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Exile looks at new evidence that suggests the majority of the Jewish people may not have been exiled following the fall of Jerusalem in 70 AD, and asks us to rethink about an event that has played a critical role in the Christian and Jewish traditions.
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00:00A CIDADE NO BRASIL
00:01A CIDADE NO BRASIL
00:10A CIDADE NO BRASIL
00:13A CIDADE NO BRASIL
00:15A CIDADE NO BRASIL
00:16A CIDADE NO BRASIL
00:17A CIDADE NO BRASIL
00:18For centuries, Jews around the world
00:20have been lamenting the destruction
00:21of Jerusalem and their Temple
00:24which they believe
00:26was the beginning of their
00:27long 2,000 years of exile.
00:52Exile is not only
00:54a religious Jewish belief.
00:56For millions of Jews
00:58and of non-Jews alike
01:00it's a historical fact.
01:03So that's
01:04one of the most dramatic points
01:05that you can really touch
01:07the end of Jerusalem.
01:08And not only the end of Jerusalem
01:10the end of the existence
01:12of ongoing life
01:14of Jews in this country.
01:23But what has been considered as fact
01:26for centuries has been challenged
01:28by archaeological evidence
01:30unearthed across Israel.
01:36Here, only 70 miles from Jerusalem
01:39in the ancient town of Sephoris,
01:41evidence does not point
01:43to a people driven into exile
01:45but on the contrary
01:47to a population that flourished.
01:52So why has exile been perceived
01:55as a tangible reality
01:57for thousands of years?
01:59and if it never existed,
02:02what accounts for the millions
02:03of Jews who over centuries
02:05have settled around the world?
02:21and perhaps the inevitable question
02:23what happened to inhabitants
02:25of places like Sephoris
02:27who were never exiled?
02:34Until 1948,
02:37a predominantly Muslim
02:38Palestinian village
02:40stood on the ruins of Sephoris.
02:43The village was destroyed
02:45and its inhabitants
02:47barred from returning.
02:52Is it possible
02:54that some of the Palestinian refugees
02:57are descendants of ancient Jews
02:59who were never exiled?
03:29or was there?
03:33Is it possible?
03:48Is it possible
03:54that some of the Palestinian refugees
03:54have an empire
03:54for the Palestinian refugees
03:55or is it possible in contact?
03:55A CIDADE NO BRASIL
04:25A CIDADE NO BRASIL
04:26TO EXPERIENCE THE STORY OF EXILE
04:28AND CONFIRM THE VERSION OF HISTORY
04:30THEY GREW UP ON.
04:32THE JEWISH REBELLION AGAINST ROME
04:35IN 66 A.D.,
04:37WHICH LED TO THE DESTRUCTION
04:39OF THE TEMPLE AND THE CITY,
04:41THE CENTER OF ANCIENT JUDAISM.
04:46WE'RE JUST REACHING NOW
04:47ONE OF THE FOCAL PLACE
04:49FOR ANY JEW WORLDWIDE
04:52AT THE TIME WHEN
04:53THE TEMPLE STILL EXISTING UP
04:55ON TOP OF THE MOUNTAIN HERE.
04:57THE LARGEST MANMADE COMPLEX ON EARTH
04:59THAT COULD ACCOMMODATE A QUARTER OF A MILLION PEOPLE.
05:02AND THE NEED TO ACCOMMODATE
05:03SO MANY IS BECAUSE
05:05THREE TIMES A YEAR
05:07JEWS WOULD GATHER HERE
05:08IN THE HIGH HOLIDAYS
05:10AT THE MOST SECRED PLACE,
05:12THE MEETING PLACE,
05:14THE PLACE TO SAY,
05:14I AM A JEW.
05:18THE STORY OF EXILE BEGINS HERE
05:21IN THE VISITOR CENTER,
05:23WHERE THE JEWISH TEMPLE
05:25IS VIRTUALLY MADE WHOLE AGAIN.
05:29THE TEMPLE USED TO HOLD
05:31TO JUDAISM'S MOST SACRED OBJECTS,
05:33SYMBOLS OF THE NATION'S
05:35COVENANT WITH GOD,
05:36THE ARK OF THE COVENANT,
05:38AND THE CANDLE HOLDER
05:40WITH ITS SEVEN BRANCHES,
05:41THE MENORAH.
05:57BUT WHAT TOURISTS ARE NOT BEING TOLD
06:00IS THAT THE TEMPLE
06:01WAS NOT ONLY A RELIGIOUS CENTER,
06:03BUT AN ECONOMIC POWERHOUSE
06:05WITH DONATIONS FROM FOUR CORNERS
06:07OF THE EMPIRE AND THE INCOME
06:09FROM HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS
06:10OF PILGRIMS.
06:13THE CITY WAS HIGHLY INFLATED.
06:15IT WAS VERY OVERBLOWN.
06:16IT HAD A HUGE POPULATION
06:19OF PEOPLE WHO DERIVED
06:20THEIR LIVELIHOOD
06:21FROM THE TEMPLE
06:21AND THE PILGRIMIDGE TRADE.
06:25AND IT WAS ALSO A CITY
06:26WHICH WAS FOUNDED
06:27ON JEWISH PIETY.
06:29JEWISH PIETY WAS THE CURRENCY,
06:30WAS THE CULTURAL CAPITAL
06:31OF THE CITY.
06:37WE HAVE TO THINK
06:38OF SOMETHING LIKE THE VATICAN CITY
06:40WHEN WE THINK ABOUT JERUSALEM.
06:43THE VATICAN CITY,
06:45YOU KNOW, IT'S EMBEDED IN ROME,
06:47BUT IT FEELS QUITE DIFFERENT
06:48FROM THE CITY THAT IT'S EMBEDED IN.
06:50IT HAS A DISTINCTIVE INTERNAL CULTURE.
06:54AND THE THINGS THAT ARE IMPORTANT
06:56IN THE VATICAN CITY
06:58ARE OFTEN NOT VERY IMPORTANT
07:01IMMEDIATELY BEYOND ITS BOUNDRIES.
07:04AND I THINK THAT THE SAME THING
07:05COULD BE SAID FOR JERUSALEM
07:06IN THE FIRST CENTURY.
07:10SIMILAR TO THE VATICAN,
07:12JERUSALEM WAS RULED
07:13BY ITS RELIGIOUS AUTHORITY,
07:15THE TEMPLE PRIESTS.
07:19UNDER THE HOUSES
07:20OF THE JEWISH QUARTER OF JERUSALEM,
07:23THERE ARE REMAINS
07:24OF A WHOLE NEIGHBORHOOD,
07:26A QUARTER OF THE PRIESTY CLASS
07:29OF JERUSALEM
07:30FROM THE TIME OF THE TEMPLE.
07:32HERE, THOSE PRIESTS THAT SERVED THE TEMPLE
07:35USED TO LIVE.
07:36AND WHEN YOU LOOK AROUND,
07:38YOU CAN SEE THAT THOSE HOUSES
07:40KEPT QUITE HIGH STANDARD OF LIVING,
07:42WITH MOSAIC FLOORS,
07:44WITH MURALS, SPRESCA ON THE WALLS,
07:48BEAUTIFUL FURNITURE,
07:49AND HERE WE HAVE THE PEOPLE
07:51THAT SUPPORT TO BE THE SPIRITUAL LEADER
07:52LIVING IN BEAUTIFUL HOUSES,
07:56GOOD LIFE,
07:57WHILE THERE WAS SO MUCH OF PROPERTY AROUND.
08:01WE ARE LOOKING AT NOW THE NUCLEAR,
08:05THE BEGINNING OF THE JEWISH PEOPLE.
08:08THINK ABOUT ALL THOSE PEOPLE...
08:10IN A CITY RUN BY RELIGIOUS AUTHORITIES,
08:13THEOLOGICAL RIVALRIES PLAYED AN ENORMOUS ROLE
08:16IN SHAPING THE CITY'S POLITICS,
08:18AND EVENTUALLY LEADING TO THE REBELLION IN 66 A.D.
08:25THE SECTARIAN GROUPS ARE DEFINED BY THEIR DIFFERENCES OF OPINION
08:30OVER HOW TO INTERPRET THE HEBREW BIBLE.
08:34YOU KNOW, AND WHY DO THEY CARE?
08:36WELL, BECAUSE THEY'RE UNUSUALLY INVESTED IN IT,
08:39BECAUSE THAT IS THE CULTURE OF THE TOWN THEY LIVE IN,
08:41OF THE PLACE THEY LIVE.
08:42THIS IS NOT THE CASE ELSEWHERE IN JEWISH PALESTINE.
08:54JERUSALEM AND THE TINY REGION OF JUDEA
08:56WERE ONLY A SMALL PART OF A FAR LARGER TERRITORY
09:00CREATED BY SERIES OF PREVIOUS JEWISH MILITARY EXPANSIONS,
09:04FORCING THE CONQUERED POPULATION TO CONVERT TO JUDEISM.
09:10JERUSALEM, DESPITE THE COMMON BELIEF,
09:13DID NOT REPRESENT THE ENTIRE JEWISH NATION.
09:17SO THE JEWISH WORLD HAS EXPANDED TREMENDOUSLY.
09:21THERE WERE MORE OF THEM.
09:23THEY WERE ALSO IN CLOSER CONNECTION WITH EACH OTHER.
09:26AND THEY WERE DIVIDED.
09:27AND THEY WERE DIVIDED.
09:28THERE WERE ALL THESE PROFOUND DIVISIONS.
09:32SO, YOU KNOW, THERE'S THIS COMPLICATED BUSINESS
09:34THAT THEY'RE ALL IN SOME SENSE PART OF ONE GROUP.
09:37BUT BY THE SAME TOKEN, THEY'RE OFTEN AT EACH OTHER'S THROATS.
09:43IT IS SO THE MAIN ROAD OF THE CITY THAT WAS HERE.
09:47THIS CITY THAT WAS THEN THE PEARL OF THE EAST.
09:49THE PROFOUND DIVISIONS THAT GAVE RISE TO THE REBELLION
09:52HAVE BEEN SIMPLIFIED OVER TIME INTO A SINGLE NARRATIVE.
09:56THAT OF A JEWISH NATION THAT REFUSED TO ACCEPT THE AUTHORITY
10:02OF A PAGAN ROMAN CAESAR.
10:04THE RELIGION, BEING VERY INSTITUTIONAL, WELL BUILT HERE,
10:10WAS ALSO COMBINED OF BEING A NATION OF JEWS.
10:14AND SO IT WAS A WAY TO SAY, WE ARE UNIQUE, WE ARE INDEPENDENT.
10:20YOU CAN RULE US, BUT STILL WE ARE INDEPENDENT.
10:23AND THAT WOULD BE HARD FOR AN EMPIRE TO TOLERATE.
10:33THERE IS ONE MAN WHO SINGLE-HANDEDLY SUCCEEDED
10:37IN SHAPING THE NARRATIVE OF THE REBELLION.
10:40HIS NAME WAS JOSEPHUS FLAVIUS, A SON OF JERUSALEM'S PRIESTLY ELITE.
10:49HIS BOOK, THE JEWISH WAR, IS THE MOST IMPORTANT HISTORICAL RECORD
10:54OF THE TIME THAT HAS FOR CENTURIES SHAPED THE PERCEPTION
10:58OF THE REBELLION AS A NATIONAL UPRISING.
11:06THE FAMILY FOR WHICH I AM DERIVED IS NOT AN IGNOBLE ONE,
11:10BUT HAS DESCENDED ALL ALONG FROM THE PRIESTS.
11:13SO WITH US, TO BE OF THE SACREDOTAL DIGNITY
11:17IS AN INDICATION OF THE SPLENDOR OF A FAMILY.
11:26FOR JOSEPHUS, THE REBELLION WAS THE UPRISING OF THE ETHNOS
11:29OF THE NATION OF THE JEWS AGAINST THE ROMANS.
11:34JOSEPHUS REFLECTS THIS JERUSALEMITE PERSPECTIVE.
11:36HE SEES THINGS FROM THAT ANGLE.
11:38HE THINKS THAT THE JERUSALEMITES ARE IN CONTROL
11:40OF THE ENTIRE COUNTRY.
11:42YOU KNOW, THAT THE PRIESTHOOD IS IN CONTROL
11:44OF THE COUNTRY AND THAT EVERYONE IS EQUALLY LOYAL
11:46TO THE PRIESTHOOD IN THE TEMPLE.
11:49AND THAT ANYTIME A JERUSALEMITE SHOWS UP ANYWHERE IN THE COUNTRYSIDE,
11:53PEOPLE WILL AUTOMATICALLY FALL AT HIS FEET.
12:07JOSEPHUS BEGAN HIS CAREER AS A MILITARY COMMANDER,
12:10SENT BY THE REBEL LEADERSHIP IN JERUSALEM
12:14TO BRING THE GALILEE INTO THE FOLD OF THE REBELLION.
12:23JOSEPHUS BEGAN
12:24אחת הדרכים שהובילה
12:28המאה הראשונה לספירה
12:30חיברה בין טבריה
12:33של חוף הכינרת
12:34לבין ליבו של הגליל.
12:39בדרך הזו ודאי
12:40גם הגיע יוסף בנו תטיהו
12:42כמפקדו של הגליל
12:45בשנת 66
12:47לספירה
12:58בחור גדל במשפחה
13:01מיוחסת בירושלים
13:02שר ילניח חיים די מפונקים
13:05בטח לא עבד קשה מימיו
13:07נשלח עכשיו על אזור שהוא רובה גדול
13:09אזור כפרי
13:10יש בו רק שתי ערים, ציפורי וטבריה
13:13והוא צריך ללמוד ולהכיר
13:15את המרקם
13:18החברתי של הגליל
13:19לראות מי איתו, מי נגדו, מי בעדו
13:21מי מסוכן לו
13:23הוא צריך ללמוד את הפוליטיקה של הגליל
13:31יוסיפס
13:31יוסיפס
13:31יוסיפס
13:32יוסיפס
13:32יוסיפס
13:37יוסיפס
13:46יוסיפס
14:06ספורס
14:07Zipori's decision not to join the rebellion triggered the interest of Israeli archaeologist Zev Weiss.
14:14His findings shed new light on why Ziporis and the Galilee chose not to rebel.
14:33Zipori's decision is to bring the future, the life, the peace.
14:40This is a man who chose not to be able to rebel in the army,
14:44this is a man who chose to bring his family to Rome and continue to be able to develop.
14:56Zêv's findings cover a period of hundreds of years.
15:02They help us imagine a society which Josephus barely mentioned and never focused on.
15:23There is already a possibility to start to find things that come from abroad.
16:15One of the first things I showed you was whether the
16:21Os bichores são bichores que abriam o sábado na Tietê-e-e.
16:24E por isso, nós fizemos um grande empenho de 50% sobre a chafira em Paiodifat,
16:29que foi uma decisão para apoiar os bichores.
16:32A bichora que estamos vivendo aqui é uma bichora de 100 milhares.
16:36Nós conseguimos, no outro ponto, mostrar isso, arqueologicamente.
16:40E o movimento, o conhecimento hoje, é uma ideia de que o sábado na Tietê-e-e,
16:47no livro da Tietê-e-e.
16:50É uma ideia de verdade.
16:57Moti Aviam encontrou muito pouco na Tietê-e-e,
17:01além da evidência da guerra e da matéria,
17:04uma imagem brilhante da destruição de uma comunidade toda.
17:18Mas, apenas um pouco de tempo,
17:21Zew Weiss's findings
17:23shed new light on the cultural divide
17:25between those who rebelled
17:27and the society that chose not to.
17:35The Judaism practiced in Jerusalem and Jotapata
17:39could not tolerate Rome's foreign rule.
17:43Zephoris, on the other hand,
17:45promoted co-existence with Rome's pagan culture.
17:50Nós estamos aqui,
17:51ao lado do Kumanos,
17:54ao lado do Kumanos.
17:55E há três anos,
17:58nós nos encontramos um lugar
18:00onde nós podemos encontrar
18:03uns cães que sabem sobre
18:05o uso de um pedacalho.
18:07Só na década que a década
18:08foi o medo de que nós
18:10estamos transmitindo um pedacalho.
18:28Zéves' discovery of the existence of a pagan temple dating to the time when Sephoris became
18:34a Jewish theological center was nothing short of sensational.
18:46Sephoris also had a Roman theater around the time of the rebellion.
18:58It had bathhouses and mosaic floors depicting human figures, all forbidden and unheard of
19:05in the religion practiced in Jerusalem and tiny Judea.
19:16Sephoris and Jerusalem seemed to symbolize a deep cultural and political divide rather
19:23than the unity of a national uprising.
19:29I think that's the story of the story.
19:33The relations with Rome, that is, to advance the relations, to establish the leadership of
19:39the Jewish society in the modern circles, of course, or to relax completely and to manage
19:44from all the relationship between the Jewish society and the Jewish society, and to
20:01A realidade de Sephoris tem sido descanso apenas no passado três décadas.
20:12Por centavos, percepção foi formada por Josephus' único poderoso narrativo
20:19de uma heróiça nacional nascida.
20:26O que foi?
20:41Abandoned by his troops before the war even began, Josephus was forced to watch from behind
20:47the town's walls as 50,000 Roman soldiers were setting siege to Jodopata.
20:54Vastly outnumbered, he and his band of rebels faced certain death.
20:58O que foi?
21:04O que foi?
21:06O que foi?
21:18O que foi?
21:20O que foi?
21:21O que foi?
21:22O que foi?
21:22O que foi?
21:23O que foi?
21:27E esse foi uma revolução heroica.
21:28Rebellion.
21:32Quando push came to shove,
21:33the Jewish nation offered heroic resistance
21:35to the Romans, as is shown
21:38by the siege of Jodhapata.
21:57Jodhapata fell on July the 13th
22:00after 40 days of siege.
22:03The Romans went on for three years,
22:06brutally erasing every rebellious community
22:09around the country.
22:11Towns and villages that did not rebel were spared,
22:14and in the Galilee they were the majority.
22:19And here we go.
22:48A CIDADE NO BRASIL
22:50At Jotapata, Josephus's short military career was over.
22:55He escaped the fate of his troops and that of the town by hiding in a cave and finally surrendering
23:02to the Romans.
23:07But Josephus did not die with the people of Jotapata.
23:11His life was spared by General Vespasian.
23:15Josephus became the general's personal slave, taking, as Roman custom dictates, Vespasian's last name, Flavius.
23:26Vespasian now embraces Josephus, frees him from chains, makes him part of his entourage,
23:31eventually brings him to Rome, settles him in a house and has Josephus write these accounts of the Jewish rebellion
23:38against the Romans.
23:52Suddenly, Josephus's version of the rebellion gained an unexpected ally.
24:00Having come to power by force and aspiring to establish his own dynasty, Vespasian was a new emperor in search
24:10of legitimacy.
24:16The only key to legitimacy in this sort of environment, if you don't have it through dissent, is, you know,
24:22what's called in Latin, the use gladii, the law of the sword.
24:39That is, a substantial military victory can make you a legitimate ruler.
24:46What this means is that it was in Vespasian's interest to have this war portrayed exactly as Josephus wanted to
24:53portray it.
24:54A great all-out war between two mighty nations.
25:26In 69 AD, three years after he was captured in Jotapata, Josephus returned, not as a Jewish militant fighting Rome,
25:37but as a chronicler embedded in the Roman army, invited to witness the fall of his hometown.
25:47This city was completely destroyed and disappeared and part of this very dramatic last moment of the city could be
25:57traced over here
25:58when the Jerusalemite tried to escape and save their lives when the Romans slaughtered everybody.
26:24More terrible than the noise were the sights that made the eye.
26:29Nowhere could the ground be seen between corpses and the soldiers climbing over heaps of bodies as they chased the
26:37fugitives.
26:53Here we are, and you can see the hall here and many other halls all along.
26:59Those halls were done by the Romans themselves, the Roman soldiers, at the very last day of Jerusalem,
27:07when people tried to use the underground drainage canal here to escape out without being seen by the Romans.
27:18How do we know about that?
27:20Josephus Flavius speaks about it.
27:23Everybody, one by one, was pulled out and had been killed.
27:40To celebrate his victory over the Jews, Emperor Vespasian and his son Titus held a victory parade,
27:47exhibiting what was probably the most cherished loot of the war, the Jewish menorah,
27:53a proud symbol of a monotheistic religion he thought was vanquished.
28:11The very center of the Roman Empire, that is the Roman Forum, the Capitoline Hill on one end,
28:18the Colosseum on another end, is altered in order to celebrate the Flavian victory over the Jews.
28:26And I think that it makes a lot of sense to see Josephus' Jewish war as part of that.
28:30I don't know how much is he Heaven's in his hands.
28:44I'm sorry.
28:48I don't know how much is he was out of this.
28:49I don't know how much is he.
28:50Anything that is dead.
28:51I don't know how much is it.
28:52I don't know how much is he.
28:54I can't see him at the war, but he has heaven.
28:57I don't know how much is he.
28:59...celebrando a destruição de Jerusalém.
29:04Os caros de caros representam os soldados de Romanos...
29:07...carrying o templo lute e o sacerdão menorah.
29:16Josephus' desejo, retrospecível...
29:19...para que os jovens unifiam como um grupo...
29:22...como um grande nation...
29:23...para que os jovens...
29:25...que era uma espécie de nacional...
29:28...que nunca aconteceu...
29:30...resonou...
29:31...perfectamente com a dynastia de Flavio...
29:33...de a necessidade de experimentar...
29:36...a grande victoria...
29:37...over uma grande nación.
29:49Mas o que aconteceu...
29:51...after a destruição de Jerusalém?
29:53...
29:56...
29:57...
29:57...segató
29:59...
30:00This mentioned the forced expulsion of the Jews from Jerusalem or the rest of the Roman
30:05province.
30:08So why is it that exile has been historically perceived as a fact and the destruction of
30:14Jerusalem as the evidence?
30:46Well, I think that Yosef Lenatitao described in his book that 90,000, which is the number
30:51that he was in, and I think that he was a citizen of Jerusalem, from the citizens of Jerusalem.
30:56They were known for the Jews in the Lube, in the middle of Africa, a part of them came to
31:00Italy,
31:01to Rome.
31:03But this is a number of an Iranian population that is not behind it.
31:08A grandeza do povo.
31:38que criou o spread de pessoas ao longo daqueles,
31:42a diaspora,
31:44e o início desse processo muito longo de longa prazer para voltar.
31:49Temos que irá voltar.
32:19A
32:19Zika é entre os homens dos homens e os homens.
32:34Essa história é uma história que não é verdadeira em vista histórico.
32:38Os homens não se sentiam em uma sociedade de agulha dos homens.
32:42Isso é um desenho que foi um desenho que se desenvolveu sobre o agulha dos bavolins e os apanéis, mas
32:52ele não foi a política dos homens.
32:54Os homens se saíram os homens no momento, e eles tiverem os homens para os homens.
32:59...
33:29Não se arremessar, não se arremessar as famílias,
33:33mas se falar sobre o que vem e vem, vem e vem, vem e crescer.
33:45Mesmo que a grande evidência que se encontrou no Galilí,
33:49a percepção persiste que a destruição de Jerusalém
33:53colocou um fim para a vida da Jewish aqui.
33:57Másada, o último capítulo de Josephus' livro,
34:01é o lugar que mostrou o poder de legenda sobre a realidade.
34:17Hunderts de milhares de turistas visitar Másada cada ano,
34:21este isolado rock, em que a última batalha ocultou
34:26depois de a falla de Jerusalém,
34:28é um dos mais visitados de nacionales.
34:34Este é um ponto muito importante no histórico da região.
34:38E este, por exemplo, é um exemplo de o que Josephus estava falando.
34:42O que você está falando?
34:45According to Josephus,
34:48960 Jewish militantes,
34:50whom he named Zealots,
34:52fled with their families
34:53from Judea and Jerusalem
34:55to the edge of the desert
34:57on the shores of the Dead Sea.
35:00They barricaded themselves
35:01in this fortress
35:02and withstood the Roman siege
35:05for three years.
35:06O que você está falando?
35:22O que você está falando?
35:24O que você está falando?
35:26Esperando que depois de uma semana,
35:27ou um mês ou dois,
35:28o arroz o arroz,
35:29o arroz o arroz,
35:30o arroz o arroz,
35:30os Hebreus que estavam aqui,
35:31alçaram a vender a bianca e disseram,
35:33o que eles disseram.
35:35Mas é Josephus' história
35:37do que os Romanos encontravam
35:38quando entrou o campo
35:40que capturou o mundo imaginário.
35:54Expectando mais uma resistência,
35:56os Romanos armam-se-los
35:58a doam,
35:59vendo nenhum inimigo,
36:01mas uma desculpa solitude
36:02ato todo o lugar,
36:04o arroz e o silêncio.
36:24All 960 men, women and children committed suicide according to Josephus, preferring death to surrender.
36:42And it's a lesson for all of us to stand up to what is right and to be at the
36:48top of the mountain, defending our convictions.
36:56And I think this is one of your country's symbols, never give up.
37:15Several archaeological expeditions found evidence of Jewish life and of the Roman siege, but nothing to support Josephus' dramatic tale.
37:26But that did not prevent UNESCO from designating the isolated rock as a World Heritage Site, declaring it a symbol
37:36of the ancient Jewish Kingdom of Israel, of its violent destruction, and of the subsequent diaspora.
37:51The Lubbel family from New York, like many others in the Jewish diaspora, chose to hold their daughter's bat mitzvah,
37:59her coming-of-age ceremony, not in the customary synagogue, but on Masada.
38:04They posted the event on YouTube.
38:08For them, coming here is a symbolic return after a long exile.
38:15We say at the Seder, on Passover, and on Yom Kippur, next year in Jerusalem, we're always saying that, next
38:22year in Jerusalem, next year in Jerusalem, for thousands of years.
38:25And now you have come to Jerusalem. You are in Israel.
38:40In her bat mitzvah, 13-year-old Louisa sang Jerusalem of Gold, a popular Israeli song depicting Jerusalem as an
38:53empty city waiting for its exiled children to return.
39:24So if exile is ultimately the key to turn,
39:26é uma ideia que não pode ser suportado por evidências.
39:30Como e quando foi nascido?
39:33Para começar a uncovering a sua raiva,
39:35precisamos explorar mais uma rebelião
39:38que eruptou 62 anos depois da destruição de Jerusalém.
40:03Para o mundo,
40:05Masada é o fim da vida de Jewish em Israel.
40:09Na realidade,
40:12a população de Jewish não só sobrevive e cresceu,
40:15até produzida uma segunda rebelião 60 anos depois.
40:20Foi essa rebelião,
40:22que é a origem da exile.
40:26Em Jerusalém,
40:28nós vimos a tentação dos judeus
40:30de tentar a revolução contra os romanos,
40:32regraindo a sua liberdade e assim,
40:33não apenas uma vez.
40:35A primeira grande revolução
40:37foi a que acabou com a destruição da cidade e da templo,
40:40e depois, 60 anos depois,
40:42outra revolução começou contra os romanos.
40:49A nova rebelião que eruptou contra os romanos
40:53foi limitada principalmente para a região de Judea.
40:56É uma guerra guerra,
40:58que foi uma guerra guerra,
40:59que foi possível em parte
40:59por o deserto
41:00e os caves que dotam a área.
41:03A rebelião foi led
41:05by a mysterious messianic leader
41:07named Bar Kokhba,
41:09or Bar Kusba.
41:34O Bar Kusba
42:02O que é a população?
42:07O que é a população?
42:09O que é que foi a população?
42:14Um, dois anos passaram, 60 anos e mais.
42:19Isso deu tempo para regar mais pessoas.
42:23Eu diria que foi uma revolução mais uma revolução
42:27que o urbanismo de Jerusalém e os cidades de Irã.
42:32Demográficamente, é quase o fim de tudo aqui.
42:38Então, o que vamos fazer agora
42:39é deixar a coltivada green área para o deserto,
42:43para chegar à área onde as pessoas escaparam.
42:46O que é isso?
42:56Israel archaeologists
42:58were looking for historical roots,
43:00legitimacy,
43:01and a link to events
43:03that happened 1,800 years earlier.
43:07They were hoping to find archaeological evidence
43:11of the existence of Bach-Cochva
43:13to create such a link.
43:32In 1961,
43:34an archaeological expedition
43:36led by Professor Igael Yadin
43:39set out on these desert roads
43:41to look for the remains
43:43of Bach-Cochva's fighters,
43:45which he saw as the last signs
43:47of independent Jewish life
43:49in the country.
44:17Igael Yadin,
44:18who led the excavation
44:20was no ordinary archaeologist.
44:23He was famous in Israel
44:25for serving as the army's chief of staff
44:27during the country's crucial war
44:30of independence in 1948.
44:36Igael Yadin
44:37Igael Yadin
44:53Igael Yadin
44:59Igael Yadin
45:02was not only a military expedition
45:03but an attempt to find
45:05the archaeological evidence
45:06that would confirm
45:08the legitimacy
45:08of the Israeli state.
45:10You see, this search
45:11for the Bach-Cochva documents
45:13which you referred to,
45:14Mr. Agrancy
45:15just now,
45:16was one of the most fascinating,
45:17I would say, expeditions
45:18I had the privilege
45:19to take part.
45:30Yadin
45:31Yadin, who was a great archaeologist
45:33was very much involved
45:36even emotionally
45:37with the finds here
45:38as was all of this generation
45:40of the big archaeologists.
45:43at the time
45:44that was just a continuation
45:46of establishing the state
45:49and the search for roots
45:51and coming back
45:52to the country
45:53and apples
45:54like the one of Bach-Cochva
45:57or Masada
45:58were very, very strong.
46:12So here we are
46:13just above this huge canyon
46:15of Nachal-Cochva
46:16running towards the Dead Sea
46:18and it has huge sheer cliffs
46:22going all the way down
46:23and just to have some scale
46:25if you look over there
46:26you see the opening
46:27of the cave
46:28where the refugees
46:29found the shelter
46:31and the distance
46:32from the top
46:33of the cliff
46:34to the cave
46:34is 350 feet.
46:39And the caves
46:40are right in the middle
46:41of the canyon
46:41sometimes 300 feet
46:43from the top
46:43and 900 feet
46:44from the bottom
46:45and a steep slope.
46:46The people who found
46:48the shelter there
46:49could not leave the place.
46:50The Romans made sure
46:52that nobody
46:53would be able to escape.
47:05to see you
47:06outside the center
47:10of the дерев
47:11of the Rhoda
47:12in the middle
47:12there.
47:13There was a lot
47:15of Whoa-Cochva
47:16in the middle
47:16of the woods
47:20that
47:24would come down
47:25one of those
47:41E então apenas chegamos para a cava, onde vimos, por primeira vez, o primeiro lugar
47:47da última momento da guerra, a guerra heróica de Bakokho contra os Romães.
47:55The findings were indeed sensational
47:58Rich evidence of daily life of refugees
48:02Who hid in the caves
48:04Skeletons
48:05Personal documents
48:07And even letters signed by Bar Cusba himself
48:12Yadin believed that he had found what he was looking for
48:15The archaeological evidence
48:18Of the last moments of the Jewish nation
48:25This was really, I would say, the last phase of the struggle against the Romans there
48:31And that was the last time, really, that the Jews, since
48:35And in Jewish history, that there was a revolt that attempted to reconstitute the state of Israel
48:40Yes, this is the last revolt we call the second revolt
48:42And actually 1,800 years have passed since, again, the Jewish state was established here
49:01Yadin articulated the official Israeli narrative
49:04Exile, indeed, began with the final loss of Jewish independence
49:1922 years after his discoveries
49:21Israel's prime minister, Menachem Begin
49:24Flew with a group of politicians and dignitaries
49:28To the canyon
49:31The skeletal remains, unearthed by Yadin, were given a full military state funeral
50:06If the
50:08Nós nos levamos a terra.
50:11O povo de Israel vive,
50:13e vive com a morte dele na terra de Israel,
50:17para as ruas de ruas.
50:30Os Rebellions
50:32Both rebellions were used at different times
50:35to mark the beginning of Exile.
50:38Yet none of these claims are supported by archaeological evidence.
50:44Então, quando e como foi a ideia de exilio nascida?
50:49Para a resposta, nós precisamos voltar a Ciphoris
50:53em décadas depois da guerra de Bach Corva.
51:41A CIDADE NO BRASIL
51:58A CIDADE NO BRASIL
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