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Short filmTranscript
00:00Whoo-hoo!
00:05Hey! Hi!
00:12Whoa!
00:17Hey!
00:20Hey, mate.
00:22Hey!
00:35All might seem calm and tranquil on the surface,
00:41but underneath, we are firing on all cylinders
00:44to get your gardening engines into overdrive.
00:49Hello and welcome to Gardening Australia.
00:52Here's what's coming up.
00:56I'm meeting a backyard grower to explore his collection
00:59of curious, captivating, carnivorous plants.
01:02I'm catching up with a kindred spirit
01:04who's using recycled materials
01:07to create some experimental crevice gardens.
01:10From a rugby field to a swamp
01:12and now the internationally recognised Hunter Wetland Centre,
01:16a haven for birds, for plants,
01:19and over 160 industrious volunteers.
01:22And we meet an artist growing her body of work.
01:26Gardening is, to me, the most important element of life.
01:46Almost everything in the garden I'm visiting today
01:49could be directly transplanted from another country.
01:52It's a reminder of a past life,
01:55growing up on a farm in Fiji,
01:58and includes varieties of fruit and vegetables
02:01not commonly grown in Australia.
02:06Vijay came to these shores from Fiji in 1989
02:10and has settled with his family
02:12in the Sydney suburb of Holsworthy.
02:15Every square inch of the garden
02:17is given over to the plants he nurtures.
02:21Vijay, I made it!
02:23Wow!
02:24Costa!
02:25Welcome!
02:26Oh, wow!
02:27Look at this!
02:28It's like the hanging gardens of Babylon!
02:30Thank you, Costa.
02:33There is so much foliage and food
02:37from what I've seen just walking in.
02:39It's incredibly abundant.
02:41What are some of the Fijian species
02:44that you've got growing here?
02:46Quite a lot of the Fijian things
02:47that you normally don't buy from the local garden shops.
02:51So I have belly plants,
02:53which is a beautiful, like, spinach.
02:56We have karamua, which is a water spinach.
02:59I have amaranth.
03:00These are, like, things we eat
03:03on a daily basis in Fiji.
03:05What was the farm like that you grew up on?
03:08It was a 98 acre, a big farm.
03:12Mostly sugarcane,
03:13but we had lots of Fijian crops.
03:16Pigeon peas, cow peas, beans, lots of legumes.
03:19We had eight siblings,
03:20so they needed a big farm to look after us.
03:23Whereabouts are we going to begin to look around?
03:26Actually, you've come at a good time.
03:29We have a lot of produce in the gardens,
03:31and we will be harvesting some for you.
03:35So is this a common gourd in Fiji?
03:38It is a common gourd in Fiji,
03:40but on the bigger size than normal we see in Fiji.
03:44And one like this, how long has it been growing?
03:48This one's been growing for probably six to eight weeks.
03:54That's all?
03:55That's all.
03:56Yeah, they grow very fast.
03:57This looks like about 10 kilos,
04:00so it should feed easily about 20 people.
04:05Easy.
04:06Let's harvest one and have a look.
04:10I thought we were going to cut this one.
04:15Wow, look at that!
04:18Let me feel it.
04:19Yeah, that's got some weight.
04:22That's almost the size of you, Kosta.
04:31Is this a plant or vegetable of your childhood?
04:35Yes, we had it on the farm.
04:37When I grow this,
04:37it transports us back to Fiji in your childhood days.
04:42This looks kind of familiar.
04:45Is it water spinach?
04:47Yeah.
04:47This grows naturally in the swamps in Fiji,
04:50so you don't have to plant them.
04:51It doesn't do well in dry areas.
04:55So how exactly are you growing it?
04:57We've created a swampy kind of condition
05:01with a 20-litre drum
05:03and just filled it with soil and water.
05:06It's doing well.
05:08I harvest every two weeks.
05:10Really?
05:11Yeah.
05:12I eat this a lot,
05:13and for me to have this here
05:15is a lot of connection to my childhood
05:18and to the family at home.
05:20So it was a staple green.
05:22How did you prepare it?
05:23Normally we chop it
05:26and then finely sliced
05:30lightly fried with the garlic and onion and yummy.
05:33That sounds good to me.
05:34This looks like the sort of thing
05:36that I could grow easily in my nature pond.
05:39You could.
05:40You can't overwater it.
05:42So these are really good.
05:43And if I have planted it outside,
05:45I'll be wasting a lot of water.
05:49Good old amaranth.
05:51I know this one well.
05:53I see that you've got it growing
05:54in one main area for harvesting.
05:57Yes.
05:58This area is contained.
06:01The amaranth we call churia.
06:03And this is a very common vegetable in Fiji
06:06and well sought after
06:09because it's so vegetal.
06:10We mix it in so many different dishes.
06:13We take the leaves as a stir fry.
06:16Also mix it with eggplant.
06:18Cook it with coconut milk.
06:20Lot of ways we can use this.
06:22In Greek we call this horta.
06:24Horta?
06:24Yeah.
06:25How do you prepare it?
06:26Oh, really just steamed.
06:28Mmm.
06:29Then olive oil, lemon, salt and pepper.
06:32Wonderful.
06:32The best side dish.
06:34Got enough there, Costa?
06:36Yeah, I feel like I'm about to get married.
06:39You too.
06:44What are we looking at?
06:47This is very native to Fiji
06:51and the surrounding islands.
06:52This is called Bele.
06:55Very rich in iron and many minerals.
06:59So this is an ibica.
07:02Yes.
07:02I've seen this in Darwin and in the north.
07:05Yes.
07:06I've even grown it down here in Sydney as well.
07:08And there's different varieties.
07:10Yes.
07:10Some have a really full leaf.
07:11Some have really sort of almost like finger styled leaves.
07:15There's many varieties of them.
07:17Many varieties of course.
07:18They reshoot very quickly, don't they?
07:20They reshoot very quickly, but they don't like the cold.
07:24They want to go home in winter.
07:25Yeah.
07:25Forget the cold.
07:27Yeah.
07:28I love the size that the leaves become so quickly as well.
07:33Like bigger than the palm of your hand.
07:34Yes.
07:36The tender ones are really, really yummy in soups and with fish.
07:42Normally with fish.
07:43It's a very huge delicacy in Fiji.
07:48What an amazing harvest adventure it's been.
07:51You have so much growing in your patch.
07:54Exactly, Costa.
07:55This is just the tip of the iceberg.
07:57We've got in excess of 40 different vegetables in the garden.
08:01It's amazing how much we can fit in a small backyard.
08:04And I see there's a couple of other ones here.
08:07What's this?
08:07This is the Fijian Garandila.
08:09It's a hard shell passion fruit.
08:11Tastes beautiful.
08:12It's very, very hard.
08:13You cannot break it.
08:15It's like a nut.
08:16Yeah.
08:17Normally we'll break it in the back of our door.
08:21But here today we'll just use a knife.
08:26Oh, there it is.
08:28So we split this open.
08:30Here we go.
08:36It's got quite a banana flavour.
08:38Yeah.
08:38It's a different flavour to the passion fruit.
08:41Normal passion fruit.
08:41Yeah, yeah.
08:44It's sort of creamier and thicker.
08:48Vijay, it's time for me to go down to the port
08:50because I've got to head back to Australia.
08:52Thanks for showing me around your little Fiji.
08:56Thank you, Costa.
08:57You're most welcome.
08:59Wow.
09:03I can see how strong Vijay's connection remains to his family and Fijian heritage
09:09through what he cultivates in the garden.
09:12It's a relationship he's been tending for decades.
09:16And much like me when I grow, it's a chance for us all to nurture our roots.
09:27Are there native succulents?
09:30Yes.
09:31There are hundreds of Australian native species that can be classified as a succulent
09:35due to having succulent leaves or stems.
09:38Carper brotus or native pig face is quite well known as a hardy ground cover that loves a sunny, well
09:46-drained position and grows equally well in pots or hanging baskets.
09:51It has brightly coloured flowers and is also edible.
09:55Lesser known succulents include calendrinius, which are related to purslane or portulacca, and they have brightly coloured flowers and make
10:04a great display.
10:05And then there's samphir, which are really important in mangrove and coastal ecosystems.
10:12They're hardy and can be grown at home in well-drained soil or pots, and they're edible too.
10:19What's happening to my sandpaper fig?
10:22Well, my sandpaper fig has got a bit of witch's broom.
10:27Here's a nice healthy branch, dark green leaves.
10:30Here we've got a proliferation of new growth, light-coloured leaves, looking a bit like a witch's broom, which is
10:36commonly what it's known as.
10:37This reaction to something happening within the plant, whether it's a fungus, a virus, a mite, some sort of bug's
10:44gotten in there, this is the reaction.
10:46Now, it won't kill the plant, but it will take a lot of energy out of it.
10:50So, given this is one of my favourite native figs to eat, this section won't produce any fruit.
10:57So the easy way, just snip it off, get rid of it.
11:01Why is my Fajoa flowering, but not fruiting?
11:05This tree is five years old and it's only just started to fruit, so time is part of the answer.
11:12But not all Fajoas are equal.
11:14You see, some are happy to accept their own pollen and they will fruit, but others, they need a pollen
11:20partner.
11:21So now you're armed with that information, the best time to ask the question is at a garden centre.
11:27Do I need to plant one, or do I need to plant two in order to get fruit?
11:39Some plants will always hold a special place in collectors' hearts.
11:44They represent something truly unique, and the opportunity to grow them at home is just too good to pass up.
11:53Tammy's visiting a grower who's got the bug.
11:56And I reckon after this story, you could catch it too.
12:09I'm visiting Ollie Evans.
12:11His backyard on the northern beaches in Sydney is brimming with Nepenthes, botanical curiosities in the world of carnivorous plants.
12:20You've got a lot going on here.
12:23Yeah, so these are all my easy-growing Nepenthes hybrids and species.
12:27This beautiful maxima here.
12:30Oh wow, what do you love about them?
12:32I suppose it's just the different colours and different trap morphology of the pictures.
12:38So what we see is the leaf is actually the petiole of the leaf, and the picture itself is a
12:43modified leaf.
12:45And that's evolved to catch insects.
12:48They're so cool, and there's so many different sizes.
12:50I mean, look at that one.
12:51Yeah, this is Nepenthes robcantleyi, which is a Philippine species.
12:56Yeah, this beautiful one here.
12:57He's trying to climb the fence.
12:58You can see the huge peristome, which is this lip at the top of the picture.
13:03Oh, right.
13:04You can see the peristome gripping in, and it's just caught itself between the two palings.
13:09And in nature, it would climb up trees that way as it vines.
13:12So they can be epiphytic species?
13:14Yes, there's both epiphytic and terrestrial.
13:17So the epiphytic's obviously grow in the nooks and crannies in trees,
13:20and the terrestrials grow up from the ground.
13:22So what's then the mix like? It's quite light and airy?
13:25Yeah, so this is a coconut chip and perlite mix.
13:29You can see they're very similar to aeroids or even orchid mixes,
13:33but it just holds a good amount of moisture while still being nice and airy and loose.
13:39Yeah, they're growing really well against the fence.
13:41And what got you into Nepenthes?
13:43I was working as a carpenter up in Avalon,
13:47and the florist next door was bringing them out to give them some sunlight during the day,
13:51and I'd never seen anything like it.
13:53So I ended up getting one from them and then went home and started researching them,
13:58and all just the amazing adaptations that have evolved over the millions of years.
14:04And it just drew me in because they're just such weird, wonderful plants.
14:08And were you a keen gardener before that?
14:10I could never grow anything before that.
14:13I couldn't grow basil to save my life at that point.
14:16Ollie's still not growing any fresh herbs,
14:19but he does have a fridge full of Nepenthes in his lounge room.
14:23The majority of species in the Nepenthes genus are native to Southeast Asia.
14:29This is my personal collection of highland species Nepenthes.
14:34The highland species up around the cloud forests of Borneo and Sumatra and stuff,
14:39you're up into the cool temperatures, 24 degrees during the day,
14:42and it will drop down to 10, 12 degrees at night in beautiful tropical lush jungles.
14:48So that's why you've got it in a fridge?
14:50That explains the fridge. It's the easiest way to cool a small space.
14:54But then how do the insects get in there?
14:56There's always a few fruit flies, just little things like that.
15:00They don't take a huge amount of food to keep them growing happily.
15:03Oh, right. Can we have a look at what's inside?
15:05Yeah, sure.
15:07We've got all sorts of species in here.
15:10Nepenthes edwardciana here with the beautiful toothy peristome.
15:14And this beautiful Nepenthes hamata with its amazing black teeth on the peristome.
15:19And these wings at the front with this almost ladder up the front
15:23for insects to climb up and fall into the pitcher.
15:27And next to that is Nepenthes jacquelineae, which, as you see, has no teeth,
15:33but it has this beautiful wide purple peristome.
15:38You're right. So it's quite smooth.
15:39It's very smooth.
15:40You can see it almost acts like a funnel and anything that lands on there
15:43is going to fall straight into the pitcher and never to be seen again.
15:48In comparison, down here you've got this beautiful Nepenthes inimus,
15:52which is the only species that has absolutely no peristome whatsoever.
15:56Yeah, right. It doesn't have any of those decorations.
15:59It's not as ornate as the other.
16:00No, it's just this pure green, just beautifully coloured.
16:04But you can see the waxy coating on the inside.
16:06So anything on there would just slip down into the pitcher fluid.
16:10It looks like it'd be a fun ride until you hit your...
16:13..until you reach the stomach acid.
16:16Down here we've got some Nepenthes lolii and the wild.
16:20These actually develop a thick, white, sugary substance
16:23on the lid called an exudate.
16:25And it attracts a shrew, which is a small mammal,
16:28almost like a possum, that will come and sit on the pitcher
16:31and as it eats the exudate, it defecates into the pitcher
16:35and that's how they get their nitrogen.
16:36Yeah, right. So it's just sitting there and having a good time.
16:39Yeah, it's definitely a different way for a plant to feed.
16:44Oli's greenhouse is a haven for growing Nepenthes
16:47and his passion is breeding hybrids.
16:50Wow! Look at the size of this thing!
16:53Yeah, so this is Nepenthes truncata from the Philippines.
16:56They get the tallest pitchers in the genus
16:58and they're absolutely huge.
17:00That's why I've started using this in a lot of my breeding,
17:03just to try and get the biggest pitchers I can
17:05and cross with beautiful coloured pitchers.
17:08To produce seed pods, Oli crosses pollen
17:11from the flower of the male plant
17:13with the flower on a female plant.
17:16It takes six months for seed pods to reach maturity.
17:19Seeds are then germinated in little domes in 100% humidity.
17:23So, from each seed pod you have how many seeds?
17:27You can get about 50 seeds from a pod
17:29and I might sow two or three pods per pot like this.
17:33And you can see there that there's the tiny little seed
17:36with the embryo in the middle.
17:38Oh my goodness! I would have thought that was part of the potting media.
17:42Yeah, so they've evolved to blow around in the wind,
17:44so once the seed pod opens in nature they'll just drift off with the wind,
17:48land on the trees, the ground.
17:50Ideally for them a nice little bit of moss that they can germinate and grow in.
17:54And then these are the little plants that have germinated?
17:57Yeah, so you can see there they're starting to pop up quite nicely.
18:00And you can see the first pitcher just starting to come out on that third leaf.
18:05And they can actually start feeding from that size
18:08on tiny microscopic little mites and various things.
18:12Right!
18:13And just below you there we've got some that are about six months old
18:17and so they've been hardened off out of the domes
18:20and then down here they're all about a year old now.
18:23So what results are you getting?
18:25Ah, so getting some good ones.
18:27This here is a truncata cross lavicola that I made.
18:31And the truncata parent gives these big huge pitchers
18:36and the lavicola brings out a beautiful dark colouration.
18:39It looks so delicate, I feel like I'd probably kill it.
18:43No, the joys of this hybrid,
18:45it can adapt to all sorts of conditions through the temperature ranges.
18:49Right, so like one parent comes from cold climates, cold mountain
18:53and then the other one's in the...
18:54Hot lowlands.
18:55Right, so you've got Goldilocks.
18:57Hopefully a Goldilocks cross.
19:00So for the backyard gardener,
19:02what do we do when it comes to feeding your pitcher plants?
19:06Ah, look, if you're growing them outside,
19:08they'll definitely pick up enough insects themselves.
19:11That's what they've evolved to do.
19:12And when it comes to watering, how...
19:15I mean, are these very hungry for water?
19:18Look, they do like a lot of water.
19:19If you've ever been to the tropics in Asia,
19:21it does rain almost every day.
19:23I wouldn't water these every day.
19:25I tend to check the media.
19:26Just as it starts to dry out,
19:28I'll give them a good heavy watering
19:30and that'll keep them going for a few days or a week,
19:33depending on the weather.
19:34And in a warm, frost-free area like coastal Sydney,
19:37you can boost the humidity that these plants love
19:40by grouping them with other plants
19:42and creating a little microclimate.
19:45As a die-hard enthusiast of these quirky plants,
19:49there is a serious side to his hobby.
19:52Poaching is a huge problem for Nepenthes,
19:54but also they come from that part of the world
19:56that is getting, unfortunately, very deforested.
20:01So if you're new to all of this
20:02and keen to start a collection,
20:04source plants from reputable suppliers.
20:07Ask questions about where the plant came from
20:09and join the conversation within the Nepenthes community.
20:13I'm now part of the worldwide community.
20:16Everyone's sharing advice and information.
20:19And even here in Sydney,
20:20we've got the Australian Carnivorous Plant Society.
20:22We have meetings every month,
20:24helping each other, sharing tips, plants
20:27and everything involved in it.
20:30It's been fascinating to find out
20:32about these bold and beautiful, highly evolved plants.
20:35I can see why Ollie is captivated.
20:38I get to live in this beautiful tropical jungle now.
20:53Do you ever feel like you're stuck between a rock and a hard place?
20:57Incredibly, some plants love it.
21:00They thrive in impossibly rocky conditions.
21:03Well, next up, Millie helps create a crevice garden
21:07where rock-loving beauties will flourish.
21:21Heronswood is an historic public garden on the Mornington Peninsula,
21:24nestled on the foothills of Wonga, or Arthur's Seat,
21:28with views of Melbourne across the bay.
21:34The garden surrounds an iconic 19th-century Gothic Revival mansion,
21:39and the whole site is owned by the Diggers Foundation,
21:42a non-profit with a mission of promoting gardening
21:45and the conservation of seeds and plants.
21:48It has a special place in our hearts,
21:51because it's where Gardening Australia celebrated our 30th year on the ABC.
21:55Oh, look who it is!
22:00But this has long been a place for gardeners to get inspiration
22:04by seeing experimental styles and ideas in practice.
22:08So this is a really challenging but also beautiful site.
22:12Bill Bampton is the head gardener here,
22:14and today I've brought my gardening gloves,
22:16because I'm going to help him extend this existing crevice garden,
22:19so we can show you how it's done.
22:22Yeah, this area was just developed about three years ago,
22:26and what we're looking at here was a whole heap of old sheds,
22:30and then we knocked down the sheds
22:33and found ourselves with a pile of concrete.
22:35We thought, what can we do with it? Make a crevice garden.
22:39What is a crevice garden?
22:40Well, a crevice garden is replicating the crevices you'd see
22:45on the side of a hill or a cliff top,
22:48but in this case we're using concrete,
22:50or you can use stone as more traditional.
22:52So tell me about how you put it together.
22:54Like, it's all quite a linear form.
22:58It's very important that it's book-leafed all on this parallel lines,
23:01and I lined every rock up north-south,
23:04and that gets that really great aspect.
23:07It's sunny on top and moist and cool below,
23:11and it's a perfect habitat
23:13for all the little plants adapted to that situation.
23:17Here we've used just general plants that are available to the public,
23:20but a lot of this is done through alpine societies,
23:23trying to grow those plants that only grow
23:25in little craggy crevices in the Himalayas or somewhere.
23:30Bill's got all our materials laid out already.
23:33Some more pieces of old concrete, the more angular the better,
23:36and a pile of crushed granite that they use in the footpaths around the garden.
23:41It's a waste product from the local quarry.
23:45So what we're doing here is we're just laying a base for the rocks to go on.
23:49So we'll, like, create some ledges higher at the back,
23:52grading out to lower down the front,
23:55and this is where we'll start then laying the rocks.
23:58Right.
23:58They're going to sit on sort of solid, flat ground,
24:01and then the sort of soil will backfill around them.
24:04That's right. That's correct.
24:05You happy with that?
24:06Yep.
24:06Looks like we're ready to rock.
24:08Oh, on it.
24:16Happy with these, Bill?
24:17Yeah, that's great.
24:18So we just lay them out here so we can get a feel for what the rocks are
24:22because we've sort of almost got to let them speak to you.
24:24You've got to be able to see either side,
24:27work out which way it's going to work for us
24:29because each spot has a rock designated for it.
24:33Oh, it's like matchmaking.
24:35Matchmaking.
24:36We need the spot to love the rock and the rock to love the spot.
24:39That's right.
24:40So begins the careful concrete placement,
24:44making sure each piece sits parallel.
24:48Often people refer to this concrete as urbanite
24:52because these are rocks made by people in the city.
24:56And just like geological eras,
24:58they say we're living in the Anthropocene.
25:00So these are the rocks of our time, really.
25:04They used a lot of carbon and energy to create them.
25:07Most people would have thrown these away.
25:10Why not use them?
25:11And they're free.
25:13You know, you could use it endlessly, really,
25:15and it's so available.
25:17Starting to look good, Bill?
25:19Yeah, it is.
25:19I'm just sort of nestling these in
25:21and how we're doing it is we're doing them
25:23in these little pockets of rocks.
25:25Yep.
25:26Like you'd see maybe in nature
25:27and then there'd be a little gap
25:29where we might have a planting void around here somewhere.
25:34And then we might start having some rocks,
25:37again, book leafing down here,
25:39just tying this strata across here.
25:44All right.
25:45So positioning the rocks,
25:46sometimes you go a bit counterintuitive.
25:49And if you angle the rocks up off square,
25:53you get a more natural look
25:55rather than the square look of a man-made concrete.
25:58And that'll give you a little planting pocket,
26:00almost like an overhang here.
26:01That's right.
26:01So that's even another little microclimate.
26:06Unlike soil that contains organic matter,
26:09this crushed granite is inert,
26:11meaning it won't decompose or compact.
26:14So it's a great material to secure
26:16and stabilise our concrete pieces.
26:19We're trying to bed this in
26:20and you have to get,
26:21not quite like an iceberg,
26:23but you want like a third to two thirds in the ground
26:26to give stability to big stones.
26:28Some of the little stones,
26:29it doesn't matter so much
26:31because they are sort of more or less decorative.
26:33And you do get solidity after a while.
26:35With water, it firms up.
26:37They become very stable,
26:38especially when the plants grow in between them.
26:41Because we're only creating a small mound
26:44on already flat ground,
26:45this method will do the trick.
26:47But if you're trying to retain a large volume of soil
26:50or working on a steep slope,
26:52you should always seek professional advice.
26:55And then now we're on the home stretch, aren't we?
26:59Are you thinking we leave this whole area as a void?
27:02Yeah, I think that works well.
27:04It balances with the crevices over there.
27:06And we can just pack that with plants and it'll retain it.
27:09Yeah.
27:10There we go.
27:11So I'll put this one to kind of match what's happening here somehow.
27:14Yeah, I think matching those other ones that are there.
27:17Yep, up the top.
27:18Yep.
27:19What about a little bit of native grass?
27:22Yep.
27:23Put the three in there.
27:24Yes, beautiful, isn't it?
27:26Ah, they're such a good plant.
27:28Yep.
27:29So with this old cement,
27:31people often think,
27:32oh, I can't grow acid-loving plants.
27:34But alkalinity is usually only a problem when you're using new concrete
27:38and pouring wet cement into the soil.
27:42I reckon this flower colour will tie in beautifully with that sedum.
27:46Whereabouts would you want these?
27:48I think because they're a little mounding plant,
27:49they'd fill in this little space in here.
27:52Yeah, right.
27:52A little clump.
27:52So maybe one kind of up in the...
27:55Yep.
27:55And then...
27:56Yeah.
27:57Excellent.
27:58Perfect.
27:59We're planting directly into the crushed granite.
28:02This low-nutrient environment means plants would explode with growth
28:06and are more likely to be quite compact,
28:08as they would on an exposed cliff or rocky mountaintop.
28:13For that little overhang of concrete, we're going to use this.
28:16It's chloranthus and it's quite widespread on the southeast coast of Australia.
28:21It's a beautiful little mounding plant
28:24and I think it's going to look perfect in this crevice.
28:28Bill, I'm so taken with this as an idea
28:31because it just reminds me of so many Australian landscapes as well.
28:35Yeah, that's right.
28:36I think what's good about this is it starts making you look at the places
28:40you're visiting and you're seeing them really close up
28:43because you think, oh, how are the rock formations?
28:45What are the plants growing in that area?
28:47So it's actually really educational
28:50and you can incorporate it in your bushwalk.
28:53It's true.
28:54And they're absolutely everywhere, these sorts of landscapes,
28:56from the top of, you know, Mount Kosciuszko right through to the beach.
28:59Yeah.
28:59I think one of my favourite ones is I lived down in Cape Shank
29:03and the rock face there,
29:06the plants that are just clinging on almost like bonsai
29:09in amongst the strata of rocks is just amazing.
29:15Now all the plants are in, Bill is covering the whole bed with gravel mulch.
29:19And Bill says the plants shouldn't get used to being watered like they are today.
29:24After this, they're on their own.
29:27What sort of care will this need over the next little period to settle the plants in?
29:32Basically, the best care for these plants is no care.
29:37Right from the start?
29:38Right from the start.
29:39Wow.
29:39Like be really tough.
29:41That's what we did with the rest of it.
29:43And also by not watering, you're not going to get the weeds at all growing
29:47because we've used that very nutrient reduced medium.
29:50So basically is quite low maintenance.
29:54You've got to be happy with that.
29:56It looks like it's always been here.
29:58Yeah, it's incredible.
29:59You can't see where we began and where we've ended
30:01and literally made from the material of the site.
30:05And one of the really good features of this is it allows,
30:09if you've got a very flat new garden, you can create the vertical.
30:14So we've got a raised area, a mound, just creates a dynamism
30:19that you wouldn't normally have in a flat space.
30:21It's definitely worth giving a go at home.
30:23If you've got some materials in a spot, you've got to give it a crack.
30:28Crevice, crack.
30:34Still to come on Gardening Australia, Sophie is keeping it cool.
30:39I've planted this ornamental crimson glory vine
30:42because I know in a couple of years it will have grown up
30:45and over this structure and created amazing shade for summer.
30:50Josh prepares for an everlasting showstopper
30:54and we meet an artist connecting to the garden within.
31:05Plants are powerful.
31:07They shape the world around us.
31:09And when you combine them with some dedicated experts
31:14and community volunteers, you better stand back
31:18because something beautiful is brewing.
31:21Clarence is up in Newcastle checking out a project
31:25that's a real game changer.
31:3840 years ago, this pond was a rugby field.
31:41A landscape of dairy farming and a dumping ground for local industry.
31:46Then in stepped environmentalist Max Maddock
31:49with a vision to get as much people power as possible
31:52to create the Hunter Wetlands Centre here in Newcastle, New South Wales.
31:58Sadly, Max passed away in 2016.
32:01However, his daughter Michelle was with him every step of the way
32:04when Max established the site in the 1980s.
32:08So you've had a family connection here for quite some time?
32:10Yes.
32:11My dad was working at the university.
32:13We had our horses here.
32:19And he was watching egrets come into the Malaloopa Swamp.
32:23He recognised that it was a really important landscape
32:26and environment for the egrets
32:28and joined with other friends to save the Wetlands Centre.
32:32So re-establishing what is a really important ecosystem.
32:38Dad didn't do it on his own.
32:40Over the 40 years,
32:42I can't imagine the number of volunteers that have come.
32:45400,000 trees have been planted on the site.
32:48The Wetlands have been revegetated
32:51because they were just grassed on the edges
32:53so there were no reeds.
32:55Wetlands are doing so much for nature.
32:57They're filtering water.
32:58They're providing habitats.
32:59Amazing how they're so undervalued.
33:01They certainly are.
33:0340% of the world's biodiversity is in wetlands
33:06and they are more endangered than our forests.
33:09They are critical to our environment.
33:12And being part of the estuary,
33:14we have a lot of local estuary wetlands
33:16and this is what we are here.
33:18Ours are really important because they're freshwater.
33:22Here we've got giant eels,
33:24we've got fish,
33:25we've got micro-invertebrates,
33:26we've got the plant species that keep our water clean.
33:29It's just amazing the biodiversity that we have here.
33:43To get a closer look at the biodiversity of the wetlands,
33:46I'm going for a paddle on one of the estuary waterways
33:49guided by Geoff Nichols,
33:51a volley with over 30 years experience.
33:54This is a nice little creek system.
33:55Where are we?
33:56Well, we're on Ironbark Creek,
33:58which is the main western creek for Newcastle
34:00and it flows into the Hunter River at Sandgate,
34:04which then goes into Newcastle Harbour and the ocean.
34:07We're actually adjacent to Hexham Swamp at the moment
34:11and there's 2,000 hectares of managed wetlands in there.
34:15It has been rescued to a far extent,
34:18enabling more tidal water to come in by opening the floodgates
34:22and that's established mangroves to a far greater extent
34:25than they've been there for a good 40 to 50 years.
34:29And a lot of this has come back naturally with the tidal movement
34:32and the movement of the mangrove fruits in particular.
34:35Yes, well we're actually paddling through a cluster
34:37of mangrove fruits at the moment.
34:40Very interesting fruits in themselves
34:41that they actually germinate on the mother plant,
34:44so they already have roots and a shoot before they fall off,
34:47which enables them then to be secure in the mud in a high tide
34:51and already probably start their establishment.
34:54So that's how come they can get established so quickly
34:56in a tidal zone.
34:58So there's distinct layers in the mangroves
35:00but also you can see the distinct species here.
35:03That's right.
35:03And there are only two species
35:05and you can see that with those distinct features.
35:08You have the rounder shaped leafed mangrove
35:10at the front there is the river mangrove
35:12and then towards the back the taller one is the grey mangrove.
35:16I mean it's the one that has the pneumatophores,
35:18the breathing roots that rise up above the high tide mark.
35:21Yeah.
35:22And they also work well together in the sense
35:24that they both don't fruit at the same time,
35:27so they don't compete, you know, for the mud banks in getting established.
35:31In the Newcastle region there was quite well known
35:34that the Hunter River prawns were quite a delicacy,
35:37but over time they disappeared
35:39and the reason was because they didn't have these backwaters
35:42in which to breed and get established.
35:44So with the opening of the floodgates here in the Ironbark Creek system,
35:48it's allowed all these mangroves to get established
35:50and they're a really great safe habitat for those prawns
35:53and other aqua fauna that need sheltered waters
35:57and lots of detritus to feed on as well.
36:00So the healthy mangroves all mean also a healthy pruning and fishing industry
36:05in the Hunter River as well.
36:08Local mob here, the Awabagal and the Waramai,
36:10they would have loved this area, I'm sure.
36:13Well, yes, there's no doubt that this was a great foundation
36:16for living and culture over thousands of years.
36:20I mean, you've got rainforest and wetlands combined,
36:23you've got so much vegetation,
36:25as well as all the animals that live here,
36:27all the reptiles and the fish and the birds.
36:30It would have been such an abundant supply of food.
36:33There is talk that there were cultural gatherings here,
36:36corroborees that lasted over many nights.
36:38We have a midden on site where there's evidence of stone tools
36:42that come from the Bar Beach area on the coast.
36:45So this would have been a gathering place
36:47as well as a place that supported life for a very long time.
36:55Wetlands and the different types of wetlands
36:57provide a whole heap of services for nature, Geoff.
37:00They do indeed.
37:01I mean, they're known as being a habitat
37:03for migratory shorebirds, for example.
37:06Also within our wetlands,
37:08they provide safe nesting areas above water
37:11for annual nesting of egrets and ibis.
37:14There's also a great supply of food for the birds in fruits and nectars
37:19that you find in the plants that grow around the wetlands.
37:22The wetlands support over 200 species of birds.
37:27Magpie geese will locally extinct to the area,
37:29but after their reintroduction, they are now thriving.
37:35Take a walk in the wetlands and you'll see ibis or swans,
37:39along with herons, cranes and the rare freckled duck.
37:44The very start of Max's vision for the wetlands
37:47was plants man Paddy Lightfoot,
37:49who didn't seem to have a lot of choice about being recruited.
37:53So I was in the Australian Plant Society in 1983
37:58and Max said,
37:59right, he said, you're on the landscape committee.
38:03He did not say, have you got time?
38:05I was working full-time in those days.
38:07Would you like to? No.
38:09Just you're on the landscape committee.
38:11Here I am 40 years later.
38:15And you're able to germinate and propagate
38:17a lot of the species that you have on site here?
38:19We do. We've got two nurseries,
38:21one which is the wetlands nursery
38:23and we have another nursery
38:25which is the Australian Plant Society nursery
38:29where we grow anything from anywhere in Australia
38:32to show people what they can put in their gardens.
38:35Thinking about regeneration or revegetation,
38:39endemic species are crucial, aren't they?
38:41Absolutely.
38:41We've planted different areas.
38:43We have a Melaleuca swamp with Melaleucas around it,
38:47Melaleuca quinquenervia, paperbark.
38:50We also have Casuarina forest.
38:54Beautiful to walk through the tracks
38:56through the Casuarina forest,
38:58particularly in the August westerlies
39:00and you have the wind through the branchlets of the Casuarinas.
39:05And education really is key, isn't it?
39:07Just showing particularly those different zones,
39:09water-loving plants through the riparian
39:12all the way into scrubland, bushland, forest, yeah?
39:15This is very important.
39:16And, of course, this was Max Matic.
39:19He was an associate professor of education
39:21and this was his whole scheme,
39:24was to educate the children.
39:28And that's the only way we're going to survive,
39:30is to have the young people educated.
39:33And part of that education is valuing these spaces
39:37that for so long were just backfilled
39:39and saw as having no value at all,
39:41but they are just so crucial.
39:42They are absolutely crucial
39:44and the more population we get in dense populated areas,
39:49the more important these areas are for medical health.
39:54I'm a retired GP and I realise just how vital green spaces are for our future.
40:06One interesting bit I remember was a fellow called Richardson Barb Baker,
40:12who was a forester from England.
40:14And he said if aliens came to Earth,
40:18they would say what they liked best was the green people,
40:21the trees and the plants.
40:23I like that.
40:30Wetlands are an essential component of ecology and biodiversity.
40:34They're a sponge to help mitigate against floods,
40:37to filter water and a haven for plants and animals.
40:41They are an invaluable natural resource
40:43to help us connect to the living landscape to which we all belong.
40:58Creating a home in this arid environment
41:00has meant carefully designing our garden
41:03so that we can have shade on the house in summer,
41:06but also take advantage of the precious winter sunshine.
41:12Around the house I'm planting an ornamental garden
41:15with lots of my favourite exotic plants,
41:18including several deciduous trees and vines.
41:23For creating shade I'm a big fan of grape vines,
41:27both the fruiting and the ornamental varieties.
41:30Both need a sunny position and a strong climbing structure.
41:40I've planted this ornamental crimson glory vine
41:43because I know in a couple of years
41:45it will have grown up and over this structure
41:47and created amazing shade for summer.
41:50It also produces spectacular autumn colour.
41:53Now the reason that I didn't go for fruiting vines here
41:57is because A, this is so high
41:59that I wouldn't be able to reach the bunches of grapes,
42:01but also with the wildlife pressure here
42:04I would have to net every bunch of grapes individually
42:07if I wanted to get the fruit.
42:19So many tasks in the garden are seasonal by nature,
42:23but I reckon some deserve the mantle of tradition,
42:27like sowing everlastings in autumn
42:29in anticipation of a sea of blooms come spring.
42:37Preparation for growing these native annuals
42:39is pretty straightforward.
42:41I want to create drifts of colour on my verge
42:43where they will get plenty of sunlight.
42:45So I'm starting with a bit of a tidy up of plants
42:48that need a prune to make some room,
42:50including cutting back these vicinia and kangaroo paws.
42:55I'm raking back the leaf litter and mulch
42:58to uncover the soil underneath.
43:01The species of everlasting that I'm planting
43:03is Rhodanth chlorocephala subspecies rosea.
43:08And you can see just how light and fluffy the seed is.
43:12And there's vermiculite mixed in with this seed
43:14to help with sowing.
43:15And when it comes to sowing,
43:17it's just a matter of scattering it evenly on the ground,
43:21nice and close to the surface
43:23so it doesn't blow away.
43:26One gram of seed will cover around one square metre.
43:30If you want to prolong the flowering season,
43:32sow seed in different spots every few weeks
43:35through to mid-winter.
43:37Apply a light dressing of fertiliser
43:41and a gentle water in to help the seed settle
43:44and prevent it from blowing away.
43:47Ideally, winter rains will be adequate
43:50to support healthy plant growth.
43:52But if there's a dry spell,
43:54give the plants a top-up water.
43:57Given the right conditions,
43:59growing everlasting is pretty trouble-free.
44:01The main thing to keep an eye out for is snails,
44:04especially when the plants are young.
44:06So a little bit of investment now
44:09will result in an absolute riot of vivid colour come spring.
44:14It's a sight that brings joy to my heart.
44:27Just like plants,
44:29art connects us to so many things.
44:31Our environment, our history,
44:33to how we see the world.
44:35Our next story is with an artist
44:38weaving plants through all these elements
44:40to promote personal peace.
45:00The mind can go in a thousand directions,
45:04but on this beautiful path, I walk in peace.
45:09With each step, the wind blows.
45:14With each step, a flower bloom.
45:18By Thich Nang Han.
45:22This poem brings me to centre and home.
45:32Practice of yoga is very important to me.
45:38It's part of gardening to me.
45:43I am Hiromi Tango and I am an interdisciplinary artist.
45:51And I call myself gardener.
45:58I grew up in a traditional Japanese household.
46:04My grandmothers, both grandmothers are kimono makers
46:09and gardeners.
46:11So I grew up with gardeners.
46:15And I'm so grateful for it.
46:19I do all sorts of gardening.
46:22I do love growing plants, growing flowers.
46:28This is my Monet garden.
46:31And the colour palette expand from this garden.
46:36And also this is the garden I grow healing produce for my family.
46:43Easiest and common plants I propagate is tomatoes and capsicums.
46:52Because without choosing seasons,
46:54you eat capsicum and you just have the centre of capsicum seeds.
47:02And with little spoon, tablespoon, shove into the soil and keep watering a few weeks.
47:10And we have seedlings.
47:12Other thing is the tomatoes.
47:15Any seasons we could grow here in our environment.
47:20I tried strawberries and other things.
47:24A little bit more season sensitive.
47:27But we can grow that too.
47:29And spring onions are often, it's easy to just after you use,
47:35you just keep some roots area into the ground and it grows and it flowers.
47:41And you keep the seeds and you can grow more.
47:45Lavender, rosemary, Australian native too.
47:49We have pig face.
47:51We have ginger.
47:53And we just put that in the ground and they just grow.
47:59Where I grew up in Chikoku Island, my family was growing everything by themselves.
48:07And we upcycling and recycling.
48:12So for me, it is part of a strong identity of our culture.
48:20I also enjoy growing art gardens.
48:27Art garden is the garden of hope and garden of humanity.
48:35It is the garden to grow kindness.
48:40I usually ask community members to donate the clothes which carries memories and feelings.
48:51Some of the fabric can be your grandmother's fabric or your child's fabric.
49:01And we color categorize rainbow colors.
49:05And then we cut them in the different sizes and utilize them as part of the flowers, seed, seedlings.
49:18Colors are very important because it is light and it is representation of nature.
49:31This project is called Garden Healing Together for Tweed Valley Hospital.
49:39I didn't want hospital to be a scary place.
49:42I wanted hospital to be a healing space, nurturing place, space for care.
49:49So that's probably the background and the hope of the project.
49:55The roots for Mount Couther Botanic Garden in Brisbane.
50:01It is the sculptural work made by bronze and fraud, the flowers of the palm tree in the botanic garden.
50:12So each artwork has been made as a mold of bronze and then I have connected them to make the
50:20healing seed to position center of the artwork, circular artwork.
50:28The peony is the dream flower made for Brisbane Festival a couple of years ago.
50:38I wanted to create the flowers with many layers of petals with all different sizes, different colors.
50:47So I created this artwork with aluminium artwork and when they are combined, it looks diverse rainbows.
51:02When I was university student in Tokyo when I was 21, I met my husband Craig Walsh and he was
51:12doing the artist residency in Tokyo.
51:16And I fell in love with him and his art.
51:21And I proposed to him, I want to marry you.
51:26For me, really important start to marry and commit each other and grow.
51:34I came to Australia in 1998.
51:38Now I'm nearly 50 years old and I have teenage children and nearly 30 years residing in Australia.
51:51And I found my voice which is just right volume.
51:58Today we are planting eucalyptus trees for creating koala corridor.
52:07And also planting other trees to protect eucalyptus trees.
52:13We are doing this because of the bushfire and flood.
52:18We used to see koalas, but through the bushfire and the flood, we stopped seeing them a few years ago.
52:28Koala's habitat has been endangered.
52:31A bit of rock here.
52:33And we love koalas and we love to create the safe home for koalas.
52:38But we planted the tree a couple of years ago and we saw beautiful two koalas this year which really,
52:47really warms our heart.
52:51Nature is the most beautiful, most important thing for us.
52:55It's our heart space.
52:57Sorry little worm.
53:00To me, gardening means nurturing, nourishment, care, deep listening, deep observations.
53:14Gardening is, to me, it is the most important element of life.
53:32Now's not the time to rest on your laurels.
53:35Your jobs for the weekend are ready and waiting.
53:43Cool temperate gardeners, have some fun with your food and sow some Romanesco broccoli seedlings.
53:50The freaky shape and loud lime colour of the florets are sure to be a winter winner.
53:55If sawfly larvae are clustering and attacking the foliage of your native plants, carefully cut off the small branchlets that
54:03harbour colonies and dispose of them.
54:05As indoor plants go, you can't beat a cyclamen for awesome autumn colour.
54:10Best in a cool, well-lit spot.
54:12They should be watered from the base and they respond well to being popped outside overnight.
54:18In warm temperate gardens, autumn crocus are bursting out of their summer dormancy with dazzling displays of dainty flowers.
54:27These cute corms are fantastic in rockeries.
54:31Persimmon fruits are starting to turn bright orange, so it's time to harvest.
54:35Non-astringent varieties can be eaten straight away, but let astringent fruits go soft and squishy before tucking in.
54:43I'm an astringent kind of guy.
54:46Show your climbing indoor plants some love this weekend and pop together a totem using timber, coconut fibre and wire.
54:54Simple, effective and your plants will be in totem control in no time.
55:00Subtropical gardeners, if you haven't planted onions yet, don't cry, you can still get them in.
55:05Go for early varieties that thrive in warmer climates, like gladiline brown or barletta for pickling.
55:12Chickweed can look like it's taking over, but don't despair.
55:16It's easy to pull out when it's young and what's more, it's edible.
55:19Eat it raw or cooked, or give it to the chooks.
55:23As your beautiful banksias finish flowering, pinch and prune off the spent flowers.
55:27This will promote a fuller flush of flowers next season, and the spent flowers are great for craft projects.
55:35In the tropics, sow seed of hearting lettuce varieties including butterhead or batavian,
55:41or loose oak leaf varieties like Australia's own Darwin, to make sure your salad days continue.
55:48Chinese lanterns are in flower now.
55:50These fast-growing attractive evergreens grow well in the tropics, and bear masses of hibiscus-like flowers for most of
55:58the year.
55:59There's a bit of wind about in the tropics, so whack in a windbreak for your most sensitive plants.
56:06A temporary but secure moveable structure's great, or plant a living windbreak.
56:12In arid zones, there's still warmth in the soil, so why not rock some roots like carrot and parsnip?
56:19Sow seed direct in a sunny spot and don't overfeed.
56:22You want to develop roots and shoots.
56:26Lech and Olsha are blooming now, and come in a range of full-on colours.
56:30These tough natives are ideal in containers and hanging baskets, and will reward you with masses of flowers for months.
56:38If you've got a spot for a fab fruit tree, why not try a Jujube?
56:43Self-pollinating, compact, upright trees that love arid climates.
56:48Their fruit is sweet, nutritious and delicious.
56:52Get out into the garden this weekend and make the most of it.
56:56For more inspiration, head to the Gardening Australia website full of tips, tricks and fact sheets.
57:09It's a wrap for another week, but the wheels are already turning for next time.
57:14Take a look.
57:17We all know how amazing Australian plants are, but of course they have evolved with amazing animals.
57:24Today I'm learning a little more about the emu and its role in Australia's ecology.
57:30I'm meeting a cactus grower whose retirement project has rapidly expanded into hundreds of thousands of these spiky delights.
57:40And whether your garden is wild, formal or themed, there's an Australian native to fit any garden brief.
57:48I'm visiting a nursery so you can see some mature plantings for inspiration.
57:52A freight machine.
57:54You can see some of them that has become a native plantation.
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