- hace 7 horas
Al repatriar a ciudadanos indios desde Dubái en plena pandemia de COVID-19, el vuelo Air India Express 1344 se aproxima al aeropuerto de Calicut bajo fuertes lluvias, poca visibilidad y vientos intensos. La peligrosa pista tipo tabletop no admite errores. Tras un primer intento fallido, el Boeing 737-800 aterriza, pero no logra frenar y cae a un barranco. El avión se parte al impactar y causa 21 muertes, incluidos los dos pilotos. Al principio se sospecha de una falla en los frenos, pero pronto surge otra causa: la aeronave llegó alta, sobre el glide slope, sobrevoló la zona de toma de contacto y se quedó sin pista. El CVR registra la razón fatal.
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00:01Sando en Calicut Airport
00:05Speedbrake up
00:08The pilots of Air India Express Flight 1344
00:12run out of tarmac to stop
00:14Oh crap
00:2221 people are killed
00:27Start up the hydraulics
00:30Did the brakes malfunction?
00:33No sign of fluid leak.
00:36The brakes didn't feel?
00:39When investigators listen to the cockpit voice recorder...
00:43Put the wipers on.
00:45...they discover a malfunction of an entirely different nature.
00:51What's happened to it?
00:55So was this crash caused by a faulty windshield wiper?
01:25It's monsoon season in India.
01:27It's monsoon season in India.
01:29Air India Express flight 1344 is on approach to Calicut International Airport
01:37The pilot flying is Captain Deepak Satay
01:41He's a highly experienced 59 year old commercial pilot
01:46Visibility is just above minimum so he can make an attempt
01:49Okay
01:50Check
01:53Captain had flown in and out of Calicut a number of times
01:56So he was very familiar with the a-field the terrain around and the weather conditions
02:05Runway is wet expect turbulence expect weather all precautions
02:12First officer Akilesh Kumar is age 32
02:16He joined Air India Express three years ago and has almost 2,000 flying hours
02:22He has less experience navigating through monsoons than the captain
02:27That area experiences very heavy showers along with reduced visibility and strong winds
02:37In addition to the five crew there are 184 Indian nationals on board
02:43All are being repatriated amid the ongoing Covid-19 outbreak
02:49It's one of more than 2,000 flights into India to date
02:53Bringing home thousands of workers stranded abroad when flights were grounded due to Covid restrictions
03:00So the passengers on these flights were mostly blue collar workers
03:05People who had flown to Dubai to work in malls in small restaurants
03:13About 50 miles from the airport Captain Satay begins his approach briefing
03:19For a go-around wind shear on approach, approach to stall and recovery on go-around
03:25As briefed in the first sector
03:28Check
03:30Approach briefing is basically one pilot communicating to the other what his plan of action is
03:38Any doubts?
03:41No
03:42Any questions?
03:47No questions
03:52Today's flight from Dubai to Calicut takes just under 4 hours
04:00Calicut Tower Express India 1344 on ILS runway 28
04:0812 miles from the airport
04:10Any change in the visibility?
04:13The captain wants a weather update
04:15Air India Express 1344 latest visibility is 2,000 meters and light rain
04:21Copy Express India 1344
04:262,000 meters visibility on a tricky airport with light rain
04:32And the pilots are basically a bit more anxious than a normal approach
04:42Calicut's runway is built on a table top plateau
04:46There are steep drop offs at both ends
04:50There is no margin of error
04:52If you exceed the landing limit you go straight down into a valley
04:58The pilots are flying a Boeing 737-800 specially modified for difficult landings
05:06It has modified spoilers and braking performance and allows it to stop faster than other models of the 737-800
05:17Just two minutes from Calicut airport the crew gets ready for landing
05:23Put the wipers on
05:29Leading lights in sight
05:32Yep
05:38What's happened to it?
05:41Oh crap
05:43Wiper's gone
05:45What a day for the wiper to go
05:49With decreased visibility hindering their approach the pilots must make a crucial decision
05:59If they do not have the runway or any of the elements in sight
06:03At that point they have to take a decision
06:05To continue or to go around
06:13Approaching minimums
06:14500
06:16Minimums
06:20Let's go around
06:26A half mile from the airport Captain Sate aborts the landing and decides to try it again
06:42Express India 1344 request reason for go around
06:47When pilots go missed on an approach it's important information to share with the pilots
06:51With air traffic control because that can help other pilots who are coming into the airport anticipate any hazards that
06:57may be there
06:58Due to weather, express India 1344, heavy rain
07:03Uh, roger
07:10While flight 1344 completes its go around
07:15A crew waiting to take off contacts the tower
07:28The departing crew wants to switch runways
07:33Runway 28 and runway 10 are the same strip of runway but they're in the opposite directions
07:41Roger, expect 1-0, taxi via Charlie, enter backtrack, line up runway 1-0
07:47Via Charlie, enter backtrack, line up 1-0, air India 425, thank you sir
07:55Typically, departure aircraft want to taxi the least time and get airborne as soon as possible
08:01Runway 1-0 is closest to the apron
08:04To accommodate the departing aircraft, controllers change the active runway from 28 to 1-0
08:13Express India 1344, wind is now 270 degrees, 08 knots
08:18Confirm you'd like to make an approach for runway 1-0
08:24Yeah, we'd like to try if you can give us an update on the visibility for runway 1-0
08:31Visibility is the same, sir, at 2,000 meters and we'll notify you of any improvement
08:35And now wind is 260 degrees, 05 knots
08:40Okay, set up for 1-0, let's try
08:53Localizer alive
08:55Check
08:59The localizer is part of the ILS or instrument landing system that provides lateral guidance to the runway's centerline
09:16Cabin crew, landing stations
09:20Flight 1344 is now only 6 miles from the runway
09:26Shall we do it?
09:28Captain Sate tries the wipers again
09:31Just a sec
09:36What is this?
09:38The captain's wiper is working more slowly than it should
09:42I guess this is the fastest it'll go
09:45Okay, glide slope captured
09:51The glide slope is also part of the instrument landing system
09:55And guides the plane on a 3-degree slope to the runway threshold
10:03Flaps 25
10:05Flaps 25 selected
10:07Moving
10:10Calica Tower, Express India 1344
10:14On ILS runway 1-0
10:18Express India 1344, roger
10:20Light rain over the field, runway surface wet, wind 250 degrees, 08 knots
10:26Runway 1-0 cleared to land
10:30Four miles from the runway, the crew receives clearance to land
10:36Okay, runway in sight
10:38Runway in sight, check
10:42This time the pilots can see the runway
10:47Approaching minimums
10:49Approaching minimums
10:50500
10:52As a pilot, when you're coming in for landing where there's weather and visibility just above minimums
10:58You're keeping a sharper eye because things could change at a moment's notice
11:04Flight 1344 crosses the runway threshold
11:23The speed brakes are deployed to help slow the plane
11:29auto break disarm
11:35but the plane isn't stopping fast enough
11:40oh crap
11:47the 737 falls off the end of the runway
11:54and breaks apart
12:00rescuers rush to save the 190 people on
12:03board as every second could mean the
12:07difference between life and death
12:13in driving rain and darkness surviving
12:17passengers begin to emerge from the
12:19wreckage of air India Express flight 1344
12:22the heavy rain benefits the rescue it was
12:27very helpful in fact for dousing the
12:29post-crash fire it ultimately you have to
12:34save lives 169 people survive the crash
12:3959 walk away without injuries
12:53but 21 of those on board are dead
12:58captain deepak satay and first officer
13:02akhilesh kumar are among them
13:16investigators from india's aircraft accident
13:19investigating bureau the aaib arrive on the
13:23scene this was the first accident the aaib would have been investigating on its own so it was really a
13:31acid test for aaib to prove its mettle
13:35the first question investigators must answer did something break off the airplane before the
13:41the landing making it impossible for the plane to stop
13:50i've got the next batch downloaded
13:54looking at them now this was the second wave of forward which was the most dangerous so there was an
14:02embargo as to how many people could sit in a room and conduct a meeting
14:07investigators examine dozens of dozens of photos from the crash scene
14:13you agree it's all here
14:17they conclude all of the wreckage is contained within the crash site
14:24the wreckage was not very spread out it was concentrated over a radius of about 200 feet
14:32let's regroup in a bit
14:36all the damage was caused when the plane overran the runway
14:43so we wanted to come out with the probable reasons as to what has led the aircraft to exit the
14:51runway
15:02only slightly off center but at least they were lined up with the runway properly
15:08to better understand why the plane overran the runway
15:12investigators try to determine where it initially touched down
15:17so where do the marks start
15:25on a dry runway it is very very easy to find the touchdown points because
15:30the tires they leave some rubber deposit on the point of touchdown
15:39they work their way back along the runway
16:06beyond 5000 feet we were not able to locate any touch tire mark
16:12the tire marks have been washed away due to heavy rain
16:18unable to determine where the plane touched down investigators examine the runway itself
16:25did rubber deposits make the runway too slippery
16:30they perform a test to determine if the runway surface provided enough friction
16:35or grip for the plane to decelerate properly
16:39our experience shows that a aircraft of 737 class it leaves a rubber deposit
16:45and over a period of time it becomes difficult for the tire to grip
16:56friction test results just came in
16:59coefficient of friction ranges from 0.63 to 0.72 that's within standard
17:20we were quite satisfied with the condition of the
17:23the paved surface of calicut airport there were no major rubber deposits
17:31with the runway surface ruled out investigators consider if the plane's
17:36tires were too worn causing it to hydroplane on the wet runway
17:42the grooves on the tires like on a car a channels for water to drain off
17:47and if the tire is bald basically the grooves are worn out
17:50that will cause the aircraft to slip
17:57202 psi right in the required pressure range
18:03no skid burn
18:07or bald spots just like the others
18:11if there was a case of hydroplaning
18:14there would be white marks on the runway
18:17and that portion of the tires would have been burned
18:23and here we didn't find either of these
18:28what about the brakes
18:32did the brakes malfunction causing the plane to overrun the runway
18:39some corrosion
18:44but nothing out of the ordinary
18:48let's check the hydraulics
18:54we wanted to ascertain the serviceability of hydraulics
18:57because this is the braking system
19:02start up the hydraulics
19:10no sign of fluid leak
19:13the brakes didn't feel
19:14no
19:19i can say that there was no abnormality in the deceleration devices
19:30okay
19:34good
19:38so did the plane touch down within the touchdown zone
19:45investigators try to determine if the crew of flight 1344 gave themselves enough space to stop
19:53thank you
20:02they found an image
20:11from a closed circuit camera located in the pier
20:28we could see clearly the aircraft floating
20:31but unfortunately we couldn't see the exact touchdown point
20:37so that means they flew well past the touchdown area before putting the plane down
20:45that's right
20:55why would the pilots land so far past the touchdown zone
21:00and risk the lives of everyone on board
21:10i have the atc recordings
21:15let's hope we get some answers
21:20investigators turn to conversations between air india express flight 1344 and the controller
21:26to learn why the plane over flew the touchdown zone
21:34calicut tower express india 1344 on ils runway 28
21:43okay sounds like they initially planned to land on runway 28 so why did they land on 10 instead
21:52landing on runway 28 the winds will be from your front you'll be landing into the wind that creates more
22:00lift
22:03but three and a half minutes later but three and a half minutes later the crew changes their plans
22:08tower express india 1344 going around
22:20so they called a go-around
22:22so they called a go-around
22:28during monsoon season it is not very uncommon to see a go-around
22:31because uh because uh of the low ceiling and uh showers of rain which suddenly reduced visibility
22:41express india 1344 request a reason for go-around
22:46due to weather express india 1344 heavy rain
22:51uh roger
22:54they probably couldn't see the runway
22:56sounds about right
22:59the crew realized that the runway was not in sight so they took a call to go around so that
23:04was absolutely in order
23:07calicut air india 425 we're ready for taxi and we appreciate if you can give us 10 for departure
23:16then investigators hear another plane asking to swap the active runway
23:22and the controller advising flight 1344 of the change
23:27express india 1344 wind is now 270 degrees 08 knots confirm you'd like to make an approach for runway 10
23:37so the controller asked them to use one zero
23:47calicut express india 1344
23:50go ahead how's the visibility on runway one zero
23:56before accepting the new runway the pilots request clarification of weather conditions
24:02both runways at 2 000 meters with uh light rain and how are the surface winds
24:10surface winds now 260 degrees 0 5 knots
24:16five knots
24:19is that within limits let's check
24:2910 knots is the limit okay so landing on one zero safely is technically possible even if they'd be landing
24:36in a tailwind
24:44just 10 and a half minutes later investigators hear the last communication with the tower
24:53express india 1344 on ils runway 10
25:02express india 1344 roger light rain over the field runway surface wet wind 250 degrees 08 knots runway 10 cleared
25:11to land
25:13runway 10 cleared to land and what's the visibility
25:19they're asking about visibility again
25:23seems to be an issue
25:29visibility is the same sir at 2000 meters
25:31copyed sir express india 1344
25:37two and a half minutes later they overfly the landing zone
25:46an eight knot tailwind i mean it's still within limits
25:51despite missing the touchdown zone could the crew have safely stopped their plane on the runway
25:58speed break up
26:09investigators examined the flight parameters of air india express flight 1344
26:16the data could shed light on precisely where the aircraft landed after cctv footage captured it passing the touchdown zone
26:27can you isolate the weight on wheels perimeter
26:36weight on wheels is a sensor which indicates to the fdr the moment
26:43weight comes on the wheels
26:45that's what we're looking for
26:46the plane touched down at 1900 hours 40 minutes and 25 seconds so how far down the runway is that
26:55the plane flew over the runway
26:56using the ground speed of the aircraft investigators calculate how far the plane flew over the runway
27:054 438 feet from the threshold
27:08it became very clear to us as to where the aircraft had exactly touchdown
27:17he overshot the touchdown zone by nearly 1500 feet
27:24leaving less than half the runway for stopping
27:28can the plane even stop on half a runway in a tailwind
27:34let me calculate the actual landing distance
27:37the actual landing distance is the distance required
27:42from touchdown to stop
27:44weight
27:4863 000 kilos
27:51wind
27:52last reported tailwind before flight 1344 began its approach was
27:57actually 10 knots flaps 30
28:057803 feet
28:07so according to the information they had before accepting the approach
28:12they needed to touchdown here to have any chance of stopping before the end of the runway
28:20flight 1344 should have touched down 3000 feet earlier in order to stop safely
28:27so why did the pilots not give themselves enough runway to stop the plane
28:38when the aircraft touches down you experience harsh braking reverse thrust more noise but here it was
28:45totally silent and the passengers they would be wondering why is the aircraft not touching down
28:56investigators check the transcripts of the cockpit voice recording
29:00for something that might explain why the pilots carried out the landing without enough runway
29:08the flight data gives us what happened
29:10but why it happened comes from the cvr
29:17hey during the first approach the windshield wipers are on and look what happens afterwards
29:31leading lights in sight yep 27 seconds after starting the wiper
29:40what's happened to it
29:43oh crap wiper's gone
29:46it malfunctions
29:48what a day for the wiper to go
29:58maybe that explains why he was so worried about visibility
30:03according to rules for landing at calicut during monsoon season
30:08it is mandatory for pilots to divert to an alternative airport if the wipers malfunction
30:16so was this crash caused by a faulty windshield wiper
30:23unserviceability of a viper in rainy conditions is a no-go item
30:28the crew pressed on to land at calicut
30:33we couldn't fathom the reason
30:38let's see if the wiper was working on the second approach
30:43heading to course
30:45shall we do it
30:47just a sec
30:52what is this
30:54i guess that's the fastest it'll go
30:59so the wiper is working just not as fast as it should
31:04despite the slow wiper the pilots continue the approach
31:10okay runway in sight runway in sight check
31:20so less than a mile from the airport
31:23both pilots can see the runway
31:26the faulty wiper doesn't seem to have prevented the pilots from seeing the runway
31:32and so far they are still on the glide slope
31:39but it looks like they deviate below
31:42and then above it
31:47the approach became unstabilized
31:50and the actions on the part of the crew to continue with the approach really shocked us
31:58so if they were above the glide slope
32:00that means when they crossed the runway threshold they were 40 feet too high
32:05the tailwind less than ideal
32:13if you fly off of the glide slope this close to the runway
32:16it is unsafe for you to continue yet this crew did continue their landing
32:24did the pilots believe they could recover from an unstabilized approach and land safely
32:35auto brake disarm
32:39oh crap
32:51it increases engine power to stabilize the landing
32:57investigators search the fdr parameters to explain how the pilots of flight 1344
33:04dealt with their unstabilized approach
33:09in order to have a smooth landing pilots typically add a bit of thrust
33:14just before touchdown
33:17which is probably what the captain was trying to do
33:22he's pushing throttles well beyond 80 percent
33:32the captain adds so much power the plane floats down the runway
33:43the plane floats over the runway for more than 3000 feet
33:47why wouldn't the captain just put the plane down
33:55his wiper was barely working
33:59it's night weather is marginal what if he lost track of where he was along the runway
34:07so when you approach an airfield like calicut there are no lights surrounding the runway
34:13you just see the runway lights so in case you have light rain but low cloud ceiling
34:20that is a very unnerving feeling
34:27the captain didn't know where to put the plane down
34:30because of his slow wiper and the heavy rain which reduced his vision
34:44the plane can carry out the go around from any point of time even after touchdown
34:53so long the thrust reversers are not deployed
34:59so why didn't they
35:13just check it put the plane down
35:20captain
35:21yeah go around
35:27the first officer called for a go around
35:31and the captain ignored him
35:34why would such an experienced captain not listen to his first officer at such a critical moment
35:42that was fatal
35:44if the captain would have gone around the result could have been different
35:59that was the last pilot on the list
36:03investigators interview other pilots who flew with captain satay
36:07to determine how he worked with others in the cockpit
36:12that was the last pilot on the list and here's some of the ways they described him cognitive rigidity
36:20goal-oriented tendency towards perfectionism
36:24sounds more like an air force pilot than a civilian one
36:27which is what he was for 21 years at the start of his career
36:37the military aviators are trained to be goal-oriented because for them the success of a mission is the most
36:43important criteria
36:45there's another reason the captain may have been determined to land in calicut
36:52the crew were now making a second approach into calicut
36:56and if they had to go around from this approach
37:00they would by the operating procedures be required to divert
37:07did the captain resist a second go around so that he wouldn't be forced to divert
37:19here's something
37:22investigators focus on the captain's flight schedule before and after the day of the accident
37:27take a look captain satay was scheduled to be on standby the day after the accident august 8th
37:36but the day before the accident there was a scheduling change
37:40and captain satay had to pick up an additional flight
37:46he was the only captain who could fly out of calicut remember a tricky airport
37:51and only captains can operate flights in and out of a tabletop airport
37:59so if he had diverted to another airport instead of landing
38:03the flight to doha the next day would have to be cancelled
38:11he was committed to land because he knew that there was no one else to undertake the flight
38:17but even if the captain forced the landing the first officer could still have taken over the controls
38:24and diverted so why didn't he if the captain does not carry out to go around the co-pilot is
38:31expected to
38:31take over in the safety of the flight that is a must captain go around
38:47of flight 1344 to determine why the first officer failed to take control they discover a pattern emerging
38:59rate of descent captain
39:01of a dismissive captain
39:03yeah yeah correcting correcting correcting
39:07and a first officer who didn't assert himself
39:23the captain uses his authority to dictate what he wants and the co-pilot is too submissive
39:29to call out what he sees as unsafe
39:34was this type of behavior common at the airline
39:39investigators examine air india express's operations manual
39:45it would be very important to understand how teamwork is encouraged in the cockpit of air india express
39:52aircraft
39:57it says captains need to approve flight data presented by first officers
40:04i would certainly promote a definite hierarchy in the cockpit
40:08it says that the first officer didn't feel empowered enough to grab the controls and do the go-around
40:17we realized that the language used amounted to the first officer is subservient to the captain
40:29despite the captain's rigidity one simple procedure could have saved the passengers and crew
40:39i don't recall them ever calculating their landing distance
40:46because they were now coming in with a tailwind onto runway 10 the conditions had changed entirely from the headwind
40:53on runway 28 and they needed to do a landing distance calculation
41:02you're right
41:09they missed critical decisions on the tailwind
41:13they missed critical decisions on the tailwind the wet runway and potential diversion options
41:17in addition to calculating landing distance
41:21if they had done any of these it would have helped them understand there was too little margin of error
41:26to conduct this approach
41:55different airport different outcome
41:58the captain would have been able to pass controls to the first officer
42:02who had a fully working wiper to land the plane
42:07they just diverted to another airport they'd all be alive today
42:22they just diverted to another airport they'd all be alive today
42:26during this landing but the crew took none of them
42:35in their final report investigators recommend expanding simulator training for unstabilized approaches
42:43stressing that the first officer should assertively assume control
42:47and initiate a go around if the pilot flying fails to respond
42:59simulator training with an emphasis on assertiveness would go a long way in allowing first officers to
43:04take all appropriate actions up to and including taking control of the aircraft when the pilot in command does not
43:11respond appropriately
43:22this accident is avoidable
43:26we see the number of risks at every stage the crew had taken which were unnecessary risks
43:35there was a human factor which came into play
43:41they do not see the consequences of their actions
43:45that is a key point in any accident
43:51this is
43:52this is
43:52this is
43:52this is
43:54it's
43:54this is
43:54this
43:54is
43:54this