00:00In this video, we are going to show you how to prevent the spread of COVID-19.
00:15With the advent of COVID-19, a real turning point in our history.
00:20In addition to pneumonia, we have begun to hear about vasculitis.
00:24In fact, that the history of COVID-19 was not simply based on the simple syllogism according to which a respiratory virus must cause only one pneumonia,
00:33the Chinese had also told us, those of Wang and Intorni,
00:37who in a study conducted already in February 2020, had told us about a cytokinetic storm,
00:43with massive release in patients with severe COVID-19,
00:47of a whole series of inflammation mediators capable of acting on various targets,
00:52including and especially the endothelium, that is, the layer of cells that internally covers the blood vessels.
00:59Vasculitis are inflammatory diseases that cause more or less severe damage to the vascular system,
01:06a closed system of vessels in which blood circulates under the pressure of the heart.
01:12The inflammation, which can be segmentary, that is, limited to some segments of the vascular system
01:19or extended to wider districts or also widely disseminated throughout the entire body,
01:26can cause the rupture of the interested vessels with consequent hemorrhages,
01:32or the constriction and therefore the obliteration of the affected vessels with consequent ischemia,
01:39that is, a lack or absence of irrigation of the territories served by the obstructed vessel.
01:46A first summary classification of these pathologies,
01:49capable of affecting any type of blood vessel in any anatomical seat,
01:53distinguishes vasculitis in primitive or secondary to several other diseases,
01:58such as malignant neoplasia, connective tissue, organ transplant,
02:03reactions from hypersensitivity to drugs, or infections, as happened in the case of the coronavirus.
02:10In fact, vasculitis is not all the same.
02:13A further classification distinguishes them, for example, on the anatomical level,
02:18in vasculitis of large vases, in which, for example, the aorta and its main branches are interested by inflammation,
02:27vasculitis of medium-sized vases, in which, on the other hand,
02:31inflammation affects the secondary arteries, those of medium caliber,
02:36and then there are vasculitis of small vases, which are fundamentally focused,
02:43for example, on the arteries, the capillaries, the venules.
02:47It must also be said that, where some forms are excluded,
02:52in which vascular damage can be secondary to other types of pathologies,
02:58in most cases, the genesis of vasculitis is accompanied by immunological mechanisms.
03:06There are, for example, allergic vasculitis, such as Schulstrauss syndrome,
03:11which is characterized by the presence in the blood of subjects affected by high levels of IgE and erosinophils,
03:18and then always in the field of vasculitis of immune origin,
03:23I remember, for example, the polyarteritis nodosa, the temporal arteritis of Horton,
03:29the granulomatosis of Wegener, the arteritis of giant cells, and others.
03:34The diagnosis of a vasculitis is based on the combined association of clinical, hematological, histological and angiographic parameters.
03:42However, although these latter are certainly useful for the correct framing of the different forms of vasculitis,
03:49it will always be the clinical approach, with an accurate anamnesis and a meticulous objective examination,
03:55to have a fundamental importance in the primary recognition of both frequent and widespread pathologies,
04:01as well as subdued and insidious in their evolution.
04:05But how to recognize a vasculitis?
04:07What are the most relevant symptoms that a person affected by vasculitis feels?
04:12The disorders that can characterize the clinical picture of a vasculitis
04:16change a lot, depending on the body district that is affected by the inflammatory damage that the vasculitis causes,
04:25but also depending on the entity of the damage that the blood vessels suffer due to the inflammatory fact.
04:32However, if we want to list the most common and recurrent symptoms in the picture of vasculitis,
04:39we can remember, for example, fatigue, which is sometimes also associated with fever,
04:45pruritus, when there is generally a modest entity,
04:50and then there are also spontaneous echemosis, spontaneous lividities that appear on the skin
04:57even without the patient having suffered more or less accidental shocks,
05:03when there is not even the evidence of a purulent, that is, a hemorrhagic suffusion of the mucous
05:10that on the skin in particular manifests itself in the form of a stain of the color purple-red.
05:16And then there are joint and muscle pains, there are neuropathies of various intensities,
05:23there is cephalitis, cephalitis that is often associated with vertigo or tinnitus,
05:29that is, acuphenia, recurring whistles that are perceived inside the ears,
05:34there is a gradual reduction of the visual capacity.
05:39And then again, wanting to go further, there are cases of thrombosis,
05:43there are cases of ictus or myocardial infarctions, there may be cases of glomerulonephritis,
05:49there may be cases of necrosis with ulcer formation.
05:54Obviously, I have mentioned symptoms that refer to quadriclinics of different intensities.
06:01Finally, I remind you that in many cases the vasculitis are self-limiting,
06:06that is, they are progressively reduced in terms of the intensity of the disorders and also spontaneously,
06:13while instead in the more severe forms there will be a need to resort, with the help of expert doctors,
06:19to anti-inflammatory therapies, if ever with cortisone or even immunomodulating therapies.
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