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O tráfico se deslocou para áreas além do alcance da lei e da ordem, como as zonas de guerra no Afeganistão ou regiões com atividade de guerrilhas, como a Colômbia. As drogas sintéticas, que são fáceis de fabricar e ocultar, desempenham um papel fundamental na transformação do tráfico.
No México, os cartéis arrastaram todo o país para uma impiedosa espiral de violência – para onde quer que se olhe, o saldo da guerra às drogas é desolador. Isso levanta a questão: chegou a hora de legalizar as drogas, mudando radicalmente a situação atual e talvez até a forma como as percebemos?
No México, os cartéis arrastaram todo o país para uma impiedosa espiral de violência – para onde quer que se olhe, o saldo da guerra às drogas é desolador. Isso levanta a questão: chegou a hora de legalizar as drogas, mudando radicalmente a situação atual e talvez até a forma como as percebemos?
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00:00Tchau, tchau.
00:33Tchau, tchau.
01:00Tchau, tchau.
02:00Transportation, communication, cash flow, globalization.
02:05The triumph of free trade hoped to erase borders.
02:11I believe we have made a decision now that will permit us to create an economic order in
02:18the world that will promote more growth, more equality, better preservation of the environment
02:23and a greater possibility of world peace.
02:31In 1994, the United States, along with Canada and Mexico, inaugurated the greatest free trade
02:38zone in the world.
02:39No more trade barriers and fewer border controls.
02:47Mexican factories stepped up the pace and lines of trucks at the U.S. border grew longer.
02:57Hiding drug cargo in the stream of vehicles became the favorite pastime of the Mexican cartels,
03:02implanted along the 3,000 kilometer border.
03:07Heroin, marijuana and cocaine flowed practically unobstructed.
03:11Helming the country, Mexico's sole political party, the PRI, received its share of the profits.
03:20As long as the traffickers take drugs to the gringos, and as long as they don't challenge
03:26the state, it's okay.
03:28As long as they don't act against the interests of the PRI to keep powers, the state will not
03:35interfere with the drug trade very much.
03:40In Colombia, at the head of the cocaine trafficking chain, the political establishment finally
03:45let loose on drug traffickers.
03:49Under pressure from the DEA, the criminals who came after Pablo Escobar were hunted down.
03:55Their shell companies were dismantled and arrests increased.
04:01To absorb losses, those who'd survived counted on their Mexican transporters.
04:06They asked them to step up the pace.
04:10And they weren't flying one at a time.
04:12They were flying convoys.
04:14Seven or 14 planes would take off at a time, each loaded up with nearly 1,000 kilos of cocaine
04:21and landing in northern Mexico and Chihuahua.
04:23They would be staged there and then smuggled across the border into the U.S.
04:30The logistics of the Mexican cartels were foolproof.
04:34They had the upper hand over the Colombians and imposed a new division of labor.
04:39The Mexicans took charge of the riskiest and most lucrative component of the traffic,
04:44cocaine distribution in the United States.
04:49The Mexicans entered a more complicated phase that we experienced as well.
04:56The level of corruption in the system sank deeper and deeper, and the violence grew worse.
05:02Why?
05:03Because the money from distribution came into play.
05:07And it was a huge amount of money.
05:10And in this business, money is synonymous with violence and death.
05:20Mexico got caught up in a never-ending spiral of violence.
05:24Meanwhile, Colombian traffickers stepped back to focus on production,
05:28covering entire swaths of their land with coca crops.
05:35By the end of the 90s, drug production had become concentrated in lawless areas
05:40where it is impossible to unseat.
05:44Colombia was the world's leading cocaine producer.
05:47And another country emerged as a permanent player in the story of drug trafficking,
05:52Afghanistan, the world's top opium producer.
06:06Kabul, Afghanistan.
06:10Today, 80% of the world's heroin is produced in Afghanistan.
06:15The completely illicit drug represents one-third of the country's revenue.
06:22From the dusty streets of its capital, Kabul,
06:24to the highest levels of state,
06:27all of Afghanistan has become addicted to heroin.
06:34An addiction that was born in the 80s,
06:36in the midst of the Cold War.
06:44The Soviet army occupied the country's big cities.
06:47And in the countryside, the Russians strove to repress Afghan resistance.
06:53So, in the mid-1980s, they adopted so-called scorched earth policy.
06:58They decided to destroy the countryside so people could not live there.
07:03And in order to do so, they would burn down orchards,
07:07destroyed water systems, poison wells, but not everyone moved.
07:12Instead, people started cultivating opium poppy.
07:16For 10 years, opium poppy funded the tribal leaders' resistance to the Soviet occupation.
07:23What was once a marginal crop became the main source of revenue for peasants and warlords.
07:32When the Russians left Afghanistan, tribal leaders clashed in a struggle to take power.
07:42Several thousand Afghans died in their wars.
07:47Throughout the ravaged land,
07:49one movement channeled the anger of a people prostrated by years of conflict.
07:56The Taliban, born in the Quranic schools, gained ground.
08:03They had political objectives.
08:04They didn't like drugs.
08:05When they started, they really were very upset with all those corrupted warlords in Afghanistan
08:10that they really didn't like, so they wanted to bring law and order.
08:12It was not the kind of law and order we liked, but that was their perception.
08:15So, part of that was to stop opium.
08:17Opium was a vice.
08:18It's haram.
08:18It's not clean.
08:22Everywhere they went, the Taliban imposed their strict laws.
08:26Closing movie theaters, outlawing music, hiding women from view.
08:31Religious law triumphed over everything.
08:33But opium was the livelihood of tens of thousands of families.
08:37If they banned it, the Taliban risked losing support in the countryside.
08:43To build political capital, the Taliban started saying,
08:47well, the Quran says that opium poppy is haram, and it's still haram to use it.
08:52But it would say, as long as you produce opium poppy for the kafirs, for the infidels,
08:58as long as it goes to Russia or goes to the U.S., that's perfectly fine with us.
09:05Opium allowed the Taliban to finance their advance on Kabul.
09:09The Afghan capital fell in 1996.
09:15Afghanistan was immediately ostracized by the international community and cut off from the world.
09:21Afghanistan was a ravaged land, and there was no foreign aid.
09:27And so opium was the knife that cut through the Gordian knot of this social puzzle of how to restore
09:36economy.
09:37It's an annual crop.
09:38You put the seed in the ground, and a few months later, you've got a commodity.
09:43It's illicit.
09:44It magically crosses all boundaries, you know, without any impediment whatsoever.
09:53To fulfill their dream of a fundamentalist state, the Taliban set up labs on their land
09:59and turned Afghanistan into the world's leading heroin producer.
10:06Drug money made them bold, thinking they could flout international law.
10:10In 1998, they granted a safe haven to members of al-Qaeda.
10:17But heroin could not ensure the survival of an entire country.
10:22Poverty was rife in Afghanistan.
10:25The Taliban regime sorely needed international aid.
10:29In hopes of regaining international favor,
10:32the Taliban outlawed opium poppy production throughout the country in 2000.
10:39Peasants risked death if they planted the forbidden seed.
10:43In just one year, nearly every poppy field in Afghanistan had disappeared.
10:50And the international community said things like,
10:54well, you know, thank you.
10:56And the United States, under Secretary of State Colin Powell,
10:58actually awarded the regime, I think, $41 million in foreign aid.
11:03But there were other issues.
11:05Human rights.
11:06The status of women.
11:08And so the UN wasn't going to recognize them.
11:12And so the Taliban had, you know, in retrospect,
11:17conducted an act of economic suicide.
11:29After the terrorist attacks of September the 11th, 2001,
11:33the United States invaded Afghanistan.
11:41And it's not surprising that when the first U.S. bomb started falling,
11:47that that hollow shell of a society and a state collapsed
11:52because it was already dead on the inside.
11:55Now, it wasn't very strong to begin with,
11:57but whatever strength it might have had was gone.
12:04In a matter of weeks, the Taliban were pushed back
12:07into isolated zones doomed to disappear.
12:11But patiently, little by little,
12:14they reconquered the land by encouraging the cultivation of opium poppy,
12:18a miraculous source of funds for the rebirth of their movement.
12:41In Colombia, in the mid-90s,
12:43coca fields covered whole stretches of land
12:46far from the cities which were now under high surveillance.
12:50drug traffickers sought refuge in the jungles and mountains
12:53well out of the state's reach.
12:58Colombia is a country in spite of itself.
13:01Its geography is extremely complex.
13:04It's a country that still has many communication problems.
13:07And it's had to work incredibly hard to control its land.
13:12We've barely finished inhabiting our land.
13:15And there are still many unpoliced areas.
13:21In these remote areas, a modern-day far west,
13:24land belonged to whoever had the means to take it.
13:28Large landowners purged Colombia's land of its wealth.
13:33Gemstones, minerals, oil, rare woods.
13:38To extend their operations,
13:41these large families created militias
13:43that would move populations by force.
13:45Colombians called them paramilitaries.
13:50With coca crops booming in the countryside,
13:54drug traffickers also outfitted themselves
13:56with paramilitary groups.
14:03The paramilitaries protected the land for the drug traffickers,
14:06who ordered them to clear the land of peasants
14:08and settlers and everything.
14:12Then the paramilitaries started to accumulate lots of money.
14:16And they took the initiative
14:18to enter into the drug business themselves.
14:25The paramilitary leaders gradually took control
14:28of coca production and the labs
14:30and handled connections with the Mexican cartels
14:33and major international crime networks.
14:40Deep in the jungle,
14:42the scramble for coca would change the fate
14:44of another armed group.
14:49The FARC, a Marxist guerrilla group,
14:52fought for a fair distribution of land.
14:56Active on a few fronts,
14:58but with meagre means,
14:59they would extort large landowners
15:01and kidnap them for ransom.
15:04But in the mid-90s,
15:06FARC guerrillas adapted to the changing times.
15:14There's nothing more conservative than a communist.
15:16Communists are very conservative.
15:18And at first,
15:19they were against drug trafficking
15:20because it was going to corrupt the revolution.
15:22But there was a lot of pressure from peasants
15:24because they needed money.
15:26And so they say,
15:28it's okay to cultivate coca.
15:32And being good revolutionaries
15:34and trying to build a social base,
15:36so they start delivering a variety of public services
15:39flush with the money they get
15:41from taxing cultivation.
15:47The FARC used drug money
15:49to buy arms and ammunition,
15:51but also communication tools
15:53that allowed them to synchronize
15:55their various fronts
15:56and make rapid progress.
15:59The FARC continued their abductions,
16:01targeting the very heart of the government,
16:03governors, deputies and former ministers
16:06were all held hostage.
16:09The guerrillas camped outside Bogotá.
16:13They were here in Medellin
16:15and they were outside Cali.
16:16And at the end of the 90s,
16:17people were talking about
16:19the potential of Colombia becoming a narco state
16:22with the guerrillas taking power.
16:28Faced with the FARC's growing power,
16:30paramilitary groups wanted to retain control
16:33of coca production zones.
16:35In 1997,
16:37all the paramilitary factions
16:38gathered under one commander.
16:40A far-right militia of 20,000 men,
16:44the united self-defenders of Colombia,
16:46defied the guerrillas.
16:48Meanwhile,
16:49Colombia's legitimate military
16:51suffered ambushes by the FARC,
16:53soldiers were abducted in their hundreds.
16:56In that kind of desperate situation,
16:59there were elements of the military who said,
17:01look, you know,
17:02we have to get into bed with this,
17:04with the paramilitaries.
17:05This is the only way to stop
17:07the guerrillas taking power.
17:12So what happens?
17:15These mafias end up carrying out
17:17a number of massacres throughout Colombia,
17:19claiming to be fighting the guerrillas.
17:23But actually what they do
17:24isn't just drive the guerrillas
17:25out of certain areas,
17:26but take the land themselves
17:28and use it as export corridors for coca.
17:37The paramilitaries eliminated their opponents.
17:42The systematic killing
17:44led to the displacement
17:45of millions of people.
17:49The paramilitaries dictated their laws
17:51in the zones they took over,
17:53areas the state could never reach.
17:57If you're looking for crimes
18:01against humanity in Colombia,
18:03this is where you'll find them
18:04with the paramilitaries.
18:06They were the main violators
18:07of human rights
18:08and committed the most massacres
18:09and barbaric acts.
18:12Now, the political class in Colombia,
18:15as we've seen,
18:16has nothing honest about it
18:17and is extremely corrupt.
18:19And at a certain point,
18:20it saw the paramilitaries
18:21as a great opportunity
18:22to obtain votes
18:23and political representation.
18:31It's quite practical
18:32to receive the votes
18:33and armed support
18:34of the paramilitaries.
18:36But it's less practical
18:38when you become governor
18:39and they ask for a spot
18:40in the Housing or Health Administration
18:42where the largest public contracts are,
18:45or if you're a senator
18:47and a paramilitary phones
18:48to tell you to resign for a year
18:50because one of his men
18:51is going to take your seat.
18:57in the early 2000s,
19:03the paramilitaries
19:04were in the same position
19:05as Pablo Escobar
19:0620 years earlier.
19:15Before the Congress,
19:17one of their leaders,
19:19Salvatore Mancuso,
19:20defended the role of his men.
19:25A few years later,
19:27Salvatore Mancuso,
19:29nicknamed Triple Zero,
19:31would admit to the murder
19:32of 300 people.
19:53Salvatore Mancuso spoke to
19:55an appreciative audience.
19:58Paramilitaries controlled
20:00a third of parliament.
20:01Colombia had failed
20:02to push traffickers out.
20:04The paramilitaries
20:05had turned it into a narco-state.
20:18Unlike Colombian traffickers,
20:20the cartels in Mexico
20:21never tried to take
20:22the reins of the government.
20:26Traffickers accepted
20:27the game of corruption
20:28orchestrated by the single party,
20:30the PRI,
20:31in power for 70 years.
20:35In 2000,
20:36Mexicans shrugged off
20:38the authoritarian reign
20:39of the PRI
20:40by electing Vicente Fox
20:41as president.
20:44It was the promise
20:45of a new era for Mexico,
20:47and the change in power
20:48reshuffled the cards
20:49for traffickers.
20:51It did break
20:52what I would call
20:53the Pax Mafiosa,
20:55and that is to say
20:57essentially the understanding
20:59between the Mexican state
21:00and the major
21:02narcotic trafficking organizations
21:03that they were untouchable,
21:06they weren't going to be touched.
21:08So it did break
21:09that certainty
21:11that you had had
21:13for years under the PRI.
21:17The PRI acted
21:19as a mediator
21:20between the cartels.
21:23Once they were gone,
21:25violence was the only way
21:26to weed out competitors.
21:29Overlapping wars
21:30soon broke out
21:31among all the cartels.
21:37At that time,
21:38the local and regional
21:39political class
21:40no longer had the means
21:41to contain
21:42the drug lord's power.
21:45And so in Mexico,
21:47we could say
21:48that the drug war
21:48is the price
21:49of democratization.
22:02In this cartel war,
22:04the historic bastion
22:05of trafficking,
22:06the Sinaloa,
22:06was on every front.
22:09Driven by the insatiable
22:10appetite of its leader,
22:11El Chapo,
22:12freshly escaped
22:13from a high-security prison.
22:16El Chapo Guzman
22:17is one of the most
22:18successful drug traffickers
22:20ever in history.
22:20And his nickname before
22:21Chapo was El Rapido,
22:23the quick one,
22:24because he was able
22:26to move drugs
22:27into the U.S.
22:28at a very,
22:28very high speed.
22:32He became
22:33an emblematic figure,
22:36practically a mythical figure
22:38of Mexican drug culture.
22:41Chapo was also
22:42very diligent
22:43and very systematic
22:44in how to manage
22:45brutality
22:46and extortion
22:47against rivals.
22:52Clever and ruthless,
22:54El Chapo
22:55would have to strike
22:56even harder
22:57if he wanted
22:57to stay in the game.
22:59On the other side
23:00of the country,
23:01the Gulf cartel
23:02recruited elite soldiers
23:03from the Mexican army
23:04and created
23:05an armed wing,
23:06Los Cetas.
23:08Military discipline,
23:10planned operations,
23:11intelligence methods
23:13were redirected
23:14with a single goal,
23:16terrorize the competition
23:17and take over
23:18their territory.
23:19Los Cetas
23:20triggered one upmanship
23:21among the other cartels.
23:23Tijuana,
23:24Ciudad Juáez
23:25and Sinaloa
23:26all outfitted themselves
23:27with elite units.
23:29Scenes of horror erupted.
23:31My God,
23:31they were in Michoacan,
23:33I mean,
23:34the organized crime group there.
23:37They were cutting off
23:37heads of rival cartels
23:39and literally tossing them
23:41on the dance floor.
23:46I mean,
23:47it was out of hand.
23:52In 2006,
23:53the newly elected president
23:54Felipe Calderón
23:56declared war on the cartels
23:58and sent the army
23:58to the front.
24:0045,000 soldiers
24:02tried to win back
24:03the lost territories,
24:04focusing their efforts
24:05on Los Cetas,
24:06the most bloodthirsty
24:07of the cartels.
24:12Under the army's blows,
24:13Los Cetas imploded
24:15into a multitude of groups.
24:17They tightened their grip
24:18on smaller territories
24:20and the violence
24:21ratcheted up a notch.
24:23Los Cetas filmed
24:24their murders
24:25and tortures in detail,
24:26leaving a Zed
24:27on the walls
24:27and bodies
24:28of their victims.
24:33What happened
24:34with Los Cetas
24:35is that they didn't
24:36have enough money
24:37to remain in constant
24:38conflict with the state,
24:41so they turned violence
24:43into a commodity.
24:47Los Cetas
24:48didn't sell the logistics
24:50to move cocaine.
24:54Los Cetas sold the ability
24:56to use violence
24:57in a professional manner
24:58in order to impose
25:00a local state of terror.
25:07They didn't just stay involved
25:09in drug trafficking,
25:10you had to pay
25:10what's called a B-Sort
25:12for everything.
25:12So if you were running
25:13human smuggling
25:14through their territory,
25:16if you were engaged
25:17in kidnapping
25:17in their territory,
25:18extortion,
25:19they got involved in all,
25:20you had to pay the Cetas.
25:24The army,
25:26unable to fight
25:26on every front,
25:27left the Sinaloa cartel
25:29to prosper.
25:31By the end
25:32of the bloody wars,
25:34El Chapo had expanded
25:35his zone of influence
25:36to Tijuana
25:37and Ciudad Guajes.
25:41The use of the army
25:45to try to reduce violence
25:47was counterproductive.
25:55Not only did the violence
25:57continue
25:58in the atrocious forms
25:59we'd seen,
26:02but it gradually increased
26:03quantitatively
26:04until it hit dramatic levels.
26:18At the start of the 2000s,
26:20the U.S. and Colombia
26:22also chose the military option.
26:24They elaborated
26:25the most extensive plan
26:27for battling drug trafficking,
26:28Plan Colombia,
26:30$4 billion over five years.
26:42Hundreds of American advisors
26:44revamped the Colombian army.
26:47Bolstered by these new means,
26:49Colombia turned away
26:50from its initial goal.
26:53The main traffickers,
26:55paramilitaries,
26:55allies of the state
26:56were not targeted.
26:58The plan against drugs
27:00became a war plan.
27:03Bogota poured everything
27:04it had into fighting
27:05its main enemy,
27:06the FARC guerrillas,
27:08active in nearly half
27:09of the country.
27:13The situation shifted in the state's favor
27:15for the first time,
27:17and Colombia's army
27:18began to regain control
27:19of territory
27:20for the first time
27:21in many years.
27:23to put it plainly,
27:26it was the most effective plan
27:28of American military aid
27:29in the past 20 to 25 years.
27:32Plan Colombia restored
27:33the country's security
27:34and brought kidnappings
27:36down from 3,000 to 200.
27:41So in that way,
27:42I think it was very important.
27:46But there was a high price
27:47to pay for a war
27:48waged in those conditions.
27:51It was an irregular war,
27:53with bombings
27:54we never even heard about
27:55here in Bogota.
27:59The dirty war,
28:00waged far from the cameras,
28:02dealt a severe blow
28:03to the FARC.
28:04Its historic leaders
28:05were eliminated.
28:07In time,
28:07a process of negotiation
28:08would begin
28:09with the guerrillas.
28:11For Colombia,
28:12the military offensive
28:13was just the first step.
28:17The next stage
28:18was initiated
28:19under pressure
28:20from Washington.
28:21Despite planned Colombia,
28:23tons of cocaine
28:24were still flowing
28:25into the U.S.
28:27The Colombian government
28:29was ordered
28:29to take action
28:30against the paramilitaries.
28:33In 2006,
28:34the hard right in power
28:36practically offered
28:37them an amnesty,
28:38leaving over
28:39100,000 killers unpunished.
28:41Paramilitary fighters
28:43turned in their weapons
28:44to carnival music.
28:53Welcome to the security.
28:5513,000PLAYE,
28:55and thank you,
29:06for the ministry
29:10to AstraZeneca.
29:22O que é um acordo que foi feito, basicamente...
29:26O acordo foi feito em uma forma que os perpetradores não precisavam de compensar
29:30para o seu land ou seu property, nem por dizer a verdade.
29:35E isso me ajudou muito.
29:38Para todos os massacres que eles cometiam,
29:40incluindo o que me preocupou, em que minha irmã foi morta.
29:45Por todos os anos, os paramilitarios já tinham infinito impunidade.
29:52O maior jolt foi da Supreme Court.
29:56Os judges decidiram abrir uma investigação
29:59sobre os relacionamentos entre paramilitarios e os líderes.
30:03A large-scale clean-up began.
30:06O court examinou, flushou e convocou várias políticas.
30:12O que mudou a vida colombiana,
30:14o que mudou a vida colombiana,
30:16foi o um relenteio que colombiana fez
30:18para que se torne a força pública,
30:20a segurança e a lei.
30:23O que mudou a vida colombiana.
30:34Esses efforts towards justice and memory continue today
30:38in a colombiana que parece que está holdingu áfrica.
30:42A violência diminuiuindo as grandes cidades,
30:44e Colômbia se tornou um destino de turismo.
30:50Mas, bem fora do lugar, em um lugar de alcança,
30:53os mesmos movimentos são passados em seguida.
31:02Aqui, nós farmos a coca e levamos a cada três meses.
31:06Cada três meses, nós farmos a coca e levamos a cada um dos meses,
31:09onde é transformado em pastas.
31:11E os clientes vêm para a casa.
31:19Como milhares de coca agregadores,
31:21esse agricultor tem feito uma campanha de ferramenta
31:24levada por autoridades, com a ajuda da D.E.A.
31:30Por 30 anos, Agent Orange, Monsanto's Glyphosate,
31:34e milhares de litros de herbicóides
31:36foram expulsados em coca e levou todas as regiões.
31:50Em 1994, eu estava em Caqueta.
31:53was a great place to grow coca.
31:56Com a harvests, você conseguiu ganhar um pouco de dinheiro.
32:00Mas, quando eles começaram a spray,
32:02tudo foi arraigado.
32:04E as pessoas morreram,
32:06e os morreram quase que não foram blind.
32:08E as pessoas morreram,
32:09e as árvores, as árvores, tudo,
32:10e tudo,
32:12Quando eles usaram, você não podia plantar nada mais, porque o soil não era bom.
32:19E quando eles usaram, e quando eles usaram, eu vim para Nariño.
32:25E eu pulo todas as plantas de coca para agirar coca.
32:31No seu 3 hectares, ele produz cerca de 70 kg de coca,
32:36que ganha ele 10 vezes mais do que se agirar coca.
32:42A transformação de coca vai para o outro lado.
32:45A transformação de coca vai para o outro lado.
32:45Eles enviam para o México, os Estados Unidos, outros países,
32:48porque é onde eles usaram o dinheiro.
32:52Porque 1 kg aqui é quase nada,
32:55mas lá, ele é.
33:01Para fazer 1 kg de coca,
33:03ele custa 350 kg de coca, 400 dólares.
33:08Onde ele é transformado,
33:10é vendido,
33:10é vendido em bolso,
33:11então retém,
33:12e corta.
33:13Isso significa que o mesmo kg de coca
33:16vendas por mais de 120,000 dólares
33:18na rua de New York,
33:20300 vezes a base de preço.
33:22Quando parte da árvore em Colômbia
33:24é eradicado,
33:25o preço do coca pode ser triplificado.
33:28Outro na rua,
33:29isso faz o custo de 1 gram
33:30rise de 122 dólares
33:32a 122.77 dólares.
33:35Não o suficiente para descanso
33:37o usuário de New York,
33:38ou para descanso o trafico.
33:40Em Colômbia,
33:42coca still finanças
33:43dozens of armed groups.
33:45Eles são o distante
33:46successores
33:47dos grandes cartelos,
33:48direct descendentes
33:49dos paramilitar
33:50factions,
33:51ou farx
33:52que refusam
33:52o histórico
33:53em 2016.
33:57Depois de 30 ou 40 anos
33:59de guerra em Colômbia,
34:01nós estamos produzindo
34:02mais cocaína
34:03que nunca.
34:03Mas,
34:04nós consideramos isso
34:05a successo
34:06porque as organizações
34:07governam menos.
34:10Nós estamos fazendo
34:11progress,
34:12mas nós estamos
34:14em uma situação complicada
34:15e difícil,
34:16com a fear
34:17que essas coisas
34:18de coca
34:18podem re-activar
34:20as coisas
34:20que não podemos controlar.
34:22e,
34:23sim,
34:24eu estou com medo
34:25que o futebol
34:25vai ter de novo.
34:38As longas
34:39as drogas
34:39crescer,
34:40criminal ou insurgente
34:41movimentos
34:42podem ter posicionado.
34:43Em Afganistan,
34:45a U.S.
34:45underestimada
34:46essa danger.
34:49after driving
34:50the Taliban
34:50out of power
34:51in 2001,
34:52Washington
34:53thought the problem
34:54was solved.
34:55A few years
34:56later,
34:57the U.S.
34:58army was facing
34:58a powerful insurrection.
35:01The Taliban
35:01had used drug money
35:02to enlist thousands
35:03of fighters.
35:06in 2004,
35:09under pressure
35:09from Washington,
35:10President
35:11Hamid Karzai
35:12declared a jihad
35:13against opium.
35:22But the Afghan
35:24president would play
35:25against his side.
35:26His authority
35:27was held only
35:28by the fragile coalition
35:29of warlords
35:30and former Mujahideen
35:31who used drug money
35:32themselves
35:33to run their fiefdoms.
35:35Of course,
35:36there were many people
35:36in the Afghan government
35:37who were involved
35:38in the drug trade.
35:39Same as in the other
35:40opposing forces.
35:42This is not the secret.
35:43Everybody knew it.
35:44It was not very convenient
35:45in those days
35:46to talk about it
35:47because there are
35:48political allies.
35:48That was the logic.
35:53In 2005,
35:54in the region
35:54of Helmand,
35:55over nine tons
35:56of opium
35:57were discovered
35:57in the governor's basement.
35:59President Hamid Karzai
36:01had to remove him.
36:04without his revenue,
36:06the governor's militia
36:07changed sides.
36:08His 3,000 men
36:09joined the Taliban
36:10and upset
36:11the balance of power.
36:16The region of Helmand
36:17fell into the hands
36:18of the Taliban
36:19who turned it
36:20into the country's
36:21leading zone
36:21of heroin production.
36:27To cut off
36:28the Taliban's main
36:29source of revenue,
36:30the US beefed up
36:31its military response.
36:35U.S. B-52 bombers
36:37and U.S. F-22
36:38Raptor fighters
36:39bomb
36:40Taliban
36:41heroin labs.
36:46So, here's an F-22
36:49fighter.
36:50It costs about
36:50$400 million.
36:52And a heroin lab,
36:54which sounds fancy,
36:55but really is,
36:56is a mud brick shed
36:59with some rusting tin drums
37:01and a cheap
37:02electric heater.
37:04Probably $50 worth
37:06of equipment.
37:09Where the U.S. uses
37:11its most sophisticated
37:12military equipment,
37:14and all of its targeting
37:15and intelligence
37:16and research,
37:17the drones
37:18to monitor movement,
37:19the satellite imagery,
37:22the B-52 bomber,
37:24which is the biggest
37:24military airplane
37:26on the planet.
37:27To attack these tin roof
37:31sheds with their steel drums
37:33is, I think,
37:35a demonstration of the limits
37:36of coercion.
37:42There is not one case
37:44where eradication
37:45has bankrupted belligerents
37:47or significantly weakened them
37:48to make them easier
37:49to defeat.
37:50People go hungry.
37:52They literally
37:53don't have anything to eat.
37:54And they will protest
37:57and they will mobilize.
37:59And so what happens is
38:01that the criminal groups,
38:03insurgent groups,
38:05like in Afghanistan
38:06or in Colombia,
38:07get a lot of political capital.
38:10People switch
38:11allegiance to them.
38:13And in fact,
38:14the history of
38:16the so-called
38:17narco-militancy nexus,
38:19narco-insurgency nexus,
38:21is that the state
38:22wins against insurgents
38:24when it stops eradicating.
38:29After 50 years of war,
38:30Kabul,
38:31Afghanistan's capital,
38:32is now home
38:33to the world's
38:34highest concentration
38:35of drug addicts.
38:37in the countryside,
38:39practically one out of
38:40every two families
38:41is affected by
38:41heroin addiction.
38:43The country continues
38:44to founder.
39:02in Mexico,
39:03a century after trafficking
39:04first began,
39:06popular culture celebrates
39:07narcos and their swift rise
39:09in society.
39:10The small farmers who planted
39:12poppies in the last century
39:14in the mountains of Sinaloa gave birth to traffickers
39:16able to exploit every crack in the system.
39:20Absolute symbol of the revenge of the weak,
39:23El Chapo Guzman, leader of the Sinaloa cartel,
39:26dodged authorities for 15 years
39:28and amassed a fortune of $1 billion,
39:31which police are still looking for.
39:35The drug trafficking organisations
39:37can afford the best lawyers,
39:40they can afford the best investment brokers,
39:42they can afford the best accountants.
39:45and the security forces and law enforcement
39:48are hugely outgunned in terms of accountants and lawyers.
39:57Hundreds of millions of dollars belonging to the Sinaloa cartel
40:01were found laundered in the accounts of the world's biggest banking institutions.
40:07The banks all obtained a legal settlement.
40:10No convictions were pronounced.
40:17But rather than say that this financial system is deeply unstable
40:21and fuelled by dirty money,
40:22we continue not to penalise it
40:25and say that for lack of anything better,
40:27we're moving forward this way
40:29and we close our eyes a little.
40:31So for them,
40:32it's always worth it to continue this trafficking.
40:35It remains profitable
40:36and that shows on the level of big banks
40:39with legal departments
40:39that provision more and more money
40:41from one year to the next.
40:43In other words,
40:45in the prospect of a trial,
40:46they've evaluated and set a price on fraud,
40:49on skirting the rules
40:50and on lack of banking responsibility.
40:59In 2015,
41:01El Chapo was caught
41:02when he contacted an actress
41:03he'd grown infatuated with.
41:20One of the world's greatest drug kingpins
41:22was brought down by an amateur mistake.
41:27Extradited to the United States
41:29and sentenced to life in prison,
41:31El Chapo left in his wake
41:32a nebula of drug trafficking
41:34and the myth of a hierarchical cartel
41:36held by a single man.
41:43The current criminal world
41:45is no longer in the hands of those
41:47whose names we hear in the media.
41:54And perhaps,
41:56what remains of the Sinaloa Cartel
41:59for Mexico
42:01is above all
42:02nostalgia.
42:06The nostalgia of a criminal organization
42:10that used violence in a predictable manner.
42:15Today in Mexico,
42:17violence has crept in everywhere all the time.
42:20Yesterday's big cartels have been split up by the army
42:23which is still deployed throughout the country.
42:25A myriad of small elusive groups appear,
42:28decline, disappear and reform constantly.
42:42On the Pacific coast,
42:44Acapulco, Mexico's crown jewel,
42:46has become one of the most dangerous cities in the world.
42:50Around 30 crime organizations
42:52are active in the region.
43:06Small groups in Mexico are a major problem.
43:10And the fact that there are small and very many
43:13and that they operate in the context of law enforcement
43:17that is seen as weak and incompetent
43:20means that there is tremendous violence.
43:34I'm the person who picks up the bodies from the hospitals,
43:37from the coroners,
43:39from homes.
43:45I'm the one who offers support to people,
43:48who help support them in their pain.
43:58I've already had to go to collect corpses from graves
44:01where there were eight or nine bodies.
44:07When there are disembodied bodies,
44:09we have to inject them piece by piece,
44:11sew the bodies together so they're in one piece,
44:14so families can see their relatives.
44:16and then we give the families an explanation.
44:23Often, in many cases,
44:24the bodies can't be given a wake
44:26because of their state of decomposition.
44:32We prepare them,
44:33then we close the casket
44:34because you can't see a body in a state like that.
44:44In Mexico, death has every right.
44:51The bodies are stacked one on top of the other.
44:56and there's no power that can repair the damage that is done each day.
45:06Every day,
45:07every day we wake up to the news of another hidden grave.
45:11We wake up to learn a new organized crime group has emerged.
45:19Over the past ten years,
45:21more than 40,000 people have disappeared in Mexico,
45:24killed by criminal organizations
45:25that blindly strike, extort or kidnap for ransom
45:29people who oftentimes are innocent.
45:34I'm searching for my brother Tomas,
45:36my big brother,
45:37who was kidnapped on July 5th, 2012,
45:40from Huitzico Guerrero.
45:44Mario Vergara combs the land relentlessly,
45:47searching for his brother's body.
45:49With other grieving families,
45:51he has dug up over 400 bodies over the last five years.
45:54Here, just an hour's drive from Acapulco.
46:01In this place,
46:03which is called the Lake of Iguala Guerrero,
46:05we found 21 bodies,
46:07all bearing signs of torture,
46:10hands and feet bound,
46:13blindfolded.
46:18They recruit your children
46:20to turn them into killers.
46:22If you're a farmer,
46:24they force you to give up your corn crops,
46:25to plant opium poppy instead.
46:30They can make your husband go missing.
46:37And you might spend your whole life looking for him,
46:39because they've recruited him for criminal work.
46:43Or you could find him dead
46:44in one of the secret graves.
46:54The mountains are very beautiful,
46:57and the landscape is stunning, it's true.
47:02But it hides the horror that man has committed within it.
47:26Here's the skull.
47:40This is someone's skull.
47:44This is someone's skull.
47:45You can see where the bullet went in here.
47:51According to what I was told,
47:53this man was brought here,
47:54they shot him,
47:56and he fell face first.
48:02We're digging up the truth of this country.
48:05We're telling the government,
48:06yes, people have disappeared in Mexico.
48:08Yes, there are secret graves in Mexico.
48:11And you're not doing your job.
48:12We're doing it for you.
48:17The only good thing in all of this
48:19is that the Mexican people are getting more and more organized each day.
48:24There are lots of women's organizations
48:26that are standing up to a state that lacks the capacity
48:29to provide justice and to find their loved ones.
48:52Each mass grave must be visited by the authorities
48:55who are storing over 27,000 unidentified bodies as of today.
49:15A new chapter in the story of drug trafficking is opening somewhere in China.
49:20A return full circle.
49:23Criminal organizations have stolen yet another secret
49:26from the pharmaceutical industry.
49:28By manipulating chemicals,
49:30they've managed to synthesize fentanyl,
49:33a distant cousin of opium.
49:37Manufactured since the 1950s for medical use,
49:40fentanyl is made without the slightest trace of poppy flower.
49:44The drug is 100% synthetic.
49:47Today, these ports,
49:48where the first bundles of opium arrived in the 19th century,
49:51marked the point of departure for invisible cargoes of an infinitely powerful drug.
49:57Fentanyl is at least 100 times more potent than heroin.
50:02So it might take several trucks, trailer trucks of cocaine,
50:07to supply the US drug market for a year.
50:10Well, it might take just one car load to supply, a small car load,
50:16to supply the US entire opioid market with fentanyl.
50:20You can basically forget about the agriculture.
50:24I mean, you don't need peasants growing opium poppies in Afghanistan or in Mexico or Colombia.
50:33You don't need armies and warlords who are shipping opium.
50:37If you simply have chemicals that you can manufacture in China and then ship to Mexico
50:45and then use them to produce drugs like fentanyl,
50:48it greatly simplifies the process.
50:51And it means that you can base your operations anywhere.
50:55So, modern synthetic drugs really have the potential to radically change the illegal drug trade
51:03and the politics, international relations and geopolitics to surround it.
51:11Fentanyl flows into a country grappling with the greatest addiction epidemic in its history.
51:16In the United States, the over-prescription of painkillers encouraged by pharmaceutical lobbies
51:21has caused hundreds of thousands of patients to become addicted to opiates.
51:26When their treatment stops and the illusion of well-being is shattered,
51:30they turn to illicit markets.
51:33Every day, middle-class men and women join the horde of heroin addicts
51:37and fall victim to fentanyl, which is less expensive and a lot more powerful.
51:43Fentanyl kills 30,000 people each year in the US.
51:54This vial is a death trap for those who seek refuge from the pain of living.
51:59Yet there's nothing fatal about that.
52:01As long as the war targets drug trafficking rather than the causes of drug use,
52:05we will live in a constantly shifting mafia environment.
52:09The world of drugs was created by our societal choices and our economic system.
52:14The only solution is to change it.
52:21The only solution is to change it.
52:36The aún Kirby lines did star once more.
53:03The only reason is to change over the struggle.angebill
53:03Amém.
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