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00:18Hello and welcome to Global Eye from the BBC World Service,
00:23a program that brings you the best of our journalism from every corner of the world,
00:30investigations that uncover the harshest realities and stories that shine a light on hope and resilience.
00:38I'm Жанна Беспечук from the BBC's Ukrainian Service and this week we are in Kyiv.
00:47In recent months Russia has been intensifying its attacks on Ukraine's energy infrastructure
00:53in an attempt to weaponize the country's bitter winter.
00:59So will this war of attrition make Ukrainians more likely to give up territory in return for peace?
01:07Or has it only served to strengthen Ukrainian resolve in the face of Russian aggression?
01:16Later in the program we'll bring you the third provoking stories of three Ukrainian women,
01:22raising children who will never meet their fathers because they died serving in the military.
01:30We'll look at why the space race between the US and China is hotting up.
01:36Both countries are planning permanent bases on the moon.
01:40But is this a battle for prestige on the world stage?
01:43Or a high-stakes scramble for the rare, potentially game-changing minerals buried beneath the lunar surface?
01:54On the 28th of August, 2025, an entire section of this residential block in Kyiv collapsed
02:04after a Russian missile strike at dawn.
02:0723 people lost their lives.
02:10Entire families went to sleep and didn't wake up the next morning.
02:16Over 14,000 Ukrainian civilians have been killed by Russian missile and drone attacks since February 2022.
02:26The BBC has estimated that Ukraine may have lost around 140,000 of its men and women on the battlefield.
02:39Russia currently occupies around a fifth of Ukraine's territory, but that occupation has come at a considerable cost.
02:50BBC analysis suggests around 350,000 Russian soldiers have been killed.
03:01Modern warfare has changed dramatically over these four years.
03:07Drones now dominate combat zones in Ukraine.
03:11Instead of the roar of fighter jets, people here in Kyiv fear the deadly roaring of Russian attack drones.
03:25On the eastern and southern front lines, large mechanized tank assaults have been replaced by small groups of Russian infantry,
03:37infiltrating Ukrainian positions.
03:40Meter by meter, these Russian forces take Ukrainian villages and towns by force.
03:48Russian President Vladimir Putin aims to control the entire Donbass region.
03:59People come to these tents set up by Ukrainian emergency services to get some respite from the bitter cold
04:06and charge their mobile phones so they can stay connected to the outside world.
04:12The temperature in Kyiv today varies from minus 7 to minus 21,
04:18and because of Russia's ongoing assault on Ukraine's energy infrastructure,
04:23millions endure rolling blackouts and the constant noise from air raid sirens.
04:30Many are forced to sleep fully dressed and in coats and hats.
04:35Ukrainians are being deprived of sleep and have to live with constant anxiety.
04:41But they also show adaptability.
04:44Life goes on and you have to get up for work in the morning,
04:49even if you've had to try and sleep through the roaring sound of the barrage.
04:55This protracted form of warfare is designed to wear Ukrainians down
05:00and force their leaders to agree to give up territory and sovereignty.
05:06So, is this tactic working?
05:09Well, even though recent polls suggest more Ukrainians are now willing to accept loss of territory
05:16as long as it comes with security guarantees,
05:19a majority still oppose the idea.
05:23We all have to understand that we have to do that,
05:27that Russia is giving us on us, so that we have to go on some of our limits,
05:34that we have to give up our territory, but I think that our president and our team of the president,
05:41they will not be able to do this.
06:10Russia's territorial ambitions.
06:12Ukraine's ambitions are the main stumbling block on the road to peace.
06:16After multiple rounds of talks, President Zelensky speaks of progress,
06:21but the talks remain deadlocked.
06:24President Trump says he believes that President Putin wants to end the war.
06:30Russia's leader insists that he cannot agree to a deal
06:33until what he would call the primary causes of the conflict have been addressed.
06:38Issues like Ukraine's aspiration to join NATO,
06:41or what he claimed to be mistreatment of ethnic Russians in the Donbass.
06:48Ukraine sees Putin's rhetoric as a dishonest pretext,
06:52hiding Russia's real intentions to maintain control over all the territories it currently occupies,
06:59and to annex even more land in the East.
07:02President Zelensky is calling on the nations of Europe to guarantee Ukraine's security in the face of Russian aggression.
07:09But when it comes to security guarantees,
07:13Ukrainians have bitter experience of broken promises.
07:16In 1994, in return for ceding its Soviet-era nuclear arsenal to Russia,
07:23Ukraine received assurances from the US, UK, and Russia
07:28that it would never be threatened or invaded.
07:32But then, one of those signatories, Russia, broke that pledge by invading Ukrainian territory.
07:41The people here in Ukraine are hoping that
07:44when the fifth anniversary of the full-scale Russian invasion comes,
07:49they will have succeeded in regaining heating and power in their homes,
07:54and that a fair and lasting peace,
07:57backed up by strong Western security guarantees,
08:00may still be within their reach.
08:03The 11th century cathedral of St. Sophia.
08:08Even in the darkest days of the blackouts,
08:12the light at the top of the tower shone.
08:15But for the first time since February 2022,
08:19now, because of the blackout,
08:21the light has gone out and the cathedral is in darkness.
08:27But despite all Ukrainians still retain hope that one day soon,
08:32the star on top of the cathedral will shine again.
08:38Whatever the future holds,
08:41Russia's invasion has left an indelible mark on every Ukrainian,
08:47including its children.
08:50As thousands of men have gone to the front lines,
08:53a generation are learning to live without their fathers.
08:57Some will never meet them at all.
09:01The BBC's Ukrainian service have been following
09:04three young widows,
09:07Yana, Sasha and Olesta.
09:10Their husbands were killed while serving in the military.
09:14They could not meet their children.
09:36You would have места across the hall.
09:43And now, for the resum 3 years,
09:44because I've never been in love with Andrew.
09:46And now, I'm
09:50Here is your nose.
09:53Here are the children's fingers.
09:55This is a pup.
09:57We actually put the eyes on the hand.
10:01Adelina will be.
10:03Father's name is very nice.
10:05He will in the afternoon ask,
10:06to be a girl, and on the week he will die.
10:09She will be a girl.
10:10She will be a girl!
10:10She will be a girl!
10:13This is Adelina.
10:20She will be a girl.
10:21What a beautiful thing!
10:23Where are you going?
10:25Do you have a carpet?
10:29You are a mother.
10:31You are a mother.
10:32She will say,
10:32you are a mother and a father.
10:34And think that you are a mother and a father.
10:37Yes, I am a mother and a father.
10:39You love her?
10:40Yes.
10:41And you love her?
10:42Yes.
10:43And you love her?
10:44Yes.
10:44Do you like your dad?
10:46Yes.
10:47Who is your dad?
10:48Yes.
10:55Tata!
10:56Yes.
10:57Tata is with us.
10:59Yes?
11:00He died four months ago.
11:03And we will be third daughter.
11:06No, no, no, no.
11:08No.
11:08Hello.
11:10Hello.
11:14Hello.
11:15Hi.
11:17Hi.
11:20Hi.
11:23Only Marika will remember our father.
11:27Only Marika will remember him.
11:30I can't remember him.
11:31Because in life of Dominique he was very little.
11:34Because he was on the war.
11:37And in life of Adelina he was not going to be at all.
11:46Marika, hello.
11:48Hello.
11:56Hello.
11:57Hello.
11:58Hello.
11:59Hello.
12:00Hello.
12:03You were very scared.
12:05And in the third time.
12:07It's fine.
12:09And what?
12:10You're still in the air?
12:11Yes.
12:12Now, in the air, there's a air.
12:13In the air, there's a rush.
12:15And there are 15 chests
12:16that are running.
12:17There's 15 chests in our town.
12:21But...
12:21We were born.
12:23There was such a row
12:25but a neck was left.
12:28It was right.
12:29It was wrong.
12:30And now there's water flowing.
12:32Like...
12:34Wow.
12:35.
12:49When my mother could know that the war could start,
12:54she came to this window and looked at the corner of the room
12:59between the two houses.
13:00There is a part of Чернігова.
13:03And it was clearly visible,
13:05as they were flying from the top,
13:07and they were flying there in the night.
13:10When it was already very dark,
13:11there was a big, big wave.
13:27After this occupation, when I heard,
13:29there was no food,
13:32there was no food.
13:33There is a little bit of a tremor.
13:37You are constantly buying, buying, buying, buying, buying,
13:41buying, buying, buying, buying.
13:42There is no food.
13:46There is no food.
13:50There is no food.
13:52There is no food.
13:53All the people knew that I was a gay man said,
13:56there is no food.
13:58There is no food.
14:00There is no food.
14:02there is no food.
14:04There is no food.
14:09The more he is standing, the more he is similar to his father.
14:13Good morning, my beloved son.
14:16I'm very sorry for you.
14:18Everything will be fine. I will soon return home.
14:21And when he was on the front last time,
14:25he felt that he would not return.
14:39The more he is standing, the more he is standing,
15:01the more he is standing, the more he is standing.
15:10I was very afraid that I would have to marry in the UK.
15:15That it would be very difficult,
15:17that I could not be able to marry in the UK.
15:21The more he is standing, the more he is standing,
15:36the more he is standing, the more he is standing there.
15:42She's an email or something like that. I don't know her name ever, I don't know her name.
15:49She's gone. She's gone. Yes, she's going to be a car in her eyes.
15:55She's going to be a blackout. She's going to be like a dad.
16:02He was dreaming about a girl. He always told me to be a daughter.
16:07But he didn't get to know.
16:09He didn't get to know.
16:1010-го він загинув, 12-го після опізнання я дізналася, що вагітна.
16:18Всі ж родичі бачать в неї відраду після смерті мого чоловіка.
16:31Досі я не вірю, що він загинув. Для мене він десь на позиції ще не може подзвонити.
16:41Зараз пробачити.
16:49Я ж йому все ще пишу у месенджери, щоб голівку тримати вчилася.
16:55І я ж збиралася після загибелі чоловіка пітиш у військомат.
17:02Я ж розуміла, що я хочу помститися або до нього.
17:07І коли я дізналася про вагітність, це дійсно Богом данне дитя.
17:12Бо мене б, мабуть, вже й не було.
17:15Одразу, як тільки дізналася про вагітність, всі її так і називали – Богдаша.
17:32В коридорі поки побудемо, бо там в мене дзеркала, там в мене дзеркала.
17:38Так, ми від дзеркал просто подалі.
17:43Область жовтий все вже.
17:45Можна потрохи збиратися нам на прогулянку.
17:49Прилітає періодично і добре, іноді так сильно прилітає.
17:59Я почала боятися тільки з появою дитини.
18:03Як тільки загинув чоловік, я вже перестала чогось боятися.
18:16Я розумію, що я мама, що я голова такої великої сім'ї.
18:22І мені так насправді приємно відчувати себе з сім'єю, навіть коли Андрія немає.
18:29Тому що перше відчуття, коли Андрій загинувся, було таке якесь просто розплющеності, роздавленості.
18:36А коли народилася Аделінка, то ніби це все почало збиратися.
18:40Є якась форма, вже є якась, що ми сім'я, що ми всі за одного, що ми всі один одного
18:47підтримаємо.
18:49Привіт!
18:50Ай ем Блат Владич.
18:52Полетіли, полетіли, полетіли.
18:54Вух!
18:55Тема, в принципі, відносин після загибелі чоловіка є дуже табуйованою.
19:00Тобто суспільство не хоче цього сприймати, тому що як так?
19:04А ти що, дозволила собі жити?
19:09Так.
19:10Що, пішли до мами?
19:12Нові стосунки вдихають в тебе нове життя.
19:16І тут ніхто не каже про те, що те, що з тобою відбулось, воно забулось.
19:22Ні, воно залишається абсолютно назавжди з тобою.
19:25Все, я тебе нікому не ортував.
19:28І оцей біль, який був концентрований отут всередині, ти його вже не відчуваєш як спис в себе в грудях.
19:38Володосі я буду розповідати про те, що його батько — герой.
19:44Що він поклав своє життя за цю країну і за те, щоб жили ми.
19:53І тут дивишся, так чи інакше, когось ти знав, ну, робі щось із них знав.
19:59Когось просто наглядно з кимось дружив.
20:03Ми коли володосі не спить, приходимо, кажу, вітайся з татом.
20:07Він дивиться щось, ручкою його. Клац-клац.
20:12Я їм кажу, це наш тата, наш тата найкращий.
20:16Кобка не є. Кобка не є.
20:28Бистро. Бистро. Бистро.
20:31Я їй вже розповідаю про її батька. Я їй завжди буду розповідати про нього.
20:41І дійсно всі його розповіді, що він мені розповідав про те, як він воює, я теж їй буду розповідати.
20:53З думками про тебе, мій коханий. Мій щоденник приємних спогадів про тебе.
21:00Я дуже хочу, щоб наші дітки завжди знали, що вони народжені від великого кохання.
21:06Я допишу цей щоденник, напишу перелік імен наших дітей, наших внуків.
21:19Музика
21:26Reporting for the World Service from Ukraine since the beginning of the full-scale invasion has been a privilege and
21:35a challenge.
21:36Here's the head of BBC News Ukraine, Марта Шоколу.
21:42Музика
21:43Дві години з'єму, що ми бачили бути в місці, учасників та багато люди, що в Україні в Україні, були
21:49вирішення вікути.
21:51Уважаються – 20% вій, ніж 10% вікути, вікути.
21:57І це була в цьому середі наші рік.
22:01Ми виримали більше 18 мільнівів людей в Україні.
22:06Вони можуть спомогти, як ми вирішили це робити.
22:09the team that has been covering war in their own home country for four years now we are spread
22:16around four different locations kiev reviv warsaw london part of our team are living as refugees
22:24part of our team enduring daily stress of russian strikes having their relatives fighting on the
22:31front line i would say the main thing that keep us going is we are open to changes because otherwise
22:41we wouldn't be able to survive and also no matter what every day we need to remember that first of
22:47all we are human beings and we need to be kind to each other now to a geopolitical battle taking
22:56place
22:56not here on earth but in space more than 50 years since humans were last on the moon there is
23:05a race
23:05to go back the us and china are both planning missions to the lunar surface and both want to
23:14build permanent bases it's a close race and the price is prestige and access to the moon's mineral
23:23resources so why are we going back now and why has it taken so long
23:33to understand this new space race we need to understand the first one
23:38the first space race back in the 1960s was all about the united states of america and the soviet union
23:46trying to demonstrate their technological superiority
23:50as part of a much wider geopolitical battle to prove themselves the superpower of the world
23:56russia was the first to put an object an animal and a person into orbit
24:01but in 1969 america won the race to put man on the moon
24:07that's one small step for man
24:10by 1972 12 us astronauts had been to the moon
24:15three two one but then the missions stopped it was billions of dollars and president nixon at
24:22the time pointed out that well we've already been there and more importantly we have defeated the
24:27soviet union in this race america still talked about going back but focus shifted to other priorities
24:33like satellites in the international space station meanwhile china was building its own moon program
24:40and in 2013 china landed an unmanned craft on the moon which nobody had done since the 1970s
24:49soon the u.s was paying attention the directive i'm signing today will refocus america's space program
24:56on human exploration and discovery and so the two are competing and both have said that they want to
25:04return humans to the moon in the coming years america has a multi-stage project to do that called artemis
25:13hydrogen burn off igniters initiate the first step was an unmanned orbit of the moon in 2022
25:20in step two astronauts will orbit the moon for the first time in more than 50 years
25:26but there aren't plans to land people on the surface until step three in 2027 at the earliest
25:34nasa has built a new rocket called the space launch system to get its astronauts to the moon
25:40and private companies like spacex and blue origin are building the technology needed to land
25:47china's goal is to send humans to the moon by 2030 and it says it isn't in a race with
25:52the u.s
25:53and china's programs have developed so have two sets of plans for the moon
26:22on one hand we have the u.s-led artemis accords that about 60 nations have signed including india
26:29which is a major spacefaring nation on the other hand you have china that is leading the international
26:34lunar research station russia is a main collaborator and about 10 nations that have joined that side
26:40both the american and chinese programs aim to have permanent bases on the moon and getting there
26:45first may be the key the moon is the size of africa and there are only some regions on the
26:51moon that
26:52has resources you basically are there first and you have permanent infrastructure focus is on the moon's
26:59south pole because frozen in its deep craters there's water this is essential to support human
27:06life on the moon not only for astronauts to drink but because water is made from hydrogen and oxygen
27:11that oxygen could be extracted to give them air to breathe and if separated hydrogen and oxygen can
27:18become rocket fuel which could be used for our future plans in space the argument is that the moon
27:26is going to serve as that base of infrastructure human ingenuity where you actually utilize lunar
27:32resources to build your capacity some of those resources are hidden in moon dust including helium 3 which
27:40could one day power nuclear fusion reactors and is very rare and expensive on earth but extracting it
27:46from the moon has never been tried you have to send all the equipment to the moon you then have
27:52to do all
27:52that processing contain your helium 3 return it safely to earth and then use it and the cost of that
28:01will
28:01be substantial will the benefit be worth it that's one of many unknowns in this new race to the moon
28:10but the ambitions are clear the first space race was a lot about missions the space race we are seeing
28:17today it's about activity it's not just one mission it's this connection of activities that build
28:24capacity to utilize space for a much more sustainable period and longer term thanks for joining me in
28:32ukraine we want your feedback on global life let us know what you think on social media using the hashtag
28:40bbc global eye next week we will be reporting from venezuela good bye
29:05so
29:14you
29:15you
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