was dismissed.
15:10The model for this new, simplified world was America,
15:13the most successful industrial state in the world.
15:16Stalin was determined to overtake it.
15:19The prototype was Magnetogors,
15:29which had been based on a particular American city.
15:32We invite you to a city which has the largest steelworks,
15:39the largest tin plant in the world.
15:41We invite you to a city of blazing furnaces,
15:45of handsome homes, of magnificent schools,
15:48of splendid churches, of towering hotels,
15:52and fraternal temples, of shining beaches,
15:55of restful dunes, of winding drives of flashing water
15:59and dazzling sands.
16:00This is the city that we invite you.
16:03And truthfully, it is called the Magic City.
16:07Called the Magic City for these reasons.
16:14Like many cities in America's northeast,
16:16Gary, Indiana is now almost derelict.
16:19But 70 years ago, it was a new kind of model city,
16:22planned in an ordered way around a giant steel mill.
16:25To its builders, it was a chance to break
16:28with the complexities of the past.
16:31We were building that city,
16:33and we took pride in that.
16:35We started fresh.
16:37We didn't have to undo anything.
16:39And we picked out what was the best all over.
16:42Even the steel mills.
16:45We didn't have to destroy something to put something better in.
16:48We started with something better right along.
16:51We got the best out of the catalogs that were available.
16:54Those were some of the things that was a magic city.
16:57There was a magic in doing this thing.
16:59You took pride in something like that.
17:03They were all building the new world.
17:08Magnetogorsk was a copy of Gary.
17:11These plans for the works,
17:12with the city radiating out from beyond,
17:14were drawn up by the same American designers who built Gary.
17:20Inspired by one of the most ambitious construction projects
17:22in the world,
17:23some American engineers even came to Magnetogorsk
17:26to take part in the building of Russia's city of steel.
17:28Our dreams, of course, were very high.
17:33We dreamed that there will be a beautiful city,
17:35that this city will go to American cities.
17:37We dreamed that there will be a beautiful city,
17:40that this city will go to American cities.
17:44And my dream, of course, was,
17:49first of all, was in the buildings,
17:51in our good homes, in parks.
17:54We had a beautiful park,
17:57built by the workers.
17:59The first tree, I tell you,
18:00that it was just metal.
18:03There were some trees,
18:04and there were some trees,
18:05and these trees were,
18:06and I think,
18:07there were some trees that were made out of metal.
18:08There was no one tree,
18:09and there was no one tree.
18:10It was a dream,
18:11and the truth,
18:12and the transformation of the things that people do.
18:14We believe in it,
18:16but I hope we won't be wrong.
18:18as in gary a planned city began to grow up around the plant but in a quiet valley nearby a very
18:29different city was constructed where the american engineers lived designed by a young russian
18:35architect named saprikin these dozen large houses were copied almost exactly from american
18:41architectural catalogues the result was something very much approaching mount vernon new york or
18:47germantown pennsylvania and what everyone called the american city the atmosphere of a summer evening
18:56held a suspicion of the smugness of park avenue yet less than two miles away the wolves howled and the
19:02wind blew across the endless russian step when we came to bereska there was such a melodic song
19:14that's a good idea those who lived in the american city were the new elite a mixture of old bolshevik
19:29commissars foreign technicians and an ever-increasing number of young red engineers
19:34by the mid-30s the engineers had become the heroes in soviet society praised by stalin they flaunted
19:42their new status relaxing in the shadow of the modern industrial world they had built for him
19:47soviet man who was once to have surpassed aristotle goethe and marx had been replaced by the image of a
19:58zealous engineer taught to think of everything in technical terms and completely loyal to stalin
20:13in the 30s thousands traveled to the soviet union to marvel at this dream come true
20:19but what they saw was not communism instead it was an orderly society administered by technocrats
20:24george bernard shaw like many other fellow travelers made it clear that what he admired
20:31was the benevolent despotism of these enlightened technicians in russia he said the leaders have
20:37been scientifically educated for their job hello good evening everybody this is moscow calling the
20:46counter-revolutionary trotsky wrecking group in the kimirova mines is over the proletarian
20:52in 1937 stalin began another series of purges death to the enemies of the people this time his
21:05targets were the tens of thousands of old bolsheviks once he had fought the revolution with them now
21:11they ran the country as commissars and plant directors in a notorious wave of show trials
21:16starlin destroyed them the purge struck magnetogors with great force no group nobody in the works was
21:25spared ну тогда был клич такой что специалисты в авторитетах туда-сюда сажать значит у нас был
21:38директор завода завода завинягин арам павлович вот начальником доме цех короба павел
21:47ивановичу позвонить завидая абрам павлович то что старые специалисты уезжают да тот абрам
21:55павлович звонит павел иванович от тебя же едут специалисты везжают чем-то остаюсь он говорит
22:01я остаюсь молодежью будет молодые кадры работать отпускаете всех подпустили осталась одна была
22:11он был арестован в тридцать восьмом году в тридцать девятом его судили расстреляли это было
22:23довольно вот социально-инженерная машина могла бы это предсказать что надвигается какая-то
22:27колоссальная растрата понимаете вот как человек заведующий складом задумал что-то уничтожить
22:34так и тут надвигалась вот социально-инженерная машина я могу себе представить как она нервничает как
22:40она чувствует что что-то тут такое происходит что-то получается что-то чудовищно но к сожалению
22:46якому было и воспрепятствовать этому это так и произошло
22:56the beneficiaries of these purges were stalin's red engineers
23:00as the thirties drew to a close they were in charge throughout soviet industry
23:04among them were young men like leonid brezhnev alexei kosygin
23:11and nikita khrushchev
23:14unlike their predecessors the bourgeois engineers they were completely unquestioning of stalin's
23:18political aims their narrow specialist training now led them to approach the task of planning
23:24the soviet union as though it were a piece of engineering
23:26they will be technical solutions to everything
23:42the war seemed to prove the engineers right
23:44it was their organization of the industrial plants that ultimately saved russia from the nazis
23:49of the united states
23:54victory left large parts of the country utterly destroyed
23:58those now in charge were convinced that to rebuild the soviet union an all-embracing plan
24:03would be needed one in which everything would be taken care of in a rational way
24:07it was a vision of a planned utopia
24:20so
24:22CHOIR SINGS
24:52As the women sing of the future, they march past the giant headquarters of this organised society.
25:00GOSPLAN, State Plan.
25:03Here, to GOSPLAN, there is information from all the country, and not only the management or technical information.
25:12It is information about the society, social information.
25:16And so all our great side, this information is here.
25:22Here is the room where our department works.
25:28I will open one room, let's see.
25:32Here, here, here, here, here, here, here.
25:36They, here, here, here, here, here, here, here.
25:46GOSPLAN
25:48GOSPLAN
25:50GOSPLAN
25:52GOSPLAN
25:54GOSPLAN
25:56GOSPLAN
25:58GOSPLAN
26:00GOSPLAN
26:02GOSPLAN
26:04Managers built a world that was simple, like a machine.
26:10Everything society needed, down to the smallest object, was constructed to their design.
26:20Their instructions were called planned indicators, rational predictions of what they knew society needed.
26:30GOSPLAN
26:32GOSPLAN
26:33GOSPLAN
26:34GOSPLAN
26:35GOSPLAN
26:37GOSPLAN
26:38GOSPLAN
26:39GOSPLAN
26:40GOSPLAN
26:41GOSPLAN
26:42GOSPLAN
26:43GOSPLAN
26:44GOSPLAN
26:45GOSPLAN
26:46GOSPLAN
26:47GOSPLAN
26:48GOSPLAN
26:49GOSPLAN
26:50I'm a general director, and this is my master for quality.
26:54We produce a lot of shielding products.
26:57We produce 70 million, which is enough for the entire population of the Soviet Union.
27:04Before, it was very difficult to work,
27:07because to the union there was a lot of different kinds of indicators.
27:13For example, shielding was planned for a bit,
27:17and also planned other products.
27:24The small details of the shielding control
27:29by the state agencies,
27:32by the state agencies,
27:34by the region agencies,
27:36by the parties.
27:38In particular, how many shielding needs to be made to the company.
27:47One wants to get a view from all sides of this beautiful structure,
27:51which the Soviet people call the Palace of Science.
27:57By the early 50s, vast reconstruction projects
28:00had changed the face of Soviet cities.
28:02Rationing ended six years earlier than in Britain.
28:06The Soviet Union was now an advanced industrial society.
28:10It was the golden age of the plan.
28:14But in its grandeur,
28:15the sweep of its ambitions
28:17lay the seeds of its downfall.
28:19The idea of the plan is not absurd.
28:22The idea of the plan is not absurd.
28:27But the state of the plan and the spread of the plan
28:31and the spread of the entire sphere of life
28:33only by the state of the plan –
28:35it is already absurd.
28:37In the time of the Beria,
28:38which was appointed by the government of the government,
28:40the government of the NKVD,
28:41the government of the NKVD,
28:42planned to even a number of people who need to arrest,
28:45to be sent to one place to another.
28:47It was something different.
28:48It was already hard to tell us,
28:50what percent,
28:51how many people,
28:52where.
29:01It was even a number of graves.
29:03It was a number of movies.
29:04It was a number of movies.
29:05It was a number of movies.
29:06It was a number of movies.
29:07It was a number of movies.
29:08It was absurd.
29:10For ten years, the world has been dominated by the malignant power of Stalin.
29:20Now, Stalin is dead, and he cannot bequeath to anyone his prestige.
29:27A new era begins.
29:29When Stalin died, much of the machinery of terror disappeared.
29:33The planned economy flourished.
29:36But as it did so, strange things began to happen.
29:44The planners discovered that what seemed rational to them could lead to the oddest behaviour.
29:49Whole trainloads of output travelled thousands of miles for no reason,
29:53simply to fulfil a plan that measured success in tons carried per kilometre.
30:00Folk tales about the plan began to circulate.
30:03So, they changed once,
30:07So, complete the halten is a plan.
30:10The plan is a plan.
30:11The plan could be done with no more and more.
30:12Then the slightly more.
30:13So, the plan should be done with no more.
30:14The plan is big,
30:16Just a small and more.
30:17If you can do it with no more,
30:19this plan is a lot of life.
30:22In a thousand, 400-500 km.
30:23Does a lot of life make sure you want from us to get out.
30:24Then you can have to make it a lot of life,
30:27And then you can have to be done with no more.
30:28This plan is a lot of life.
30:29If you want to make it,
30:30You need to make it a lot of life.
30:31In certain kilometers, some people send the engine and turn the speedometer back to the speedometer.
30:46Nikita Khrushchev, 1931 graduate from the Moscow Industrial Academy, understood the problem.
30:52It was the growing complexity of Soviet society.
30:55What had made it manageable was not scientific planning,
30:58but Stalin's brutal terror.
31:01Khrushchev's dilemma was how to change the plan,
31:04and the thinking of those who made it.
31:11Here's the plan.
31:16We're going to go.
31:18Here's the plan.
31:20They sit there.
31:23Where do they take these plans?
31:25I don't know.
31:26If we could put them in our place,
31:28they'd probably have thought about where to take these plans.
31:33Here's our room.
31:35Here's no one.
31:36There's a meeting.
31:37There's also something like that.
31:40In 1957, Khrushchev attacked the planning bureaucracy publicly.
31:44He made a speech that laid bare the growing absurdities in Soviet life.
31:49Why, he asked, were sofas getting bigger and bigger?
31:53Why were the metal chandeliers that hung from the Kremlin ceilings and everywhere else in Russia so heavy that they threatened to come crashing down?
32:00The reason, he said, was the planner's method of assessing the plan.
32:05The more metal, the more wood the factories used, the better the plan was working.
32:13As part of a whole series of reforms, Khrushchev insisted that the bureaucrats must begin to take into account the price of things.
32:19The price of things.
32:20How are the prices of things?
32:22The price of things?
32:24The price of things.
32:25The price of the product is used by the government and services.
32:32The price of all the product is produced by the product,
32:38and the price of the product is about 25 million dollars,
32:43the price of the Soviet Union is confirmed.
32:48The number of members of our committee is about 400 people of high-quality experts who are doing all this work.
33:03This is not a full amount of prescurents.
33:10This can be increased in two times.
33:15I think this is a significant sign of the system that is rational.
33:22This is a system of CEN.
33:25Today it is a very gross.
33:27The modern technology allows us to break this prescurents
33:33to several books or books that could be used to be in the workplace.
33:45One second.
33:47Excuse me. Yes, right now.
33:54Good. I beg your pardon.
33:58In the urgent matters, the minister is required.
34:08The Soviet people built socialism,
34:11made a great change in the economic, political, state life of the country
34:18and went on a wide way to the communist...
34:21Despite his optimism, Khrushchev's attempts to reform the planning system failed.
34:26Taking power away from Gosplan and creating regional plans
34:30only added to the complexity.
34:32One senior scientist, academician Glushkov, predicted that by 1980
34:43the entire Soviet population would be employed in administering the plan.
34:47The solution, he said, was the new science of rational control from America, cybernetics.
34:54Cybernetics is a young branch of science which has a tremendous future.
34:59Here is what director of the Institute of Cybernetics,
35:03academician Viktor Glushkov says.
35:06Cybernetics occupies a central place
35:09in the developing scientific and technological revolution.
35:12What I have in mind is the use of computers in planning the future,
35:16in forecasting scientific and technological progress.
35:19The economy of the state of the Soviet Union,
35:30according to our analysis, was in a crisis situation.
35:35And we needed to sit down at night and sit down,
35:41to create such models,
35:44which would allow the national business,
35:48its separate industries,
35:51to increase economic effectiveness
35:55and on this basis
35:57to increase the productivity of public labor.
36:00And on this basis
36:02to increase the responsibility of people.
36:04We tried,
36:08and everything from us was dependent,
36:11to create a large economic science.
36:16A large economic science.
36:18A large.
36:19Not to do the actions,
36:20but a large economic science.
36:22Into this computer the planners fed all the information
36:25they could find about Soviet society.
36:27For a brief moment in the mid-sixties,
36:30it revitalized the hope
36:31that science could control society in a rational way.
36:37And some of these people
36:39really had illusions,
36:41not knowing the economy.
36:43Illusion,
36:44that you can plan everything with electronic machines,
36:47and so on.
36:49And so on.
36:53But this was a utopia.
36:57Until this is all,
37:00to say that it has completely happened,
37:02I will not say.
37:03It starts to get,
37:05it starts to get,
37:07it starts to get,
37:08it starts to get,
37:09but until this is not all,
37:12it is not all that science is proposed.
37:14Why?
37:15Because it needs to be,
37:18those who have done this,
37:20it needs to be understood in the science.
37:22and the ''O''s,
37:24its own.
37:29.
37:39The attempt to use computers,
37:40on such a vast scale,
37:41could not save the plan,
37:42or Nikita Khrushchev.
37:44In 1964, he was replaced by Brezhnev and Kosygin.
37:49They were convinced that there were rational scientific solutions
37:53that could still lead Russia to the Promised Land.
38:02The country's new leaders realised that,
38:04although the economy was still growing
38:06and living conditions still improving,
38:08the plan was badly out of control.
38:10No, we're not suddenly back in Moscow.
38:16These people are all Siberians.
38:18Workers in a large aircraft factory,
38:21metal workers, turners, tool makers, designers and engineers.
38:26The problem was the complexity of modern life,
38:29the intricacy of people's demands.
38:31The solution, the planners believed,
38:33was to find a scientific way of predicting what their people wanted.
38:40Well, I don't know,
38:42I don't know,
38:45I don't know,
38:46I think,
38:48I think,
38:49that in the plan of the economy
38:51it would be better and easier and easier.
38:54You can see the situation,
38:55the situation,
39:00which is now,
39:04with the care of women,
39:06for example.
39:08It's easier to predict,
39:09because there are certain factors,
39:11which determine the development of the demand.
39:14We know it.
39:15It was necessary to consider,
39:17to calculate the number of women,
39:20to calculate the number of women,
39:21to calculate the number of women,
39:23and the number of women,
39:24and how many people need,
39:25and how many people need,
39:26how many people need,
39:27and how many people need.
39:28These young people are looking in a two-way mirror.
39:30These young people are looking in a two-way mirror.
39:33One of the sources of information
39:36is the so-called
39:37the network of trade respondents,
39:39special observers,
39:41who are looking for the situation of trade.
39:44In each city,
39:45two observers,
39:47and every month,
39:48they tell us here.
39:50We are using this information
39:51on computers,
39:53here,
39:55here,
39:56here,
39:57here,
39:58here,
39:59here,
40:00we know,
40:01how do they trade
40:02with all the products,
40:03with all the products,
40:04with all the products,
40:05with all the products.
40:07Here,
40:08here,
40:09here,
40:10here,
40:11at this point,
40:12there are
40:13new owner
40:38with clothing on a thick plate, on a platform.
40:43Our industry started to produce this clothing only when it came out of the mode.
40:55And now, I think, there is already a certain set of clothing.
41:03When the modern industry starts to produce some kind of product in a sufficient amount,
41:10it will stop being moded.
41:12The end of the 1960s began the most scary time of the period of the post-war period.
41:36The end of the period of the period of the period of the 20th century has increased.
41:56By the mid-70s, the Soviet leadership gave up attempting to reform the plan.
42:11As the economy finally began to slow down,
42:14much of industry degenerated into pointless, elaborate ritual.
42:18What had begun as a grand, moral attempt to build a rational society
42:22ended by creating a bizarre, bewildering existence for millions of Soviet people.
42:35There's the Pacific, the quiet ocean, the roar of which never dies down.
42:41Somewhere beyond the horizon, there are the 1980s, new destinies and new songs.
42:52Zimmy мне нечего пугаться, не только груз, мои года, мои года, мое богатство.
43:04Пусть голова моя всегда, не только груз, мои года, мои года, мое богатство.
43:16Пусть голова моя всегда, не только груз, мои года, мое богатство.
43:25Конечно, встает вопрос, почему же нам не удалось сделать то, о чем мы мечтали,
43:32построить такое общество, которое дало бы человеку полный простор
43:35в развитии его духовных начала, его культуры, благосостояния.
43:40Кто виноват?
43:41...relationships between Churchill, Roosevelt and de Gaulle in Allies at War.
43:50...nobody knows the trouble I've seen.
43:55Glory, Alleluia.
43:59...
44:08...
44:10...
44:11...
44:12...
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