#NikolaTesla #TheGeniusWhoLitTheWorld #Documentary #ScienceDocumentary #History #Inventor #TeslaVsEdison #ACPower #TeslaCoil #TechHistory #Genius
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00:02So
01:33America.
01:34People from countries around the world came to America, to New York Harbor, and entered the portals of their new
01:41lives.
01:42In 1884, Nikola Tesla, son of a Serbian Orthodox minister, stood on the deck of a ship and smiled with
01:50satisfaction.
01:51Here, in this country, in this very city, he would one day change the face of the globe.
02:14Nikola Tesla was born on July 10, 1856, in Smiljan Lika, in what later became Yugoslavia.
02:22His father, Melutin Tesla, was a stern minister, and his mother, Juka Mandic, was an inventor in her own right
02:30of household appliances.
02:32She was never photographed.
02:34His childhood dream was to come to America to harness the power of Niagara Falls.
02:41Tesla studied mathematics and physics at Graz, Austria, and philosophy in Prague, Czechoslovakia.
02:47He began his career as an electrical engineer with a telephone company in Budapest in 1881.
02:55It was there, as Tesla was walking with a friend through the city park, that the elusive solution to the
03:01rotating magnetic field flashed through his mind.
03:04With a stick, Tesla drew a diagram in the sand, explaining the principle of the induction motor.
03:12Before going to America, Tesla joined the Continental Edison Company in Paris, where he designed dynamos.
03:20While in Strasbourg in 1883, he privately built a prototype of the induction motor and ran it successfully.
03:28Unable to interest anyone in Europe in promoting this radical device, Tesla accepted an offer to work for Thomas Edison
03:36in America, where he set about improving Edison's line of dynamos.
03:40It was here that his divergence of opinion with Edison over direct current versus alternating current began.
03:47This disagreement climaxed in the War of the Currents, as Edison fought a losing battle to protect his investment in
03:55direct current equipment and facilities.
03:59This Edison plaque in Lower Manhattan denotes the first direct current power station in the United States.
04:06Edison built an empire on direct current, supplying industry, transportation, and households in larger cities with direct current electricity.
04:16These Edison lamps were weak and inefficient when supplied by direct current.
04:21This system had a severe disadvantage, in that it could not be transported more than two miles due to its
04:27inability to step up to high voltage levels necessary for long-distance transmission.
04:33Consequently, a direct current power station was required at two-mile intervals.
04:39Direct current flows continuously in one direction.
04:42Alternating current changes direction 50 or 60 times per second, and can be stepped up to very high voltage levels,
04:50minimizing power loss across great distances.
04:53The future belonged to alternating current.
04:57Nikola Tesla developed the polyphase alternating current system of generators, motors, and transformers,
05:04and held 40 basic basic U.S. patents on the system, which George Westinghouse bought, determined to supply America with
05:11Tesla's electrical system.
05:14Edison did not want to lose his D.C. empire, and a bitter war ensued.
05:19This was the War of the Currents between A.C. and D.C.
05:23Tesla with Westinghouse ultimately emerged the victor, because A.C. was a superior technology.
05:29It was a war won for the progress of both America and the world.
05:36Edison's home in New Jersey shows his comfortable life, and his place in history is secure.
05:41It was a full life that ended peacefully in 1931.
05:47After leaving Edison, Tesla opened his first laboratory on South Fifth Avenue in New York City.
05:52As Tesla's fame increased, many notable friends came to his laboratory and participated in his experiments.
06:00The American writer Mark Twain was especially intrigued.
06:04Robert Underwood Johnson participated in Tesla laboratory experiments,
06:09where electricity of very high voltage harmlessly passed through his body.
06:12He said,
06:14I was myself at that time the medium of the passage of an electric current of a million volts of
06:19the Tesla system of high frequency,
06:21whereas I believe 2,500 volts of the ordinary current is sufficient to kill.
06:27Very high voltage of electricity passes superficially through the skin,
06:31bypassing vital organs like the heart and the brain, and is therefore harmless.
06:37This laboratory burned to the ground,
06:39and two floors of personally constructed and unique scientific equipment,
06:43along with his notes, were destroyed.
06:46The New York Times of March 14, 1895, interviewed Tesla just after the fire,
06:52and reported the distinguished inventor's heavy losses,
06:56which, while financial, also delayed development of his new inventions.
07:01Robert Underwood Johnson, publisher of Century Magazine and author of Remember Yesterday and other books,
07:08and his wife, Catherine, were both friends of Tesla.
07:11They published many articles about him and his work.
07:15Robert Underwood Johnson wrote in his book, Remembered Yesterday,
07:19Among the few persons whom I have met who I think are possessed of genius
07:23is my friend Nikola Tesla, the electrical discoverer and inventor.
07:28He was the discoverer of the principle of the rotating magnetic field.
07:33If he had done nothing else, this would entitle him to fame of the first order.
07:39Tesla was introduced to the Johnsons by Thomas Comerford Martin,
07:43Tesla's first biographer and the third president of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers
07:48between 1888 and 1889.
07:52He edited and published a remarkable collection of Tesla's contemporary lectures.
07:57Tesla was gifted with intense powers of visualization and exceptional memory from early youth on.
08:04He was able to fully construct, develop, and perfect his inventions completely in his mind
08:09before committing them to paper.
08:12According to Hugo Gernsbach,
08:15Tesla was possessed of a striking physical appearance,
08:18over six feet tall with deep-set eyes and a stately manner.
08:22His impressions of Tesla were of a man endowed with remarkable physical and mental freshness,
08:28ready to surprise the world with more and more inventions as he grew older.
08:33A lifelong bachelor, he led a somewhat isolated existence,
08:37devoting his full energies to science.
08:41He opened his second laboratory on Houston Street near Mulberry in Manhattan.
08:46It was capitalized with half a million dollars with the help of John Jacob Astor and J.P. Morgan.
08:53Here he could work night and day to improve dynamos.
08:57It was here that Tesla experimented with harmonic vibrations,
09:01nearly destroying his laboratory and the surrounding buildings.
09:04Many pieces of equipment from this lab survived to this day in the Tesla Museum in Belgrade.
09:12In October of 1887,
09:15Tesla began applying to the United States Patent Office
09:18for a comprehensive system of motors, generators, and transformers of electrical power.
09:25Tesla introduced his motors and electrical systems in a classic paper titled
09:29A New System of Alternating Current, Motors and Transformers,
09:33which he delivered before the American Institute of Electrical Engineers in 1888.
09:40One of the people most impressed with this lecture
09:43was the industrialist and inventor George Westinghouse.
09:47This concept of a nationwide electric power system
09:50was just what Westinghouse was waiting for.
09:53Tesla and Westinghouse would make a perfect partnership.
09:56Within two months of Tesla's lecture,
09:59George Westinghouse had acquired the rights to the patents
10:02and to Tesla's personal services
10:04to help develop the patents into commercial equipment.
10:09Westinghouse became dedicated to promoting the polyphase alternating current system
10:14and felt that his best chance to introduce it to the public at large
10:18would be at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago.
10:22The Columbian Exposition was the World's Fair,
10:27commemorating 400 years since Christopher Columbus set foot in the New World.
10:32Located on Lake Michigan near Chicago
10:34to facilitate access by sea, road, and rail.
10:39It was a gathering of ideas, men, and technologies from every corner of the globe,
10:44with each country contributing its best of their industrial,
10:48cultural, commercial, and educational enterprises.
10:51The Renaissance style of the Exposition buildings
10:54were unsurpassed in their architectural beauty.
10:58Ever the ingenious promoter,
11:00Westinghouse outbid Edison for the contract
11:03to power the Exposition's lighting and electrical systems.
11:06Over 200,000 electric light bulbs were illuminated
11:09by Tesla's polyphase alternating current system.
11:13The Westinghouse display was an historic collection of machines and exhibits,
11:18all using the Tesla-Westinghouse alternating current.
11:21It was a spectacular display of lights and energy,
11:25which illuminated the exposition.
11:28Tesla's childhood dream was fulfilled
11:30with the harnessing of the power of Niagara Falls.
11:33In October 1893, a contract was signed with the Westinghouse Company
11:39to build the first two Niagara generators on Tesla's polyphase system.
11:44In April 1895, the first generators began turning.
11:48The plant became the electrical wonder of the world.
11:52The nameplate on one of the earliest generators at Niagara Falls
11:55lists nine of Tesla's patents.
11:59In 1896, a 26-mile high-tension transmission line
12:03carried electricity to operate streetlights
12:06and industrial machinery in Buffalo, New York.
12:09This large bronze statue of Tesla
12:11was Yugoslavia's bicentennial gift to the United States in 1976.
12:17Members of the Tesla Memorial Society rededicate it each year.
12:23The archives of the Nikola Tesla Museum in Belgrade
12:27holds over 150,000 documents relevant to Tesla's life and work,
12:32some of which are yet to be published.
12:37I am the director of the museum for last decade.
12:41And the museum, as you know, is now over 35 years old.
12:46In the museum, we keep a lot of things
12:49which were brought from the United States
12:52after Tesla's death by his nephew, Sava Kosanović.
12:56The museum on the lower floor has two parts.
13:01The first part is actually part devoted to personal things
13:06and to, it's a memorial part of the museum.
13:10And in that part, we have that famous sculpture of Nikola Tesla
13:15which is made by our famous sculptor Meshtrovich.
13:20The lower part of the museum
13:22is a part devoted to Tesla's life and Tesla's work.
13:27And there are many interesting things
13:30from personal things, documents, pictures,
13:35instruments from the laboratories.
13:38Among documents which are stored in the museum,
13:41there are over 100,000 documents, many of them are letters.
13:45There are also over 30,000 original
13:49and other documents about Tesla's scientific work.
13:52There are more than 5,000 technical drawings,
13:55over 700 photographs of various kinds
13:59connected with Tesla's work again,
14:01part of them, of course, with Tesla's life as well.
14:04First, Tesla induction motor.
14:07He built it in 8087 to show that it is possible
14:12to produce a very efficient machine
14:14based on polyphase current.
14:16Here we have again two phase current
14:19passing into these four coils
14:21and the rotor which is rotated in the same way
14:24as the spinning egg.
14:25But to get a much stronger action required for the motor,
14:29here we have a short circuit of coils into the rotor.
14:32Then we pass the current...
14:36The motor operates
14:38and its speed is nearly 3,000 revolutions per minute
14:41with a 50 hertz current.
14:45It's a very powerful motor
14:47over half a horsepower.
14:50In 8082, Tesla discovered
14:52the idea of rotating magnetic field
14:55produced by two-phase current.
14:57Here is the machine
14:59which is actually designed
15:01to show that two-phase currents
15:03and it contains two coils.
15:07The current, two separate electrical circuits.
15:09One coil is going through those two rings
15:11into the external circuit of the one phase
15:15and the other coil is going through
15:17the other two rings
15:18to the another phase circuit.
15:21Two-phase alternating currents
15:23are fed into four coils.
15:27When we produce two phases current
15:30they will, in combined action,
15:34produce the rotating magnetic field.
15:36And we can illustrate that
15:37by rotating the generator
15:40and that will produce
15:42the rotation of the magnetic needle.
15:44So, indirectly,
15:46we see the rotating magnetic field effect.
15:50This is a hydraulic analogy
15:53of Tesla's rotating magnetic field
15:55and induction motor.
15:56When we produce the movement of piston
15:59in the way
16:00the two-phase current
16:02are produced by the generator
16:04we will produce
16:05the rotating magnetic field.
16:08So, you can follow
16:09the movement of electrons
16:11through the conductor
16:12by movement of air bubbles
16:14through the tubes
16:15and by observing
16:17the rotation of the triangle
16:19you can see
16:20the way in which
16:21the rotating magnetic field
16:23causes induction motor rotor
16:25to rotate.
16:29In 1893
16:30Tesla
16:32showed his
16:33alternating current system
16:35induction motors
16:36and various machines.
16:38Here is an experiment
16:39which he performed
16:40at that exhibition.
16:42Two-phase alternating current.
16:44This is one phase current
16:46another phase current
16:47and here we have four coils.
16:50Those four coils
16:51produce a strong magnetic field
16:54the rotating magnetic field
16:55and that rotating magnetic field
16:58is going to rotate
17:00any metallic object
17:02which we place in it.
17:04Here we see
17:06an object in the shape
17:07of an egg.
17:10Induction motor
17:11doesn't require
17:12any connecting wires
17:14in the motors in the rotor
17:16and that is that famous motor
17:18without brushes
17:20which Tesla wanted to produce.
17:24Tesla's alternating current motor
17:26is a part of a whole system
17:28of polyphase currents.
17:30That system consists of a generator
17:35like the one we have here.
17:38It is driven by water.
17:40Mechanical energy of water
17:42is converted
17:43into three-phase alternating currents.
17:46Those current
17:46carry energy
17:47through the wires
17:48first as a low voltage
17:50then as a high voltage
17:51with very low loss.
17:53We carry that energy
17:55through the wires
17:55we step down
17:58high voltage
17:58into low voltage
17:59and distribute
18:00those currents
18:01to various loads
18:03for example
18:04electric motors.
18:06The model shown here
18:08is an example
18:10of generation
18:11transmission
18:12and utilization
18:14of electric energy.
18:18This is a cross-section
18:20of a modern induction motor
18:21built
18:22on the Tesla's principles.
18:25Rotating magnetic field
18:26which is produced
18:28by the conductors
18:30which go round
18:31is rotating
18:33causing induction
18:35induced currents
18:36into the short circuit
18:37coils
18:38into the rotor.
18:39This is the rotor.
18:40And that rotor
18:42rotates
18:43under the action
18:44of rotating magnetic field
18:45in the same way
18:46as the spinning egg
18:48we have seen
18:48in the previous experiments.
18:50million and million
18:52of motors
18:52of this kind
18:53are used
18:54throughout the world.
18:55You have them
18:56many
18:56many of these
18:58types of motors
18:58you will find
18:59in your own home
18:59washing machine
19:00dish washing machine
19:01in many
19:03record players
19:04and so on.
19:07Tesla coil
19:08producing
19:09very high frequency
19:10high voltage
19:11and it can operate
19:13a single terminal
19:15electric bulb.
19:17This is
19:17actually similar
19:19to Tesla
19:20single electrode
19:21bulb
19:21which was
19:23built in a
19:24slightly different
19:25way
19:25but producing
19:27high efficiency
19:28electric light.
19:36The experiment
19:37we see now
19:38shows
19:39the effect
19:40of induction current
19:41which can
19:42raise the piece
19:44of aluminum
19:45which you can see
19:46above the
19:47magnetic poles
19:49alternating current
19:50is passing
19:51through the coil
19:52and produce
19:53induced current
19:54in the aluminum
19:56piece
19:57and that induced current
19:58are producing
20:00opposing magnetic fields
20:01so that they try
20:02to repel each other
20:03but then there is
20:04gravitation
20:05so there is a
20:06balance between
20:07gravitational force
20:08and the repelling
20:09force of the
20:10magnetic field
20:11and it is a
20:12levitation experiment.
20:14Now this
20:15kind of experiment
20:16is used
20:18in practical
20:20single rail
20:21trains
20:21in which case
20:22we raise the train
20:24lower the friction
20:26and then
20:26using a linear
20:28Tesla induction
20:29motor
20:29we can run
20:30the train
20:31along the single
20:32rail.
20:37it is very stable
20:39as you see
20:40because
20:41as soon as
20:42it moves
20:43from the magnetic field
20:44the magnetic field
20:45moves it back
20:46to the stable
20:47position
20:48of levitation.
20:51When
20:52Tesla was
20:53student at Graz
20:55he had a chance
20:56to see
20:57a machine
20:57similar to this one
20:58this is a
20:59gram machine
21:00with a
21:01commutator
21:02that
21:03commutator
21:04produced a lot
21:05of sparks
21:06and Tesla
21:07complained to his
21:08professor
21:08asking him
21:09whether it would
21:10be possible
21:11to remove
21:11commutator
21:13from the machine
21:13since
21:14every generator
21:15produced
21:16alternating current
21:17and every motor
21:18in fact
21:19operates
21:20on alternating current
21:22but
21:23by using
21:24commutators
21:25at the transmitter
21:26or at the
21:27generator
21:28and at the
21:29receiver side.
21:31Tesla's professor
21:32said it was
21:33impossible
21:34but later on
21:35after many years
21:36Tesla proved
21:36that it was
21:37possible
21:38and he produced
21:39a brushless
21:39motor.
21:41This is a
21:43small mechanical
21:43oscillator
21:44which Tesla
21:45was used
21:48in his
21:49famous
21:49experiment
21:49when he
21:50connected it
21:51to the
21:52one part
21:53of the building
21:54and produced
21:55the vibration
21:56which
21:56shaked
21:57the surrounding
21:57building
21:58producing
21:58a small
21:59earthquake
21:59and
22:01the same
22:02mechanical
22:03oscillator
22:03was used
22:04for another
22:05purpose
22:06to produce
22:06a very high
22:07stability
22:08high
22:08precision
22:09alternating current
22:10which Tesla
22:11wanted to
22:12use for
22:13driving
22:13electric clocks
22:14by oscillating
22:17it produced
22:17alternating current
22:18in the coils
22:21and vibration
22:22can be controlled
22:23by pressure
22:24compressed air
22:28after about
22:291910
22:30Tesla
22:31worked very
22:32hard
22:32in some
22:33mechanical
22:34designs
22:35and among
22:36them
22:36there are
22:36some
22:37speedometers
22:37and this
22:39is one
22:39built
22:39by a firm
22:41Volkham
22:42and it
22:43was used
22:43in Cadillac
22:44cars
22:52this is a
22:53combination
22:54of
22:54Tesla
22:55bladeless
22:55pump
22:56and
22:56turbine
22:57on the
22:58left
22:58is the
22:58pump
22:59which
23:00produce
23:01high
23:01pressure
23:02which
23:02turns
23:03turbine
23:04on the
23:04right
23:06piece
23:07of
23:07cable
23:07through
23:07which
23:08the
23:08first
23:09current
23:09passed
23:10from
23:10Niagara
23:11for
23:11power
23:13plant
23:13to
23:14Buffalo
23:14in
23:151895
23:16this piece
23:17was presented
23:18to
23:18Nikola
23:19Tesla
23:19in
23:211891
23:22Nikola
23:23Tesla
23:23discovered
23:24famous
23:24Tesla
23:25coil
23:25that is
23:26an
23:26apparatus
23:26which
23:27converts
23:27low
23:28frequency
23:28current
23:29into
23:29high
23:30frequency
23:30high
23:31voltage
23:31current
23:31in this
23:33machinery
23:33here
23:33we produce
23:34a high
23:35voltage
23:35of about
23:35200,000
23:36volts
23:37between
23:37that
23:37and that
23:38terminal
23:38here
23:39to show
23:40to show
23:40one
23:40experiments
23:41which
23:41we can
23:41perform
23:42with
23:42it
23:42here
23:43we have
23:43a connection
23:44a single
23:45wire
23:45connection
23:45to
23:47evacuated
23:48gas
23:48tubes
23:49here
23:51so
23:51only
23:52one
23:52wire
23:52is
23:52connected
23:53to
23:53one
23:54side
23:54the
23:54other
23:55terminal
23:56of
23:56the
23:57gas
23:57tube
23:57is
23:58not
23:58directly
23:59connected
23:59and
24:00we
24:00have
24:00a
24:00wireless
24:00transmission
24:01between
24:01this
24:02terminal
24:02and
24:03that
24:03end
24:04of
24:04the
24:04tube
24:04so
24:06the
24:06system
24:06is
24:07actually
24:07demonstrating
24:08single
24:09wire
24:09transmission
24:10of
24:10energy
24:22today
24:23the
24:23Tesla
24:24coil
24:24is
24:25used
24:25in
24:25every
24:25television
24:26and
24:26radio
24:27produced
24:27plus
24:28many
24:28other
24:28applications
24:30here
24:31Nikola
24:31Tesla
24:32is
24:32holding
24:32a
24:32bulb
24:33illuminated
24:33without
24:34wire
24:34by
24:35an
24:35electromagnetic
24:36field
24:36this
24:37is
24:37an
24:37example
24:38of
24:38the
24:38wireless
24:39transmission
24:39of
24:40electricity
24:42Nikola
24:43Tesla
24:43built
24:43several
24:44huge
24:45Tesla
24:45coils
24:45the
24:46largest
24:46one
24:47he
24:47built
24:47in
24:47Colorado
24:48Springs
24:48that
24:49Tesla
24:50coil
24:50as we
24:51know
24:51contains
24:52primary
24:52and
24:53the
24:53secondary
24:54primary
24:55of
24:56Tesla's
24:56Colorado
24:57Springs
24:57coil
24:58was
24:5815
24:58meters
24:59in
24:59diameter
24:59therefore
25:00about
25:0015
25:01times
25:01this
25:02diameter
25:03secondary
25:04coil
25:04is
25:05this
25:05one
25:06with
25:06many
25:06turns
25:06and
25:07we
25:08produce
25:08very
25:09high
25:09voltage
25:09at
25:10the
25:10top
25:10ring
25:11that's
25:12the
25:12last
25:12turn
25:12and
25:13the
25:13high
25:13voltage
25:14appears
25:14between
25:14this
25:15disk
25:15and
25:16the
25:16ball
25:17which
25:17you
25:17can
25:17see
25:18on
25:19the
25:19top
25:19half
25:21half
25:21a
25:21million
25:21volt
25:21is
25:22the
25:22breakdown
25:23voltage
25:23in
25:24between
25:24those
25:25two
25:25sections
25:38in
25:401899
25:41to
25:41the
25:42very
25:42beginning
25:42of
25:431900
25:43Tesla
25:44spent
25:44nearly
25:45a
25:45year
25:45working
25:46on
25:47a
25:48largest
25:48laboratory
25:49he
25:49ever
25:49built
25:50and
25:50that
25:50is
25:51Colorado
25:51Springs
25:52laboratory
25:52in
25:53that
25:53one
25:54he
25:54built
25:55a
25:55huge
25:55Tesla
25:55coil
25:56with
25:5715
25:57meter
25:57diameter
25:59secondary
25:59coil
26:00the
26:01top
26:01of
26:02the
26:02high
26:03voltage
26:03terminal
26:05of
26:05the
26:05transformer
26:06was
26:06connected
26:07to
26:07a
26:08high
26:08antenna
26:09the
26:10antenna
26:11was
26:11about
26:1160
26:12meter
26:12high
26:12and
26:13it
26:13was
26:13connected
26:14to
26:15the
26:15ball
26:16on
26:16the
26:16top
26:16of
26:17it
26:19when
26:20the
26:20Colorado
26:21Springs
26:21Tesla
26:22coil
26:22magnifying
26:23transmitter
26:23was
26:24energized
26:24it
26:25created
26:25sparks
26:2630
26:26feet
26:26long
26:27from
26:28the
26:28outside
26:28antenna
26:29these
26:29sparks
26:29could
26:30be
26:30seen
26:30for
26:30a
26:30distance
26:31of
26:3110
26:31miles
26:32from
26:33this
26:33laboratory
26:34Tesla
26:34generated
26:35and sent
26:35out
26:35wireless
26:36waves
26:36which
26:37mediated
26:37electrical
26:38energy
26:38without
26:39wires
26:39for
26:40many
26:40miles
26:40the
26:42old
26:42Waldorf
26:43Astoria
26:43was
26:44the
26:44residence
26:44of
26:44Nikola
26:45Tesla
26:45for
26:45many
26:46years
26:46he
26:47lived
26:47there
26:48when
26:48he
26:48was
26:48at
26:48the
26:48height
26:48of
26:49his
26:49financial
26:49and
26:49intellectual
26:50power
26:51Tesla
26:52organized
26:52elaborate
26:53dinners
26:53inviting
26:54famous
26:55people
26:55who
26:55later
26:56were
26:56invited
26:56to
26:56his
26:56laboratory
26:57for
26:57spectacular
26:58electrical
26:58experiments
27:01Nikola
27:02Tesla
27:02financially
27:03supported
27:03by
27:04JP
27:04Morgan
27:05built
27:05the
27:05Wardenclyff
27:06Laboratory
27:06and
27:07its
27:07famous
27:08transmitting
27:08tower
27:08in
27:09Shoreham
27:09Long
27:09Island
27:10between
27:101901
27:11and
27:111905
27:12this
27:13huge
27:13landmark
27:14was
27:14187
27:15feet
27:16high
27:16capped
27:17by a
27:1768
27:18foot
27:18copper
27:18dome
27:19which
27:19housed
27:19the
27:20magnifying
27:20transmitter
27:21it
27:22was
27:22planned
27:22to be
27:23the
27:23first
27:23broadcast
27:23system
27:24transmitting
27:25both
27:25signals
27:26and
27:26power
27:26without
27:27wires
27:27to
27:28any
27:28point
27:28on
27:29the
27:29globe
27:29the
27:30huge
27:30magnifying
27:31transmitter
27:32discharging
27:33high
27:33frequency
27:33electricity
27:34would
27:35turn
27:35the
27:35earth
27:35into
27:36a
27:36gigantic
27:36dynamo
27:37which
27:38would
27:38project
27:38its
27:38electricity
27:39in
27:39unlimited
27:40amounts
27:40anywhere
27:41in the
27:41world
27:43Tesla's
27:44concept
27:45of
27:45wireless
27:45electricity
27:46was to
27:47be used
27:47to
27:47power
27:48ocean
27:48liners
27:49destroy
27:49warships
27:50run
27:51industry
27:51and
27:51transportation
27:52and send
27:53communications
27:54instantaneously
27:55all over
27:55the globe
27:56to
27:57stimulate
27:57the
27:58public's
27:58imagination
27:58Tesla
27:59suggested
28:00that
28:00this
28:01wireless
28:01power
28:01could
28:02even
28:02be
28:02used
28:02for
28:03interplanetary
28:03communication
28:04if
28:05Tesla
28:06was
28:06confident
28:06to
28:06reach
28:07Mars
28:07how
28:08much
28:08less
28:08difficult
28:08to
28:09reach
28:09Paris
28:10many
28:11newspapers
28:11and
28:12periodicals
28:12interviewed
28:13Tesla
28:13and
28:14described
28:14his
28:15new
28:15system
28:15for
28:15supplying
28:16wireless
28:16power
28:17to
28:17run
28:17all
28:18of
28:18the
28:18earth's
28:18industry
28:19this
28:20is
28:20the
28:20interior
28:21of
28:21Tesla's
28:22laboratory
28:22showing
28:23a large
28:23number
28:24of
28:24machines
28:24supplied
28:25by
28:25the
28:25Westinghouse
28:26company
28:28because of a dispute
28:29between Morgan and Tesla
28:31as to the final use of the tower
28:33Morgan withdrew his funds
28:35the financier's classic comment was
28:37if anyone can draw on the power
28:39where do we put the meter
28:42the
28:43erected
28:43but incomplete
28:44tower
28:45was demolished
28:45in 1917
28:46for wartime
28:48security reasons
28:49the
28:50site where the
28:50Wardenclyffe tower
28:51had stood
28:52still exists
28:53with its
28:54100 foot
28:54deep
28:55foundation
28:55still intact
28:56Tesla's
28:57laboratory
28:58designed by
28:59Stanford White
29:00in 1901
29:00is today
29:01still in good
29:02condition
29:03and is graced
29:04with a
29:04bicentennial
29:05plaque
29:05the
29:06Tesla
29:07Memorial
29:07Society
29:08is asking
29:08that the
29:09Wardenclyffe
29:09tower
29:10site
29:10with the
29:11laboratory
29:11be proclaimed
29:12a national
29:13monument
29:13we will never know
29:15what might have been
29:16if the
29:17Wardenclyffe
29:17wireless system
29:18became
29:19operational
29:21Nikola Tesla
29:22patented the
29:23basic system
29:23of radio
29:24in 1896
29:25his published
29:27schematic
29:27diagrams
29:28described
29:29all of the
29:29basic elements
29:30of the radio
29:30transmitter
29:31which was later
29:32used by
29:32Marconi
29:33in
29:341896
29:35Tesla
29:36constructed
29:37this instrument
29:38to receive
29:38radio waves
29:39he experimented
29:41with this
29:41device
29:41and transmitted
29:42radio waves
29:43from his
29:43laboratory
29:44on South
29:45Fifth Avenue
29:45to the
29:46Gerlach Hotel
29:47at 27th Street
29:48in Manhattan
29:48the device
29:50had a magnet
29:51which gave off
29:51intense magnetic
29:52fields
29:53up to
29:5320,000 lines
29:55per centimeter
29:55this radio
29:57device
29:57clearly establishes
29:59his priority
29:59in the discovery
30:00of radio
30:02this shipboard
30:04quench spark
30:05transmitter
30:05produced by
30:06the
30:06Loewenstein
30:07radio company
30:07and licensed
30:08under
30:09Nikola Tesla
30:09company
30:10patents
30:10was installed
30:11on U.S.
30:12naval vessels
30:13prior to
30:13World War I
30:16in December
30:171901
30:18Marconi
30:19established
30:19wireless
30:20communication
30:21between
30:21Britain
30:22and the
30:22United States
30:23earning him
30:23the Nobel
30:24Prize
30:24in 1909
30:25but much
30:27of Marconi's
30:27work
30:28was not
30:28original
30:28in 1864
30:30James Maxwell
30:32theorized
30:32electromagnetic
30:33waves
30:34in 1887
30:35Heinrich Hertz
30:36proved
30:37Maxwell's
30:38theories
30:38later
30:39Sir Oliver Lodge
30:40extended the
30:41Hertz prototype
30:42system
30:42the Brantley
30:44coherer
30:45increased the
30:45distances
30:46messages
30:46could be
30:47transmitted
30:47the coherer
30:49was perfected
30:50by Marconi
30:52however
30:53the heart
30:54of radio
30:54transmission
30:55is based
30:55on four
30:56tuned circuits
30:57for transmitting
30:58and receiving
30:59it is
31:00Tesla's
31:00original concept
31:01demonstrated
31:02in his
31:02famous lecture
31:03at the
31:03Franklin
31:04Institute
31:04in Philadelphia
31:05in 1893
31:06the four
31:08circuits
31:08used in
31:09two pairs
31:09are still
31:10a fundamental
31:11part of all
31:12radio and
31:12television
31:13equipment
31:14the United
31:15States
31:16Supreme
31:16Court
31:17in 1943
31:18held
31:19Marconi's
31:19most important
31:20patents
31:20invalid
31:21recognizing
31:22Tesla's
31:23more significant
31:23contribution
31:24as the
31:25inventor
31:25of radio
31:26technology
31:27this is
31:28the photo
31:28of Tesla
31:29in the
31:29Smithsonian
31:30institution
31:31the photograph
31:32of the
31:33Wardenclyffe
31:33Tower
31:33commemorates
31:34his work
31:35with radio
31:35waves
31:36in the
31:361890s
31:38this is
31:39the interior
31:40of the
31:40Department
31:41of Electricity
31:41at the
31:42Smithsonian
31:42with Tesla's
31:43achievement
31:44of the
31:44first hydroelectric
31:45power plant
31:46at Niagara Falls
31:47the Edison
31:48bust
31:48is featured
31:49prominently
31:50in this
31:50exhibition
31:53Tesla
31:54is also
31:55the father
31:55of robotics
31:56his initial
31:57demonstration
31:58was at
31:58Madison Square
31:59Garden
31:59in September
32:001888
32:01where he
32:02displayed
32:02an iron
32:03hull boat
32:03that was
32:04operated
32:04by wireless
32:05remote control
32:06these patents
32:07evolved into
32:08the technology
32:09behind guided
32:10missiles
32:12in 1895
32:14Tesla
32:15constructed
32:16a special
32:17boat
32:17which could
32:18be
32:18remotely
32:19controlled
32:20through the
32:21antenna
32:22the signal
32:24appears
32:25on a special
32:26coherer
32:27which is
32:29a device
32:29sensitive
32:30to radio
32:31waves
32:31and
32:32by a special
32:33mechanism
32:34which is
32:35a digitally
32:36controlled
32:36mechanism
32:37he could
32:38transmit
32:39commands
32:39to move
32:41the rudder
32:42or to
32:43stop
32:44the
32:44turning
32:45of the
32:46propeller
32:46or to
32:47start
32:47turning
32:48of the
32:48propeller
32:49and so
32:49on
32:49that was
32:51patented
32:52in 1895
32:55the century
32:56magazine
32:56published
32:57Tesla's
32:57principles
32:58of telegraphy
32:59without wires
33:00popularizing
33:01scientific
33:02lectures
33:02given before
33:03the Franklin
33:03Institute
33:04in February
33:051893
33:07the electrical
33:09review
33:09in 1896
33:10published
33:11x-rays
33:11of a man
33:12made by
33:12Tesla
33:13with x-ray
33:13tubes
33:14of his
33:14own
33:14design
33:15they
33:16appeared
33:16at the
33:16same
33:16time
33:17as when
33:17Rankin
33:18announced
33:18his
33:19discovery
33:19of
33:19x-rays
33:20Tesla
33:21never
33:21attempted
33:22to
33:22proclaim
33:22priority
33:23Rankin
33:24congratulated
33:25Tesla
33:25on his
33:25sophisticated
33:26x-ray
33:27pictures
33:28Tesla
33:28even
33:29wrote
33:29Rankin's
33:29name
33:30on one
33:30of his
33:30films
33:33these
33:33rare
33:34photos
33:34of
33:34Tesla's
33:35hands
33:35were
33:36taken
33:36by
33:36the
33:36light
33:37of
33:37a
33:37vacuum
33:37tube
33:37he
33:38invented
33:38and
33:38proposed
33:39for a
33:39comfortable
33:39light
33:40source
33:40for
33:40photography
33:42the
33:42breadth
33:43of his
33:43inventiveness
33:44is
33:44demonstrated
33:45by his
33:45patents
33:46for a
33:46bladeless
33:47steam
33:47turbine
33:48based
33:48on a
33:49spiral
33:49flow
33:49principle
33:50Tesla
33:51also
33:52patented
33:52a
33:52pump
33:53design
33:53to
33:53operate
33:54at
33:54extremely
33:55high
33:55temperatures
33:57in
33:58the
33:58late
33:581920s
33:59Tesla
34:00patented
34:00a
34:01vertical
34:01takeoff
34:01aircraft
34:02this
34:03design
34:03was
34:04used
34:04by
34:04the
34:04American
34:04military
34:05for
34:06the
34:06successful
34:06V-20
34:07army
34:07aircraft
34:09Tesla
34:10lectured
34:10to the
34:11scientific
34:11community
34:12on his
34:12inventions
34:12in
34:13New
34:13York
34:13Philadelphia
34:14and
34:14St.
34:15Louis
34:15and
34:16before
34:16scientific
34:16organizations
34:17in
34:17both
34:18England
34:18and
34:18France
34:21over
34:22700
34:22patents
34:23were
34:23issued
34:23to
34:23Tesla
34:24worldwide
34:24among
34:26these
34:26the
34:26Tesla
34:26induction
34:27motor
34:27is
34:28widely
34:28accepted
34:29as
34:29one
34:29of
34:29the
34:2910
34:30most
34:30important
34:30discoveries
34:31of
34:31all
34:31time
34:34Tesla
34:34wrote
34:35many
34:35autobiographical
34:36articles
34:36for the
34:37prominent
34:37journal
34:38Electrical
34:38Experimenter
34:39from
34:40these
34:40articles
34:41a book
34:41was
34:41compiled
34:42entitled
34:42My
34:43Inventions
34:46In
34:471915
34:48a New
34:48York Times
34:49article
34:49announced
34:50that
34:50Tesla
34:50and
34:51Edison
34:51were
34:51to
34:51share
34:52the
34:52Nobel
34:52Prize
34:53for
34:53Physics
34:53Oddly
34:55neither
34:55man
34:55received
34:56the
34:56prize
34:56the
34:57reasons
34:57being
34:57unclear
34:58It
34:59was
34:59rumored
35:00that
35:00Tesla
35:00refused
35:01the
35:01prize
35:01because
35:02he
35:02would
35:02not
35:02share
35:02it
35:02with
35:03Edison
35:03and
35:04because
35:04Marconi
35:05had
35:05already
35:05received
35:06his
35:07In
35:071917
35:08Tesla
35:09was
35:09awarded
35:10the
35:10Edison
35:10medal
35:11the
35:11most
35:12coveted
35:12electrical
35:12prize
35:13in
35:13the
35:13United
35:13States
35:14On
35:15his
35:1575th
35:16birthday
35:16in
35:171931
35:17the
35:18inventor
35:18appeared
35:19on
35:19the
35:19cover
35:19of
35:20Time
35:20magazine
35:20On
35:21this
35:22occasion
35:22Tesla
35:23received
35:23congratulatory
35:24letters
35:24from
35:25scores
35:25of
35:25scientists
35:26including
35:27Albert
35:27Einstein
35:30Tesla
35:31is
35:31shown
35:31with
35:31Yugoslavia's
35:32King
35:32Peter
35:33in
35:331942
35:34to
35:35his
35:35right
35:35is
35:35Sava
35:36Kosanovic
35:37his
35:37nephew
35:37and
35:38later
35:38ambassador
35:39to
35:39the
35:39United
35:39Nations
35:41Tesla
35:42died
35:43on
35:43January
35:437th
35:441943
35:45in
35:46the
35:46Hotel
35:46New
35:46Yorker
35:47where
35:47he
35:47had
35:48lived
35:48for
35:48the
35:48last
35:4810
35:49years
35:49of
35:49his
35:49life
35:50the
35:51room
35:513327
35:52is
35:53one
35:53of
35:53the
35:53two
35:53suites
35:54which
35:54he
35:54occupied
35:56a
35:56state
35:57funeral
35:57was
35:57held
35:58at
35:58St.
35:58John
35:58the
35:59Divine
35:59Cathedral
35:59in
36:00New
36:00York
36:00City
36:00by
36:01the
36:01Yugoslav
36:01government
36:02in
36:02exile
36:03telegrams
36:04of
36:04condolence
36:05were
36:05received
36:05from
36:05many
36:05notables
36:06including
36:07the
36:07First Lady
36:08Eleanor
36:08Roosevelt
36:08and
36:09Vice
36:09President
36:10Wallace
36:11over
36:122,000
36:12people
36:13attended
36:13including
36:14several
36:14Nobel
36:15laureates
36:15he
36:16was
36:16premated
36:17in
36:17Ardsley
36:17on
36:18the
36:18Hudson
36:18New
36:18York
36:19his
36:20ashes
36:20were
36:20interned
36:21in
36:21a
36:21golden
36:21sphere
36:22Tesla's
36:22favorite
36:23shape
36:23on
36:24permanent
36:24display
36:27along
36:27with
36:27his
36:28death
36:28mask
36:29the
36:30New
36:30York
36:30City
36:31skyline
36:31is
36:31lit
36:32by
36:32Tesla's
36:32polyphase
36:33alternating
36:33current
36:34more
36:35commonly
36:35known
36:35as
36:35AC
36:37AC
36:37is
36:37the
36:38standard
36:38of
36:38electricity
36:39in
36:39the
36:3920th
36:39century
36:41Tesla's
36:41discoveries
36:42are
36:42the
36:42basis
36:43for
36:43neon
36:43lighting
36:43Times
36:44Square
36:45and
36:45Broadway's
36:46neon
36:46display
36:47pay
36:47tribute
36:47to
36:48the
36:48grandeur
36:48of
36:48his
36:49invention
36:51a
36:52photo
36:52of the
36:52inventor
36:52is
36:53on
36:53permanent
36:53display
36:54in
36:54the
36:54Statue
36:55of
36:55Liberty
36:55museum
36:56Tesla's
36:57name
36:57was
36:58given
36:58to
36:58the
36:58international
36:59unit
36:59of
36:59magnetic
36:59flux
37:00density
37:00in
37:011956
37:04magnetic
37:05resonance
37:06imaging
37:06is
37:06the
37:06newest
37:07advancement
37:07in
37:07modern
37:08diagnostic
37:08radiology
37:09based
37:10upon
37:10a
37:10strong
37:10magnetic
37:11field
37:11the
37:12capacity
37:13of
37:13every
37:13MRI
37:14imager
37:14is
37:14expressed
37:15in
37:15Tesla
37:15units
37:24Siemens
37:25Magnetom
37:26SP
37:27the
37:27innovation
37:28leader
37:28in
37:29MR
37:29the
37:31powerful
37:311 and
37:321.5
37:33Tesla
37:33Magnetom
37:34SP
37:34ready
37:35for
37:36tomorrow
37:36with
37:37the
37:37most
37:37advanced
37:38features
37:38available
37:38today
37:41in
37:421975
37:42he was
37:43inducted
37:44into
37:44the
37:44inventor's
37:45hall
37:45of
37:45fame
37:47the
37:48United
37:49States
37:49Postal
37:49Service
37:50honored
37:50him
37:51and
37:51three
37:51other
37:51inventors
37:52with
37:52a
37:52commemorative
37:53stamp
37:53in
37:541983
37:57an
37:57engraving
37:58of the
37:58Tesla
37:59statue
37:59adorns
38:00the
38:00Yugoslav
38:00500
38:01dinar
38:02note
38:04many
38:05biographical
38:06and scientific
38:06books have
38:07already been
38:08written about
38:08Tesla
38:09with new
38:09publications
38:10continuing
38:11to appear
38:11Margaret
38:13Chaney's
38:13recent book
38:14Tesla
38:14Man
38:15Out of
38:15Time
38:15represents
38:16the most
38:17complete
38:17biography
38:18to date
38:20in recent
38:21years
38:21there has
38:22been a
38:22renewed
38:22public
38:23interest
38:23in
38:23Nikola
38:24Tesla
38:24an
38:25increasing
38:25number
38:26of
38:26recently
38:26published
38:27books
38:27serves
38:28as
38:28testimony
38:28to
38:29his
38:29growing
38:29popularity
38:30the
38:31Encyclopedia
38:32Britannica
38:32lists
38:33Nikola
38:33Tesla
38:34as one
38:34of the
38:35ten
38:35most
38:35interesting
38:36historical
38:36figures
38:37of
38:37all
38:37time
38:40several
38:41biographical
38:41movies
38:42on Tesla
38:42have
38:43been
38:43made
38:43and
38:44several
38:44new
38:44ones
38:44are
38:45in
38:45preparation
38:45and
38:46production
38:48the
38:48Nikola Tesla
38:49award
38:49is one
38:50of the
38:50most
38:50distinguished
38:51honors
38:51presented
38:52by the
38:52Institute
38:53of
38:53Electrical
38:53and
38:54Electronics
38:54Engineers
38:55years
38:55the
38:56award
38:56has
38:56been
38:56given
38:56annually
38:57since
38:581976
38:59film
39:00about
39:00Nikola
39:01Tesla
39:01and
39:02this
39:03award
39:03would
39:03you
39:03like
39:04to
39:04say
39:04just
39:04a few
39:04words
39:05about
39:05Nikola
39:06Tesla
39:06award
39:07well
39:08it
39:08is
39:08one
39:08of
39:09the
39:09most
39:09important
39:10awards
39:10in
39:11the
39:11power
39:11engineering
39:12society
39:12and
39:13of
39:14necessity
39:15I
39:16think
39:16it
39:17denotes
39:17the
39:18enormous
39:18contribution
39:19that
39:19Nikola
39:19Tesla
39:20has
39:21made
39:21to
39:21our
39:22field
39:22he
39:23started
39:24really
39:24the
39:24electrification
39:25of
39:26the
39:26world
39:28a
39:28growing
39:29number
39:29of
39:29governors
39:29in
39:30various
39:30states
39:30in
39:31the
39:31United
39:31States
39:32proclaim
39:32July
39:3310th
39:33Tesla's
39:34birthday
39:34an
39:35official
39:35day
39:41the
39:42Liberty Science
39:42Center
39:43in Jersey
39:43City
39:43New
39:44Jersey
39:44has a
39:45public
39:45display
39:45of the
39:46magnificent
39:46electrical
39:47discharges
39:47produced
39:48by the
39:48Tesla
39:49coil
39:54the
39:54Nikola
39:55Tesla
39:55corner
39:56sign
39:56located
39:57at the
39:57intersection
39:58of
39:5840th
39:58Street
39:58and
39:596th
39:59Avenue
39:59in
39:59Manhattan
40:00is a
40:01constant
40:01reminder
40:01to all
40:02New Yorkers
40:03of the
40:03greatness
40:03of this
40:04genius
40:04Mr.
40:06Speaker
40:06I am
40:06rising
40:07today
40:07to
40:09commemorate
40:09the
40:09135th
40:10anniversary
40:11this
40:11month
40:12of the
40:13birthday
40:14of one
40:15of
40:15America's
40:15greatest
40:16inventors
40:17and
40:17scientists
40:18Nikola
40:19Tesla
40:21in his
40:22speech
40:22presenting
40:23Tesla
40:23with the
40:24Edison
40:24medal
40:24Mr.
40:25Baron
40:26Vice
40:26President
40:26of the
40:27Institute
40:27of
40:27Electrical
40:28Engineers
40:28eloquently
40:29expressed
40:30the following
40:30thoughts
40:31were we
40:32to seize
40:33and eliminate
40:34from our
40:34industrial
40:35world
40:35the results
40:36of Mr.
40:37Tesla's
40:37work
40:38the wheels
40:39of industry
40:39would cease
40:40to turn
40:40our electric
40:41cars and
40:42trains
40:42would stop
40:43our towns
40:44would be
40:45dark
40:45our mills
40:46would be
40:47dead
40:47and idle
40:48his name
40:49marks an
40:49epoch
40:50in the
40:50advance
40:51of electrical
40:51science
40:52Mr.
40:53Baron
40:53ended
40:54his speech
40:54with a
40:55paraphrase
40:55of Pope's
40:56lines on
40:57Newton
40:58nature
40:59and nature's
41:00laws
41:00lay hid
41:01in night
41:01God said
41:03let Tesla
41:04be
41:04and all
41:05was light
41:23and all
41:26to
41:28his
41:28heart
41:28and all
41:28his
41:28and all
41:28and all
41:43his
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