New telescope technology has helped astronomers to explore the never-before-seen invisible universe. These modern marvels ushered in a new age of discovery, revealing secrets of space, from giant black holes to supernovas.
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LearningTranscript
00:07Out there, hidden from the naked eye, is a universe we barely understand.
00:13There are stars being born, black holes, perhaps even new forms of life.
00:22But now astronomers are able to see the cosmos as never before.
00:31They are creating a new breed of super-telescope of unprecedented power and clarity.
00:38We have at our disposal tools that have never existed before in the history of mankind.
00:44We're the first ones to get to look at this.
00:46You know, you don't actually realize how special a time this is.
00:51This revolution in telescope construction promises a new age of discovery.
00:58Right now is an extremely exciting time to be an astronomer, to be an engineer building telescopes,
01:05because the questions keep multiplying.
01:07The answers keep coming, too.
01:09But the questions come even faster than the answers.
01:20Engine start at 715. We'll taxi out at 725.
01:24At the ends of the Earth, astronomers are trying to capture light that has traveled from the farthest reaches of
01:31space.
01:33We're taking it to the Chaknanthor Plateau.
01:37The air density is about 50% that of sea level.
01:41Gloves on, head on, oxygen happening.
01:44We're getting more or less ready for the Chilean desert.
01:48Together, they are reinventing what a telescope is and what it can do.
01:54And they are rewriting the story of the universe.
02:12The Atacama Desert, Chile.
02:21The Atacama Desert, Chile.
02:28Hardly any vegetation, moisture, or life.
02:37Mountains here have received no rain in living memory.
02:43They reach up over one and a half miles into dry, cloudless skies.
02:50Throughout history, only death awaited those who ventured here.
02:55Until now.
03:14This is La Residencia.
03:20but this is no luxury hotel and the people here are no ordinary tourists this is the desert home
03:28away from home for astronomers hunting for the most mysterious and elusive objects in the universe
03:36it's very exciting to be out here in the desert and what we are actually doing here is we are
03:42looking for a very particular objects in our own galaxy we're looking for a black hole to locate
03:50this black hole astronomers will be using one of the most powerful telescopes ever built the VLT the
04:04very large telescope this is the most advanced optical instrument ever constructed
04:23the VLT is made up of four main telescopes
04:31each contains identical glass ceramic mirrors the largest ever manufactured this is what it takes to
04:41spot a black hole but it's not going to be easy even with the VLT a black hole the dense
04:59remains of a
05:00dead star has such a strong gravitational pull that nothing can escape even light a black hole collects
05:09all the light so from a certain distance from the back hole no light can escape anymore so in that
05:14sense you cannot observe a black hole because it's black to locate it astronomers will be searching for
05:21clues in infrared light light which lies just outside the visible part of the spectrum it is why the VLT
05:30is
05:30in the Atacama you need the most advanced facilities to observe this and to do so you need also certain
05:40sites that are dry for example and so this desert here is just the perfect place for such a research
05:46dry air is
05:49vital atmospheric moisture filters out infrared light coming from space by building their telescope above the
05:58clouds on a desert mountaintop astronomers hope for the clearest possible view
06:17it is now late afternoon inside the four telescopes engineers are preparing for the coming night's observations
06:33these 23-ton mirrors are fully automated and will be programmed in advance
06:42this 530 square foot surface can observe objects 4 billion times fainter than can be seen with the naked eye
06:51as the engineering shift ends the black hole hunters shift begins gunther and his colleague andreas will be
07:09working through to dawn to find the black hole they need still clear dry skies and this appears to be
07:18the
07:18perfect spot
07:29these are the clearest skies on earth
07:40back in the control room the black hole hunters are still hard at work
07:45there's as a world fueled by strong coffee
07:51to be here at 4 30 local time in the morning is a very exciting because yeah this is what
07:59it is about to be an astronomer
08:00we sitting here and looking at the phenomena we are interested in and of course you have to go home
08:06to analyze your data and to interpret the data and to try to understand what is going on but beyond
08:12that you know you'd simply see the phenomena and that is the
08:15you know what all the excitement is about
08:16it might look like any other office but here they are closing in on one of the most powerful and
08:23elusive objects in space
08:26so here we have an image of the central region of the galaxy and it's actually taken in the infrared
08:33its size is about 300 by 100 light years the stellar density is highest here this is where the heart
08:40of the milky way is located that's what we're interested in and we can now zoom into this region
08:47And this is actually a slice taken at the center of the galaxy.
08:53Over here, you see a small cluster of high-velocity stars.
08:57They are orbiting this spot here.
09:01These orbiting stars emit vast quantities of gas,
09:05and it's the behavior of this gas that holds the key to the location of the black hole.
09:12If we have a massive black hole and gas coming towards it,
09:15it's going to be accreted around the black hole and may form a so-called accretion disk.
09:20So this is then hot gas orbiting the massive black hole.
09:25So the light coming from that region tells to us astronomers
09:29that this actually here at the center of the Milky Way,
09:32this object is the location of a massive black hole.
09:41It's a clever piece of detective work.
09:45This insignificant-looking dot pinpoints the supermassive black hole
09:50at the very heart of our own galaxy.
09:54It might not look like much,
09:57but these few pixels in reality cover an area about 27 million miles across.
10:05The black hole they orbit is thought to be four million times heavier than our own sun.
10:13Studying black holes and doing astrophysics brings you basically to the limits of understanding.
10:20It brings you to the limits of how we can describe the world that we're living in.
10:29So in the process of understanding our world,
10:32telescopes are very important because they basically represent the eyes
10:36with which we look at the universe.
10:55Scientists Gunther and Andreas end their shift having just seen the black hole at the center of our galaxy.
11:02Just over a decade ago, such observations would have been impossible
11:07as telescopes like the VLT simply didn't exist.
11:13At 8,600 feet on top of this desert mountain,
11:17the VLT can capture vast amounts of infrared light from space.
11:22But not all of it.
11:27The atmosphere filters out the rest,
11:30even up here in this dry air.
11:37To capture this missing light,
11:40astronomers have to get their telescopes higher than this mountaintop.
11:45Much higher.
11:49Palmdale, California.
11:54If it's altitude you're after,
11:56there are few better places to come than here.
12:03Flight 58, another 10-hour jaunt in northwestern United States tonight.
12:07It's the beginning of a long night for astronomer Professor Terry Herter.
12:22Engine start at 7.15.
12:24We'll taxi out at 7.25.
12:26And takeoff is planned at 7.45.
12:28And we'll land at approximately 6 a.m.
12:33Aircraft status.
12:34It's good, it's fueled.
12:36We do have the crew oxygen issue, but it's been checked.
12:48Tonight, Terry and his team will be trying to look inside distant nebulae,
12:53the cosmic dust clouds where stars are born and die.
12:56Okay, so we're going to start off with an old friend.
13:01We've already observed this on a couple of other flights.
13:04This is Frosty Leo.
13:05This is a nebula in Constellation Leo.
13:08It's known as a Frosty Leo because it's got ice lines at 43 and 63 microns.
13:17To see these mysterious places, the team will be hunting for infrared light.
13:24Unlike visible light, infrared can escape the dust that shrouds a nebula.
13:29But to capture this light requires a most unusual telescope.
13:44Meet Sophia.
13:47Suffice to say, this is no ordinary jumbo jet.
13:55This plane has been given a $1 billion makeover.
13:59What began as a conventional airliner is now the world's largest mobile astronomical observatory
14:07with an infrared telescope beneath the bulge.
14:10That's all I've got.
14:11Let's go.
14:13It's now late afternoon.
14:19This is only the third major research flight for the team.
14:31This is the first ever mission to be filmed for television.
14:37Airborne observing is rather unique.
14:39It's hard to explain quite how different it is to an astronomer
14:43who's never been in this seat.
14:46You don't want to waste any time.
14:48We're in the air burning fuel.
14:50You want to be as efficient as you can.
14:52It's sort of funny.
14:53I don't get to worry about what goes right usually.
14:55I'm worried about what's going wrong and how can I fix it.
14:59NASA 747.
15:00Copy.
15:00Taxi route.
15:01We'll hold short on 22.
15:02It's here.
15:03By 7 p.m., Sophia is ready for takeoff.
15:08For the next 11 hours,
15:11the team will be flying an arc-shaped course
15:14as their celestial targets move across the sky
15:17with the Earth's rotation.
15:19Three, two, one.
15:23Here we go.
15:27NASA 747 Heavy, contact Los Angeles Center 127.1.
15:32You have good flight.
15:36NASA 747 Heavy, contact Los Angeles Center 127.1.
15:49This mission is taking Sophia far higher
15:53than jumbo jets usually fly.
15:55NASA 747 Heavy, contact Los Angeles Center.
15:57Roger.
15:58I'll have a maintain 15,000.
16:01Sophia and her 17-ton telescope
16:04is heading for the stratosphere.
16:20Here, nearly eight miles above the planet,
16:24she will be above 99% of the water and gases in the atmosphere.
16:31At this altitude, the star hunters can make infrared observations
16:35which are impossible for ground-based telescopes.
16:39This is, uh, what should I say?
16:41This is eye candy for scientists that we're dealing with here.
16:57Tonight, the Airborne Research Team are searching for infrared light,
17:02telling the story of the origin and destiny of stars.
17:07We're actually looking at the case where a star is dying and throwing out stuff away from it.
17:13And so we're looking at the, what's called an outflow,
17:16or the dying stages of the star.
17:21It's crucial research.
17:23The way stars die will influence those born in their place.
17:28The dots we're seeing on the screen right now, it's a star which is dying.
17:33Okay, the name of it is Frosty Leo.
17:35It's called Frosty Leo because there's actually water ice associated with it.
17:39So, Frosty.
17:41The specific nature of this research is what makes SOFIA's capabilities so important.
17:49Detecting water out among the stars is actually not as easy as you might think.
17:54It's very abundant.
17:55Because our atmosphere has so much water in it, it's hard to actually observe.
17:59So that's why we're an airplane above this, so we can detect some of those types of objects.
18:05But the technical challenges don't end here.
18:10Observing dying stars thousands of years away from the back of a moving airplane is easier said than done.
18:17It requires the most sophisticated engineering.
18:23This telescope is actually quite amazing in the sense that we are flying in an airplane
18:27which moves through the atmosphere, which shakes up and down and moves around.
18:31But it can track on the sky and point to an object and keep it fixed there with tremendous accuracy.
18:38Once logged into a celestial target, the telescope stays steady.
18:47This isn't the telescope moving inside the plane,
18:50but the plane moving around the telescope.
19:01Navigating this flying telescope is a unique challenge.
19:06So we're going to go this way until we get to San Antonio, Texas.
19:09As the Earth rotates, the apparent position of their celestial target constantly changes.
19:14They have to ensure SOFIA is always in the right spot.
19:18Some people ask me, where are you guys flying tonight?
19:20And they say, I don't know, the United States pretty much.
19:25Right now, you know exactly where the airplane is.
19:28We are at 41,000 feet.
19:31We are flying at 0.85 Mach or about 550 miles an hour.
19:36And right now we're just over Jackson Hole, Wyoming.
19:39And we're heading on a southeasterly heading along a desired track to keep the celestial body of interest in the
19:48field of view of the telescope.
19:49It's now 4 o'clock in the morning.
19:51Back in economy class, the astronomers have observed a stellar nursery in the direction of the constellation Cassiopeia.
20:00What we're looking at here is a region where new stars are being born.
20:04This region is a little over probably about 2,000 light years from us in distance, so we're looking at
20:11it back about the time of the Romans.
20:14That's when the light originated from here.
20:17And what we see here are not only the stars themselves, but there's gas and dust left over from the
20:25birth of the stars.
20:26This dust provides a crucial clue to how new stars might form.
20:32The important part about this is basically that the stars themselves, when they're born, affect their environment, which in turn
20:41affects the next generation of stars.
20:44And so this may help to create other stars in the area of being born, or it may actually help
20:51to keep them from being formed.
20:55747 Heavy will be a full stop.
20:57That's affirmative for a 747 Heavy.
20:59That's right.
21:00Observing a distant nebula during a bumpy night flight in the back of a jumbo jet is a remarkable achievement.
21:07In flight 208, descendant 18, 9 or 1,000.
21:11Sophia doesn't have the magnification power of the VLT, yet her ability to reach the stratosphere means that she can
21:19capture certain infrared wavelengths that never make it to the ground.
21:23Have a good day, contact Palmville Tower. Have a good day.
21:27747 Heavy will be a good day.
21:28But just like the VLT, she will never capture a complete picture.
21:34Even at 41,000 feet, infrared light coming from space can't be seen in its full intensity.
21:44The latest infrared telescopes are ushering in a golden era in astronomy.
21:53These observatories have already started to rewrite the story of the universe.
22:01But despite their technical ability, they will only ever contribute a single chapter, not the whole book.
22:09To do this requires telescopes that can capture other types of light and examine the clues that this light contains.
22:19Back in the Atacama Desert, the quest for different forms of light is driving one of the most ambitious science
22:26projects on Earth.
22:37Well, I think there's the potential to get a whole new window on the universe, to actually get a way
22:41to see into the biggest mysteries and to start to probe the ultimate origins of the universe.
22:56But the answers lie in the most inaccessible and invisible parts of space.
23:03Some of the biggest mysteries are the cold and dark places in space.
23:09If you look right back to as close as we can see to the Big Bang, those are the regions
23:13where the first galaxies are forming.
23:15But it's very hard to see those regions because of the gas and dust that they're actually forming from.
23:26Very little light can escape these frozen dust clouds.
23:30Yet some does make it through.
23:35It is known as submillimeter radiation.
23:40The problem for astronomers is that this form of light has less energy than infrared, making it harder to spot.
23:48To stand any chance, they need a radically different style of telescope.
23:54Well, it's very difficult to capture submillimeter light because of the technology that's required.
23:59We need incredibly sensitive instruments to do it.
24:02You need a large telescope because the radiation is very, very weak.
24:06And that radiation finds it very, very hard to get through the Earth's atmosphere.
24:11And so we go to the highest, driest places on Earth to do that.
24:15And it's one of those places that we're going to right now.
24:31At 9,500 feet on the side of a mountain in the center of the driest desert on Earth,
24:38Lewis and his team have built a telescope factory.
24:46Here, they are manufacturing large quantities of giant antennas,
24:50a necessity for capturing enough of the faint submillimeter light.
25:01What's so special is the way that all these antennas will be used together.
25:08But that won't happen here.
25:13They now need to be moved.
25:21So this is, like you might say, a pickup truck or a jeep is a 4x4 vehicle.
25:25This is a 28x28 vehicle.
25:29It's 8 a.m. on a Monday, the start of a busy week.
25:34The science doesn't happen here, although we've got, you know, something like 20 antennas all around us at the moment.
25:40This isn't really where the observatory is.
25:42The antennas themselves, in order to do astronomy, get taken 25 kilometers from here
25:46and nearly two kilometers higher up than we are at the moment,
25:50which gives us a fantastic view on the universe.
25:54We're taking it to the Chacnantor Plateau,
25:57which is very close to the triple border point between Chile, Argentina and Bolivia.
26:02The elevation is about 5,000 meters.
26:05The air density is about 50% that of sea level.
26:08So we're taking it to a place where there's basically very good astronomical observing conditions.
26:31It will take three hours for the transporter to cover the 15 miles up to the 16,500-foot-high
26:39plateau.
26:44For every foot gained in altitude, air density and temperature fall.
26:54This is extreme astronomy.
27:05Having now ascended 3,600 feet, the team are approaching a danger zone.
27:12It's time to check their oxygen levels.
27:14Okay, so we're on the way up to the high side now.
27:17We're up at around about 4,000 meters.
27:19And because of the altitude, my blood oxygen level will be dropping.
27:23So I'm just going to stop and check how that's going.
27:26I know it was at about 95% saturation when we started off at the 3,000-meter site.
27:32So it's actually pretty good now.
27:33It's at about 90.
27:35My pulse rate's up a bit.
27:38But oxygen level at 90 is very good.
27:41We try and always make sure that it stays above 80 as an absolute minimum.
27:49Mistakes made here could be fatal.
27:53It can be very dangerous if your oxygen levels drop too low.
27:57The biggest issue for us, for the project, is that your ability to think clearly drops off.
28:04People can have acute problems, so certainly people do die of severe altitude sickness.
28:14By midday, the team reached the plateau.
28:18It's the perfect location for gathering sub-millimeter light.
28:26The antennas here have over 3 miles less air to look through than if they were at sea level.
28:33But at this extreme altitude, oxygen is an immediate concern.
28:39So we've arrived at the high site now.
28:41We're on the Chajnantor Plateau, an altitude of 5,000 meters.
28:45The oxygen levels here are around about half what they are at sea level.
28:49So I can feel the difference now.
28:51It's pretty cold outside, but I can also feel that my oxygen levels are dropping.
29:04It's freezing up here now.
29:07I think the temperature is probably close to zero.
29:11And there's a pretty strong westerly wind blowing.
29:14So with the wind chill, it takes it well below zero.
29:20My oxygen levels have been dropping down in the 70s, which is really not high enough.
29:27Open the oxygen bottle.
29:29Turn the flow rate down.
29:33It'll help me to concentrate and help me to think and make me feel a bit better than I do
29:37at the moment.
29:38So I get the cannula in.
29:42Well, I'm not the best fashion accessory you've ever seen, but it works.
29:47The whole team is now on oxygen.
29:50Without it, operations of this complexity wouldn't be possible.
29:57Placing the antenna on the pad is an intricate task, requiring full concentration.
30:17Erecting an antenna at 16,500 feet in the Chilean desert requires delicacy and extreme concentration.
30:26Those pads have precision ridges on them.
30:29There are three ridges.
30:30And they'll lower the antenna down onto those ridges, being very careful about the positioning of the antenna.
30:36The combination of the skill of the operator and the precision of those ridges means that we can locate this
30:41antenna
30:41to within around about a millimeter of a known position.
30:47Precision is vital.
30:50Each antenna is just a small part of a giant array known as ALMA.
30:56When it's finished, 66 dishes will operate as one, the equivalent of an antenna 10 miles across.
31:05A vast area is needed to capture enough submillimeter light.
31:10To enhance observations, the array can be reconfigured by relocating individual antennas.
31:17The effect will be like a camera zoom lens.
31:21When we have the antennas spaced very close together, that gives us the ability to see large structures in the
31:27sky.
31:28We can then move those antennas further out onto different pads and make a larger and larger single telescope comprised
31:35of those individual antennas.
31:37And that gives us the ability to see finer and finer detail.
31:42The complexity and scale of ALMA is a measure of the soaring ambitions of 21st century astronomy.
31:51Never in human history have we been able to see so far out into the universe with such accuracy.
31:59I think there is something very special about what we get to observe with these sorts of instruments.
32:05They don't always produce pictures in the way that we think of the sky, but they produce amazing insights into
32:12what's really out there.
32:13And they help us understand not only how the universe is created, but they also do really, I think, satisfy
32:20a sense of wonder about our place in that universe.
32:31I'd really hope that in a few years' time, once ALMA's been in operations for a while, that it will
32:36have started to reveal the key science that we've built it for.
32:40But I also am completely convinced that what ALMA will do, like all great observatories, is that it will detect
32:46things that we haven't even predicted that we'll be looking for.
32:49It will be those complete unknowns, I think, that will revolutionize our understanding of the universe.
32:56But despite the wonder they reveal, even the most advanced telescopes like this can only provide a partial picture of
33:04space.
33:07Astronomy now is becoming what we call a panchromatic science, really.
33:12You have to combine the information from different wavelengths, from different types of technologies, and from different observatories.
33:18And that's really where the great advances of astronomy and our understanding of the universe are going to come from.
33:24Now, the very first panchromatic view of the universe is coming together.
33:30A breakthrough driven by the 21st century renaissance in telescope construction.
33:39This is our nearest galactic neighbor, Centaurus A, seen in visible light.
33:44It's a striking image, but an incomplete one.
33:50When seen in the infrared, dust clouds begin to emerge.
33:55In ultraviolet light, it's clear that these clouds are the nurseries for thousands of bright young stars, all rotating around
34:05a central point.
34:06But to understand this requires X-ray imaging, which shows high-energy jets coming from the center of the galaxy,
34:15the location of a supermassive black hole.
34:19But even here, the picture isn't complete.
34:23This radio image shows how the jets energize particles deep in space, creating vast radio pulses stretching out over millions
34:33of light years.
34:34The invisible has been made visible by a combination of telescopes working across the vast spectrum of light.
34:44But the quest to understand the universe doesn't end here.
34:50It requires a fundamental shift in what telescopes actually look for.
35:00The world of telescopes doesn't get much stranger than this.
35:11Here in France, astronomers are beginning to redefine what a telescope actually is.
35:33Dr. Pascal Coyle is sailing for one of the most unusual telescopes in existence.
35:41We're just now leaving the port of Toulon in the south of France.
35:45The telescope is located 40 kilometers offshore.
35:54The Porquapá is heading for Antares, a telescope designed to spot the most elusive and mysterious cosmic particles of all,
36:04the neutrinos.
36:07The neutrinos are a bizarre elementary particle.
36:12They have no charge.
36:14They essentially have very little mass.
36:17So they interact very little with matter.
36:19We have to build telescopes which are enormous to have even the smallest chance to detect just a handful of
36:27neutrinos.
36:30Detecting a virtually invisible particle is a real challenge.
36:35But if the team's telescope can spot one and work out where it came from, they might rewrite the rules
36:42of the universe.
36:56Dr. Pascal Coyle is hunting neutrinos with a telescope, not on a mountain, but under the sea.
37:02The boat has now reached the site of the telescope, and it's located two and a half kilometers below the
37:10boat.
37:13As you can see, everybody is preparing the submarine to be deployed.
37:20A telescope on the bottom of the ocean might sound strange, but that's only the start.
37:29Because the telescope this remotely operated submarine is heading for doesn't look up into the Mediterranean skies, but down through
37:38the planet.
37:41It's all due to the incredible properties of the neutrinos themselves.
37:49Somewhere far out in the universe, we expect there are sources of very high energy neutrinos.
37:55The distances are enormous. They can be millions and billions of light years away.
38:00If we're lucky, some of these neutrinos will come close to the Earth and pass through the atmosphere in Australia,
38:10pass right through the center of the Earth, through the core of the Earth, without really even noticing it's there.
38:16Having passed through the entire planet, the neutrino will bump into an atom of seawater, causing a flash of light.
38:25The telescope, strings of light-sensitive detectors suspended in the ocean, will spot this light, or so the astronomers hope.
38:35The name of the game of neutrino telescopes is to essentially make a neutrino sky map of the universe.
38:47This search for the slippery cosmic neutrino represents a significant scientific challenge.
38:55Their slipperiness is what makes them so valuable.
38:58They pass through cosmic obstacles, revealing the hidden universe beyond.
39:05Observing one requires not only immense scientific and engineering prowess, but also a large helping of luck.
39:15And today, luck is in short supply.
39:19A cable connector here on the telescope on the seabed is jammed.
39:25Normally, a broken connector isn't such a major problem.
39:30When it happens two and a half kilometers under the sea, it's almost a disaster.
39:39It's a long night for the team in their control room.
39:43But despite their best efforts, the connector remains jammed.
39:49Another mission will be needed.
39:52Beneath the waves, the telescope is still operational.
39:58But in over 300 years of searching, the neutrino hunters haven't found a single cosmic neutrino.
40:08Yet their enthusiasm and optimism remains undimmed.
40:13We are convinced that these elusive neutrinos are there.
40:17We don't really know how big a detector we actually need to be able to find them.
40:22So, maybe it'll happen that we won't find any.
40:26In that case, we will try to build a bigger Antares.
40:29So, we have plans to build a new detector, which will be 50 times bigger than Antares.
40:38This is the story of how great discoveries happen.
40:44Nobody really knows what the team might end up discovering.
40:49History has shown that every time we look at the universe in a new way,
40:55we have had expectations of what we might see.
41:00But in fact, the most interesting things were the things we didn't expect.
41:06This is the true power of telescopes.
41:12Many no longer look like telescopes.
41:15But their ability to change our view of the universe
41:19places them among the most intellectually explosive instruments ever made.
41:25The 21st century renaissance in telescope construction will answer the greatest questions in cosmology and pose new ones.
41:36It's very exciting to be an astronomer right now.
41:40We have telescopes in space, we have telescopes on mounttops, we have telescopes in airplanes.
41:48I certainly can't imagine a time when we would be done asking questions.
41:54I can't imagine that as human beings we'd ever be there.
41:59I know sometimes people feel insignificant or small when they think about astronomy and they think about the cosmos.
42:06And I think it's amazing that we are the people, we are the species who are able to understand how
42:13we got here.
42:13And that's not small. That's pretty amazing.
42:16It's amazing.
42:26Transcription by CastingWords
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