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00:28Transcribed by —
00:33The deep ocean.
00:39For mammals, it's one of the most inhospitable places on Earth.
00:46Can we move another camera to channel 3?
00:49Okay.
00:50Anything we've got, yeah.
00:53Survival in this alien world requires extreme adaptation.
01:07We have only recently begun to explore these depths.
01:13So if you're watching on channel 1, the super sampler is...
01:19The heck is that?
01:22Oh my god.
01:24Oh my goodness, what is that?
01:25Yet some mammals have been coming here for millions of years.
01:33It's a sperm whale.
01:36Oh my goodness.
01:39Holy cow.
01:41Wow.
01:42Unbelievable.
01:46Like all mammals, sperm whales breathe air.
01:52Yet almost a mile underwater, in the freezing darkness, they seem completely at home.
02:05They, like many mammals, have overcome the challenges of living in water in the most remarkable ways.
02:30Many mammals encountering water prefer to do no more than dip their toes into it.
02:42Northern Sri Lanka, late in the dry season.
02:49A troop of macaques are looking for what little fruit is left in the forest.
03:02Their search has brought them to a jungle pool.
03:15But there's more for them here than just a refreshing drink.
03:25Water lilies.
03:33Enough to fill the empty stomachs of the entire troop.
03:45But the flowers are just out of reach.
03:51In Piccadilly.
03:57It's animmer, resort to the Arsenal, destination folk day to study.
04:07DIMITICAL SPANNESS
04:07Kipling
04:07Hubert
04:08Yes, don't fill it in time, there's more for them there.
04:17What do I think?
04:18We're searching for theoute of the
04:20Got it.
04:24But a single flower merely whets the appetite.
04:32For the real prize,
04:35they must take the plunge.
04:46For an animal that spends nearly all its time on land,
04:51macaques are surprisingly competent in water.
05:04They're looking for the lilies' juicy seed pods,
05:11which are packed full of nutrients.
05:17An excellent solution to the macaque's seasonal food crisis.
05:36Thanks to their natural curiosity
05:38and willingness to explore new opportunities,
05:44these macaques have discovered
05:46that it can pay to jump into water.
05:58Freshwater ponds in the jungle may be few and far between.
06:06In central Canada, however, water is everywhere.
06:18Moist soil is easy to dig.
06:21And just on the ground, there is a network of tunnels.
06:28The work of a particularly industrious little mammal.
06:42A star-nosed mole.
06:46A star-nosed mole.
07:10It's not just for smelling.
07:16It's also for feeling.
07:21And it is a hundred times more sensitive than our own fingertips.
07:35To fuel his active lifestyle, he must eat up to twice his body weight every day.
07:45And worms, as they burrow, simply drop into his tunnels of their own accord.
07:55Life underground can be pretty good.
08:08But every spring, torrential rain saturates the soil.
08:28Before long, the mole's tunnels are flooded.
08:41He could hold his breath for little more than 30 seconds.
08:46He must get out or he'll drown.
09:14Made it.
09:16But having taken a breath, he dives straight back in.
09:26Large feet, excellent for digging, also make very effective paddles.
09:33And his water-resistant coat keeps him warm.
09:38So he's well equipped for swimming.
09:47But nonetheless, there's a problem.
09:52How do you sniff out prey underwater?
10:07First, he blows bubbles into the submerged leaves.
10:13Smells pass into them.
10:18And sniffing them with his nose enables him to detect something edible.
10:29So he can locate possible prey even underwater.
10:42Star-nosed moles are one of the few mammals that are just as at home in the water as they
10:47are in the soil.
10:59Beyond land, the oceans that cover two-thirds of our planet are full of possible food.
11:08For most mammals, it's out of reach.
11:12But that doesn't stop some from trying to get it.
11:23A female coyote patrolling the Pacific coast of Mexico.
11:32Living on the edge of a desert means often relying on the ocean for food.
11:44This female would make a meal of a seabird if only she could catch one.
12:15She can't afford to keep failing.
12:21She can't afford the ocean to give an enjoy of another Israel.
12:31Shehe
12:48Sheet December
12:48Why are you
13:02Driven by hunger, she moves on
13:10The desert stretches 2,000 miles along Mexico's Baja coast
13:19Coyotes living here are forced to explore tangled mangroves and deep creeks.
13:51After a long day under the desert sun, persistence pays off.
14:03A dead body cast up by the waves.
14:16It's the carcass of a grey whale, rotting in the sun.
14:29Enough to feed her for months.
14:37But other hungry beachcombers have found it too.
15:07They quarrel over the best bits.
15:15But a 40-ton whale is more than enough food to go round.
15:31The daily tides provide so much food that the Baja Pacific coastline supports up to 14 times the number of
15:41coyotes that occur inland.
15:50But extending scavenging on shore to hunting in the sea requires very different skills.
16:00Nonetheless, 50 million years ago, the ancestors of marine mammals started to do exactly that.
16:14A bottlenose dolphin and her two young cruise the shallows of Florida Bay.
16:24The coastal waters here are full of fish.
16:29But much of the bay is less than a meter deep.
16:35For a large mammal with a tail that beats up and down, just moving around here is a challenge.
16:44But she has a simple solution.
16:47She swims on her side.
16:56But it's still a struggle to keep up with the fish.
17:01Let alone catch one.
17:13And a single fish won't feed a family.
17:22Now this intelligent mother has another even more ingenious solution.
17:32Beating her tail, she churns up the water.
17:40Creating a muddy barrier around a shoal of fish.
17:49In a bid to escape, the fish are forced to leap.
18:11She's not the only one that gets a meal.
18:17Her young family can also feed.
18:19She's not too small.
18:19She's a good thrust.
18:35She's a pretty dark into the sea.
18:47But rings of muddy water,
18:49she's not scared of like the sea.
18:49aren't the only way in which dolphins hunt in Florida.
18:58This family uses an S-shaped barrier to spook the fish.
19:24Why Florida's dolphins use different shapes remains a mystery.
19:41But this ingenuity enables marine mammals to move far beyond the shallows.
20:00California sea lions.
20:03They may spend over 70% of their lives out at sea.
20:10They know the opportunities offered by the open ocean are endless.
20:16The trick is how to make the most of them.
20:24The sea lions have spent a lot of energy to get here, and the sardines they seek are widely dispersed
20:31beneath them.
20:36The hunters need to round them up.
20:41Striped marlin arrive.
20:46Up to four meters long, and with a deadly spear on their nose, they too are hunting.
20:56Watched by the sea lions, the marlin go to work.
21:10They herd the sardines into a ball, and then drive them up towards the surface.
21:25This is what the sea lions have been waiting for.
21:39Fast and flexible, the sea lions take advantage of the marlin's efforts, and collect an easy meal.
22:03These canny sea lions have learnt how to let marlin do the hard work.
22:17But sea lions don't stay permanently in water.
22:26The Galapagos islands, specks of land in the vast emptiness of the Pacific Ocean.
22:39Here, pregnant Galapagos sea lions haul out on a beach to give birth.
22:46The Galapagos sea lions, specks of land, specks of land, specks of land, specks of land, specks of land, specks
23:14of land.
23:22Unable to swim when it's newly born, the pup relies completely on its mother for her care and her milk.
23:35Within two weeks, thanks to the richness of this milk, it will be strong enough to venture into the water.
23:45But a newborn pup is something of a shock to its older brother.
23:53For the last two years, he's had his mother all to himself.
24:01The new pup is a sure sign that he must now find his own feet.
24:19A sheltered innnet is a safe place for pups and other juveniles to build up their confidence.
24:37Now, under the watchful eye of a dominant bull, the young sea lions acquire the skills they'll need for a
24:45life at sea.
25:02But this is the time of year when sea lions also mate.
25:14While the bull's attention is elsewhere,
25:21the pup ventures beyond the safety of the rock pool.
25:36It's a mistake.
25:40The waters surrounding the Galapagos are patrolled by sharks.
25:53The pup strays further from the pool, while the bull is preoccupied.
26:21The pup can outmaneuver the shark, but not for long.
26:30Alerted by the commotion, the bull takes action.
26:43Weighing a quarter of a ton, the bull is more than a match for the shark.
26:49Biting at its tail, he chases it away.
26:55For the pup, it's an important lesson learned.
27:03Many others are less fortunate.
27:08Nearly half of these young sea lions will not survive beyond their second birthday.
27:18This pup is safely back on land.
27:21And not too old for a reassuring cuddle.
27:33One small group of mammals, however, have completely cut their ties with the land.
28:02Humpback whale calves can swim from the moment they're born.
28:12The warm coastal shallows off Western Australia provide excellent nurseries.
28:22In their first few days, mothers and babies form a strong bond.
28:35Tucked gently under her fin, this mother gives her daughter an early lesson in holding its
28:42breath. But they won't stay here for long. The reef may be an excellent place to give birth,
28:56but there's almost nothing to eat here. So mothers and young must now make the long journey
29:04to richer waters around Antarctica. But once they've left the safety of the shallow reef,
29:21they are vulnerable.
29:32A pod of orca, six strong, patrols the migration route. They are a formidable force.
29:47But the humpback mother puts her baby high on her back to protect it. And then goes on
29:56the attack herself.
30:00Slashing her powerful tail and long five-metre fins, she could easily kill an orca.
30:10But the orca have a plan.
30:18Some of the pod distract the mother, while others round the calf.
30:33Some of the pod distract the mother, while others round the calf.
30:39Some of the pod distract the mother, while others round the calf.
30:52Once it's separated, they drown it.
31:11Since 1986, when commercial whaling was largely banned, humpback numbers have risen here from
31:20a few hundred to more than 35,000. With so many calves on the move, some orca have specialized
31:31in hunting them. A small pod. Just three.
31:47The humpback calf they're pursuing has more than just its mother at its side.
31:57It also has a 40-ton male. This is a much bigger challenge.
32:25But rather than give up, the orca bide their time.
32:55The male humpback, believing perhaps that the orca have gone.
33:00The male humpback, believing perhaps that the orca have gone.
33:00Now dives.
33:09The killers seize their opportunity.
33:20They kidnap the calf.
33:38They appear to mimic the mother's behavior, putting the young calf on their backs and carrying
33:44him along in the slipstream.
33:51Young and naïve, the calf goes willingly with them.
34:02Now, far from his mother, the orca attack him.
34:22You can always think of the death of a child.
34:25You're not a child.
34:25In this video, the right to the right to the right to the right to the right to the right
34:30to the right to the right to the right to the right.
34:34They catch so many that sometimes they eat no more than the tongue and leave the rest
34:45for the sharks.
34:52This is what can happen when prey is so abundant and hunters have such skill.
35:13False killer whales are less than half the size of orcas, but they are equally clever.
35:25They roam the ocean in groups up to 50 strong.
35:32Right now, they're on the hunt for other mammals.
35:41Ocean-going bottlenose dolphins.
35:58But the false killers aren't looking for prey.
36:03These two groups are old acquaintances.
36:12In the waters around New Zealand, they are almost always found together.
36:26Lifelong bonds within species are common, but they are rarely seen between different species.
36:39Such friendships between bottlenose dolphins and false killers have been documented going
36:48back 20 years.
36:49So it's entirely possible that individuals of both species recognize each other.
37:01They team up, not only to play, but in order to hunt.
37:13So when one goes, they all go.
37:33A huge school of kahawai fish.
37:49The false killers swim under the shell and drive it to the surface.
37:58Here, the dolphins attack.
38:11But despite helping, the whales don't appear to feed.
38:18For them, the kahawai are just the bait.
38:26The false killers know the commercial will attract bigger fish.
38:34Kingfish arrive.
38:37They're up to 10 times heavier than the kahawai.
38:40And one meter long.
38:47Too big for the dolphins.
38:51So now it's the turn of the false killer whales to feed.
39:06They form small groups and break up the school.
39:16And then go after the fish that get separated.
39:39Not all the whales make a catch.
39:44But they won't go hungry.
39:51Extraordinarily, the successful hunters share their food.
40:19By helping one another, they ensure that no one goes without.
40:43Teamwork, intelligence, and cooperation has enabled marine mammals to flourish in the high seas.
40:57HOWEF
40:58The deep.
41:02Only a very few are capable of venturing here.
41:15A pod of sperm whales resting near the surface.
41:27They spend just 7% of their lives asleep, less than almost any other mammal.
41:35But they're also waiting here for another very special reason.
42:01The birth of a baby.
42:27Helped into the world by supportive relatives, the newborn is already more than 3 meters long.
42:43It will grow up surrounded and protected by close family.
42:48The birth of a baby.
42:56The birth of a baby.
43:22It thirsts for its mother's milk.
43:25But the food the mother needs in order to produce it is 1,000 meters below.
43:31Far beyond the reach of a young calf.
43:37So whilst the family looks after the newborn, the mother sets off in search of a meal.
43:52Adult sperm whales may remain below holding their breath for an hour.
44:02As they descend their bodies change in an astonishing way.
44:16The increasing pressure squeezes their lungs until they collapse completely.
44:29To save oxygen, their digestion, kidney and liver shut down.
44:37A special camera records a rare and privileged view of a hunting sperm whale, sending out a stream of clicks
44:47to detect prey in the pit's blackness.
44:52At this depth, they start to hunt for giant squid.
45:00As the whale closes in, their clicks speed up.
45:09A puff of ink is released by the fleeing squid.
45:12But the sperm whale isn't fooled.
45:17And the squid is eaten in a last cloud of ink.
45:35As this mother returns, her calf, like all mammal babies, has only one thing on its mind.
45:46Milk.
46:01It's growing faster now than during its 16 months in the womb.
46:09And it will consume up to 100 liters, 300,000 calories, every day for the next two years.
46:21To meet this demand, its mother will have to dive up to 15 times every day.
46:32It is her ability to reach such extreme depths and turn what she eats into rich milk that will be
46:39the key to her baby's success.
46:51Today, protected almost worldwide, the outlook for this mother and baby, and all sperm whales, is bright.
47:11Even so, sperm whales still face many threats.
47:19Every year, enough fishing line is lost in our oceans to stretch to the moon and back.
47:27Together with 20 million traps and carrying 14 billion hooks.
47:36The whales become entangled in these so-called ghost nets.
47:48The whales become entangled in these so-called ghost nets.
48:04Theirs is a slow and agonizing death.
48:15We are now aware of the threats we create.
48:20Surely, we should now do everything we can to prevent them.
48:40The greatest challenge for the mammals team was not only filming false killer whales in New Zealand,
48:46but trying for the first time to place a data recording camera onto one.
48:52With only 150 individuals somewhere within four and a half thousand square miles,
48:58just finding them will be hard enough.
49:01Luckily, they have the help of Jochen Zeschmar,
49:04who has been studying this group of whales for the last 20 years.
49:10He has a directional hydrophone with which he can hear the false killer whales' whistles,
49:18but only from less than 10 miles away.
49:23Nothing. I'm just kind of hoping.
49:26Kind of hoping to hear something.
49:28Cameraman Andre Rorakura scans the horizon,
49:31but picking out a fin in the open ocean is no small feat.
49:37The scale of the task ahead is dawning on assistant producer Kyle Swan.
49:43Searching, searching, searching.
49:45That's kind of a strategy, but so far, no luck.
49:49With only a brief few weeks during which it's possible to film them,
49:53it's a disappointing start.
50:02It's absolutely nothing.
50:05Over the coming days, the team search without pause.
50:15Nothing.
50:17Absolutely nothing.
50:19Nothing again.
50:22It's an okay trial.
50:25They have spent 20 days with no whales.
50:29But Andre spots something promising in the distance.
50:33There's a few birds, but nothing crazy.
50:38Yeah, well, that's why I had some faint whistles there.
50:43We have to look over here.
50:53Oh, my God.
50:55Yeah.
50:55It's promising.
50:56And look, I've seen a stumpy nose.
50:59I think we've got ballsies.
51:02Oh, man.
51:03Oh, why?
51:04Woo-hoo!
51:06Here we have him.
51:06Oh, my God.
51:13But with the sun setting and the whales capable of covering a hundred miles a day,
51:19the team hop on their liveaboard to follow the whales overnight.
51:26The crew takes turns on watch, using their eyes and ears.
51:36Yeah, we've pretty much done circles all night.
51:38We're in the same spot we found them yesterday afternoon.
51:41So, they don't go far.
51:42Like Joaquin says, they just sleep.
51:45So, they've probably had more sleep than us.
51:47The falsies found.
51:48Oh, we've got a falsies on the path.
51:54He's wonderful from here.
51:55Oh, my God.
51:57This is crazy.
52:00We're in a good mood.
52:02A new dawn presents a new challenge.
52:06Back on the filming boat, the team follow the false killers
52:10as they hunt.
52:13No one has ever recorded them creating a bait ball before.
52:19But the whales can swim at 20 miles per hour.
52:23So, Andre has brought a little extra propulsion.
52:30The scooters are a game changer.
52:33You can free dive down with, you know, fooling of air,
52:37all your energy and hold your breath for like a minute and a half
52:41to two minutes with ease.
52:43The scooter lets him keep up with false killers
52:46and helps propel him swiftly into the heart of the action.
53:01Once the feeding frenzy is over, the whales turn their attention to Andre.
53:09This incredible interaction has just made me realise how amazing and intelligent these animals are.
53:19It's really unique and really special.
53:27I can't even explain that.
53:33Having captured this extraordinary behaviour, the team switched to the most difficult goal of the trip.
53:42To place a suction tag on a whale.
53:47For 20 years, Jochen has studied this group of false killer whales.
53:52But this would be a first.
53:57The tag contains a camera and a data collector.
54:02Combined, they will give Jochen new insights into how these animals spend their time underwater.
54:09Getting close enough to attach a tag will take every ounce of Jochen's expertise and understanding.
54:17Fill it up.
54:19While they're just chilled, I'll just go in there real slow.
54:23Hope to get lucky.
54:27Okay, okay, okay, okay.
54:31Beautiful, beautiful, beautiful, beautiful.
54:33Okay.
54:34Okay.
54:34No, no, no.
54:37No.
54:38On the next one, on the next one.
54:39They're going down a bit.
54:41We'll get them, we'll get them.
54:43Trying to find that perfect moment.
54:46Ah, it's going through the bridge.
54:53There's a bunch of different males to see how they like us.
54:58They're all coming together now.
55:09So, so many factors.
55:12The way the angle of the camera is, the way it comes up next to you.
55:16I don't know what I'm hopeful.
55:17It's hard work.
55:18I'm not making it easy.
55:19As the wind drops, the team have a brief but perfect opportunity.
55:27So, I'm just going to ease my way over towards them.
55:33No way.
55:39Okay, this is it.
55:45We did it!
55:47We did it!
55:50Well done!
55:53Oh, ho, ho.
55:57Oh, ho, ho!
55:59Oh, ho, ho, ho, ho.
56:01I'm so happy.
56:03Oh, ho, ho.
56:05Yeah!
56:07It's not just the achievement of getting the tag on, it's the promise of what it will reveal.
56:16And that turns out to be astounding.
56:21Intimate food sharing and new hunting strategies have been recorded for the very first time,
56:27giving us a new perspective on mammals' lives underwater.
56:34Next time, we venture into the cold, a vast and unforgiving world.
56:43Where mammals, through sheer tenacity and adaptation, have found a way to make it home.
57:04The stunning creatures and scenery of wild Scandinavia on BBC iPlayer now.
57:10Press red to immerse yourself in beauty as well as harshness.
57:15On BBC Two now, travel to Burma with Simon Reeve.
57:19Here next, Antich Rojo in the grand setting of Bowers Castle.
57:23Thank you very much.
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