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New Worlds, New Markets: The Future of Space
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00:00Générique
00:35Bonjour, bienvenue, that's all the French you're going to get out of me for the moment, but let some people
00:42sit in.
00:43Well, thank you, thank you all for being here.
00:46I'm really excited about this particular discussion because it hits close to home in terms of our interests.
00:54And we've got some really, really distinguished panelists here who will open your eyes to a lot of really interesting
01:00things that are happening in space.
01:02But not just happening in space individually, but how it's happening together.
01:06One of the key elements we want to touch on today, the title is New Worlds, New Markets, The Future
01:10of Space.
01:11And for those of you who follow space, there's been a lot of changes over the years.
01:17Two that I think for me would be the most important is the growth of commercial space industry.
01:22And the private-public partnerships that are happening around that.
01:25And then also the importance and the increased importance of international collaboration in space as our ambitions get larger and
01:33grander.
01:33And as we try to do this exploration and discovery within the space domain.
01:40And so we're going to touch on each of those topics with our panelists.
01:44They're all very distinguished people that you can look up on the internet if you really want all of their
01:48details.
01:49I'm just going to introduce them by their name, title, and organization.
01:54So we're very honored to have on my immediate right Vanessa Weish.
01:59Vanessa is the acting associate administrator for NASA.
02:03So we'll be hearing a lot about that, about NASA and their engagement in a little bit.
02:08And my next right is Hélène Ouby, who is the CEO and founder of the exploration company, who are again
02:13doing some really grand things.
02:15And hopefully you'll hear more about that.
02:17And then on the far right here is Jean-Marc Castorgue.
02:21Jean's a good friend of us in Houston.
02:23And he's the director of strategy for the French space agency, CNES.
02:26And so just to get the kind of appetite going, the juices flowing, what we're going to do is I'm
02:33going to ask each of our speakers to say a couple of words.
02:36And each of them have a video to give you a sense of the work that they are doing.
02:41So we're going to start with our guest, Vanessa.
02:42So please, Vanessa.
02:43Awesome.
02:44Thank you.
02:45Bonjour.
02:46Bonjour.
02:47I'm very excited to be here to talk about our exciting things that are happening in space today.
02:55A lot of what we're doing, as David said, at NASA has to do with public-private partnerships, and that
03:05has many different forms.
03:07But foremost right now for discussion would be our partnerships with regards to international partners.
03:16So I'm really glad to be able to share the stage with Jean-Marc from CNES.
03:22So I'm excited to be here with you.
03:25Also, our partnerships that we have in commercial space, and I'm very excited to be able to share the stage
03:32with Aline Ubi from the Exploration Company.
03:36We have a lot in common, and we'll probably get into that in a few minutes.
03:41But right now at NASA, we're very excited about what we're doing in low-Earth orbit on the International Space
03:49Station, which is a collaboration of countries across the world.
03:56And it is a collaboration also with commercial partners, academic partners, and so I can't really probably cover everything.
04:04So I thought maybe a video kind of highlighting what we have planned for 2025.
04:10So I'm going to ask if we could play the video, and we'll give a few highlights.
04:26We need to celebrate this moment in human history, because Artemis II is more than a mission to the moon
04:32and back.
04:32It's more than a mission that has to happen before we send people to the surface of the moon.
04:37It is the next step on the journey that gets humanity to Mars.
04:51Every one of these cliff spikes is advancing both science and technology that we will need to move humans out
04:59further into the solar system.
05:26If what an aircraft looks like says anything about the excitement, the capability of that aircraft, you've got to see
05:31the X-59, because it is one cool airplane.
05:34When you have a space mission into an unknown place, you find remarkable things that you did not anticipate.
05:42This mission is going to be game-changing.
05:45Virtually everybody on this earth is going to be affected by the science data that NASA is going to return.
05:50The NASA science fleet continues to be doing incredible science that will set us up for success in the years
05:57to come.
05:57NASA science is literally everywhere.
06:01Science enables exploration, and exploration enables science.
06:14Thank you.
06:21So I'm not Tom Hanks, but I'm sure he'd be quite excited about what he just saw.
06:25And again, that's a little snippet of the kind of things that's how to capture everything in the two minutes.
06:30And again, so now I think I'd like to go over to Jean-Marc from the French Space Agency to
06:35say a few words.
06:35And I also believe Jean-Marc gave a video to show also.
06:39Merci David. Bonjour à tous. Merci Ivatec pour inviter l'espace à ce panel.
06:46Je pense que c'est la première fois que nous faisons ça, donc nous sommes très honnêtés de être là
06:51aujourd'hui.
06:52Je suis à CNES. CNES est une agence française française.
06:56Elle a été créée en 1961 par le journal de Gaulle pour le record.
07:00Et nous avons été engagés à développer le premier premier lancement français.
07:05C'était fait quatre ans après ça, en 1965.
07:09Et depuis que ça, c'était un long temps avant, nous avons pu développer le premier lancement français, le lancement
07:18français, l'infrastructure, l'infrastructure, le système, et ainsi de suite.
07:21Et maintenant, le monde est complètement différent.
07:24Et je vais revenir à ça plus tard.
07:26Et ce que je voudrais vous expliquer aujourd'hui aujourd'hui est pourquoi l'espace est éclatement de l'économie,
07:32pourquoi l'économie de l'économie est éclatement de l'économie,
07:34et pourquoi nous avons aussi très intéressant de l'exploration de programmes comme Vanessa ou Naza, un film qui est
07:41très inspirant.
07:43Donc, c'est mon target aujourd'hui.
07:45Je vais faire ça plus tard.
07:46Et d'abord, je voudrais que vous deux à voir la CNES film.
07:54Si vous pouvez jouer la...
07:56Oui, merci.
08:04Merci.
08:07Merci.
08:12Merci.
08:13Merci.
08:25Merci.
08:54Merci.
08:55Merci.
08:55Merci.
08:57Merci.
09:07Merci.
09:09Merci.
09:09Merci.
09:23Merci.
09:24Merci.
09:49Merci.
09:53Merci.
10:13Merci.
10:34Merci.
10:36Merci.
10:39Merci.
10:53Merci.
11:07Thank you very much.
11:07It's a pleasure to be with you and really an honor to be in this great panel.
11:12So I'm the founder and CEO of The Exploration Company.
11:15The Exploration Company has been in 23 and 24, and I think we'll be in 25, the fastest-growing
11:21space tech company in Europe.
11:23We are almost four years old because we launched the company in September 21.
11:28And to give you some numbers, we are a bit more than 300 people right now.
11:33We are in France, in Germany, in Italy.
11:36We've opened in the US, in Houston, and also in LA.
11:39And we are opening this year in the UAE.
11:43What are we doing?
11:45We are building the first European Space Capsule.
11:49I'd like to bring people from all over across the world in space.
11:53And we want to do that, this is our mission, in a cooperative manner.
11:57We want to build spacecrafts, we start with capsule, but afterwards we'll do rockets.
12:03So we want to build spacecraft across nations, because this is creating solidarities between
12:09nations.
12:09This is sharing technologies which have military usages, but also civil usages across nations.
12:14And this is for us a very powerful way of preserving peace, and also inspiring peace.
12:21So we started a company between France and Germany, and as I've said, we've expanded
12:24the company globally already.
12:27We are also, for the first time in Europe, financing a very big program.
12:31A capsule program is half a billion.
12:33It's very complex.
12:35Half private.
12:37We've raised 300 million.
12:38This is like the biggest fundraiser ever done by a space tech startup in Europe.
12:42And half public.
12:44We have a new way of working together with agencies.
12:47And I'm very happy to say that we're actually the only European company having signed a
12:51SpaceX agreement with NASA.
12:52So I'd like to thank a lot NASA, because NASA is going to certify our vehicle.
12:56That we will launch from rockets from Europe, but also from rockets in the US, from rockets
13:00in India.
13:01So I really want to cover actually the world through our actions.
13:05And I also have a small video which speaks about our mission.
13:13It is in our nature to explore.
13:16The fabric of our existence built on a desire to understand, to discover, to expand our boundaries,
13:25to explore the unknown, to learn from those that came before, and do better for those that
13:33could come after.
13:34When we endeavor, we do it together.
13:38Our most grand of expeditions, the result of values shared, and pioneering skills often
13:44unexpectedly paired.
13:46Together, explorers don't just dream of it.
13:49We do it.
13:50And we, the engineers, designers, developers, dreamers, and doers of the exploration company.
13:59We are explorers.
14:02And together, we know no bounds.
14:06The world's first capsule privately funded.
14:09We take off from any heavy launcher in the world.
14:13So we're not racing to space, but cooperating on building a frontier.
14:19We're in the air.
14:19And this capsule is just the beginning.
14:24There will be new vehicles, new discoveries, new technologies, new ways to make space for
14:31everyone.
14:32At The Exploration Company, we build accessible, sustainable, and cooperative space worlds.
14:50And I just want to say the capsule you saw is being launched the 20th of June.
14:54So in 10 days.
14:55And this will be the first time in the world a capsule fueled by green propulsion coming back
14:59to the atmosphere.
15:06So I think what you've seen in a very short time is the kind of what's happening that
15:11will encompass the whole conversation.
15:13What we'd like to do is probe some of these things a little bit more closely, how they're
15:17happening, what makes them happen, where we go.
15:20And I think, again, the key thing is that it's great to be at VivaTech to have this discussion
15:25because I think people don't fully appreciate the amount of innovation and the amount of
15:31challenges that have to be overcome to do some of these things as we explore space,
15:36do science and learn about the universe, learn about the solar system, benefit the
15:41Earth from the kinds of things that we do in space and push that forward.
15:45So we're going to touch on some of those.
15:47We could be here for several hours, but I've been told we're not allowed to be.
15:51So we're going to try and kind of cut to it.
15:53So the first question really is to build on this international collaboration.
15:59It's been since the beginning.
16:01This year is the 50th anniversary of the European Space Agency.
16:05I was in Switzerland a couple of weeks ago, and Switzerland was a founding member along
16:09with France and some others.
16:10And it's a really exciting time to be looking at how far we've come and where we need to go.
16:15So, again, I'll start with Vanessa and then on to you, Jean-Marc, is how are national space
16:22agencies engaging the commercial sector and what are the benefits of these private-public
16:27partnerships?
16:28And Vanessa, perhaps you could answer first.
16:32So, you know, one of the things that we've been doing at NASA is for several years, been building
16:43our partnerships in many different ways so that we can expand what we're able to do.
16:50So for us, going back about almost 20 years now, working with the advent of commercial cargo.
17:00So using cargo vehicles to provide our, you know, food, clothing, consumables to the International
17:08Space Station.
17:09And that allowed companies like SpaceX and Northrop Grumman to grow and develop those capabilities.
17:17And now we have been working to receive services instead of NASA owning the vehicles and spacecrafts.
17:28They belong to these companies.
17:30And then they're able to innovate, as you mentioned, and then bring down the cost across the board.
17:37And so it's been beneficial on both sides to have that expertise.
17:44Those capabilities are out in industry so we can gain from that.
17:49And then it allows NASA to then focus on other things that we're working on internally as we grow and
17:57develop.
17:57And was alluding to the fact that Elaine and I have something in common because we shared backstage with regards
18:07to, for example, the Orion.
18:09I actually worked on the Orion spacecraft as well.
18:13But so now we have this government vehicle that we'll be using for our Artemis missions.
18:21And as we learn and develop with that vehicle, eventually then we will have commercial vehicles that will actually venture
18:30and go to the moon and then to Mars as well.
18:33But it's allowing us to leverage what industry can do and that then allows the government to pursue other things.
18:46We're looking at right now today with the International Space Station, our collaborative agreement is that we'll have the International
18:55Space Station until 2030.
18:57And that platform is producing great science.
19:00We're doing a lot of research.
19:01But we know that we want to continue to be in low Earth orbit going into the future.
19:06So we've been working with companies that have been putting together their plans for what we call commercial LEO destination.
19:16And so that program will allow us to continue to be in low Earth orbit and have it be provided
19:26its consumables, its humans by companies such as the exploration company and others that may be interested in doing that
19:35as well.
19:36And so that the government won't be the integrator, but it'll be owned by a company.
19:43We will be users.
19:44Our astronauts will go and be users of the platform, but we're not the ones that are the main source
19:52and in the middle of all of the things that have to happen.
19:55So it allows us to continue to build on those partnerships and we're looking at doing that first for humans
20:05in low Earth orbit, then moving forward to the moon.
20:08I will also say we have also been working with our industry partners and our international partners on going to
20:19the moon and going robotically.
20:21And so we have companies right now that are building robotic landers.
20:26We've had four thus far, one from a company called Firefly in Texas that landed earlier this year.
20:35We have a company in Houston that has had two landings and then another company out of Pittsburgh.
20:42But they're also collaborating with international partners.
20:47I know that they're collaborating with our French partners as well for doing robotic missions to the moon.
20:54So it's allowing us to increase our ability to explore and we're doing that together.
21:05Maybe David, before to answer to your question, I'd like to say why the space sector is unique and has
21:13no equivalent.
21:14For me, there are four reasons for that.
21:17I guess in the audience, not everybody is familiar with the space sector.
21:21The first one is that space is strategic.
21:26In this world, in this dangerous world, we need satellites to observe, communicate and listen.
21:34And we need, of course, launchers to launch them.
21:37So this is the first characteristic of space.
21:40Second one, it's also supporting the global economy.
21:44Space data are more and more used in every sector of the economy.
21:52You, every day, you use, without knowing that, about 50 satellites with your smartphone for navigation, for weather prediction and
22:01so on.
22:02Third, space is very important for science.
22:06Climate change can only be monitored with satellites.
22:11Above, with the 50 parameters characterizing climate change, 25 are coming from a satellite.
22:18Space also is very important for basic question.
22:22What is the origin of life on Earth?
22:25Why Mars and Earth have a similar story at the beginning of their formation and then diverge?
22:34What is the evolution of the universe?
22:37How can we measure basic physical laws?
22:40And space is working on that.
22:42And final characteristic, space is inspirational, especially for the young generation.
22:48I think we all dreamed of being astronauts, right?
22:51We are not, but we are working in space.
22:53So it means that Vanessa, Ellen and me, and David, we are very lucky to work in the space sector.
22:59And we welcome all of you to come in space because the space sector is really blooming.
23:06So the space economy, which is today about $600 billion worldwide, will reach a trillion dollar economy at the end
23:15of the decenie.
23:16And for me, there are three main reasons for that.
23:20First one is the development of space data applications for every day.
23:25As I said before, the defense also is very important and exploration.
23:30I think we are today to talk about exploration.
23:33So thanks to our American colleagues, we started again the moon exploration with this time to have a willingness to
23:43have a permanent habitat on the moon and not just go and back like the Apollo.
23:50This is the main target of Artemis.
23:52And also thanks to the willingness of USA to cooperate internationally to do that with Europe.
23:59And I hope it will last and we will continue and we will be still involved in that.
24:04We have some concerns about that.
24:06But let's hope we will be part of Artemis in the future.
24:10So that creates really a momentum for companies like tech to involve in capsules, in vehicles, in technologies to be
24:22used on the moon.
24:24And the nice thing is that when you work on these very difficult technologies in harsh environments, it can have
24:31a lot of applications on Earth.
24:34So there are really spin-offs of these technologies on Earth.
24:38So all that is really booming.
24:41And as Vanessa said, of course, it's not the same as it was before when Vanessa and me, we entered
24:50NASA and CNES in the 80s.
24:54Agencies were developing all the systems.
24:57We built infrastructures.
24:59And now we are no longer doing that.
25:02We are supporting private companies.
25:04We change the way we are buying things.
25:08We are still buying things.
25:10We are still supporting financially space programs.
25:14But we do it differently.
25:16We procure services instead of developing launchers of satellites.
25:21And this is the way we have evolved.
25:23NASA did it first, commercial space.
25:27And now we are doing it in France, in Europe.
25:30And I think the interest is multiple.
25:33First, we give the full responsibility to private industries.
25:37So, of course, they are free to design the vehicles and so on.
25:42So, they are more agile.
25:44They can be quicker.
25:45We share the risk.
25:47Also, it's not 100% risk on their shoulders.
25:51We share the financial risk.
25:53But we think that by this way, we can be more efficient.
25:57We can be quicker.
25:59And that's important in this time.
26:01I mean, what is the essence of this time?
26:04So, we have to do it very quickly, thanks to private industry.
26:09And, Alain, you know, the flip side of that, of course, is as a company,
26:13and many companies like yours are now, obviously,
26:16there's a reliance on government for funding and so on.
26:19But you're also bringing quite a lot to the table, too.
26:22So, perhaps you can comment on that, too,
26:24and that how, with the changes in how governments interact
26:28with commercial companies now compared to the past,
26:30how is that benefiting the commercial industry,
26:32in particular the exploration company?
26:34Yes, I will share a little bit about that,
26:36and also how it's benefiting you, I mean, the taxpayer money.
26:40Just, I would like to say a few words about why do we explore space?
26:44Because when I go in universities and I speak with young people,
26:47the first question I get is, how much do you pollute?
26:50And why the fuck are you going there?
26:53We shall focus our efforts here on Earth to protect the planet, okay?
26:57So, as Jean-Marc said, a lot of what we're doing in space
27:01is actually extremely valuable for us on Earth,
27:03because we can only understand climate change
27:05thanks to the imagery we gather from space data.
27:08Second thing I want to mention,
27:11do you know where the best recycling water system has been invented?
27:16Yes.
27:16Exactly.
27:18Because when you're on the ISS, you recycle all the water.
27:22You can also recycle the tea in the afternoon.
27:26Okay.
27:26We have a specialist here.
27:27That's amazing.
27:29Yes.
27:29The astronauts, they can drink whatever gets out of the body.
27:32But, okay.
27:33And another point, which now we are moving to the Moon, right?
27:36So, Moon, if you try to spend the night at lunar surface, it's horrible.
27:42Minus 200 degrees, and that night with that temperature for roughly speaking 14 days.
27:47So, we're going to invent ways of storing energy,
27:52which are going to be like a huge difference of what we know now on Earth.
27:57And boom!
27:57Again, we have this boomerang effect.
27:59If we go to Mars and we have to change the atmosphere of Mars
28:03to make Mars a habitable planet,
28:05we're going to learn so much about how to take care of the planet here
28:08and to take care of the atmosphere here.
28:11So, exploring is part of who we are as humans.
28:16And exploring every path, you know, we do,
28:18and we've seen that also at the Renaissance time.
28:21When we explore the world,
28:23that has been the amazing time for the biggest discoveries,
28:26and again with the Apollo mission, et cetera, et cetera.
28:28So, whatever we'll do,
28:30we'll have a huge boomerang effect on Earth
28:32to better take care of our planet.
28:34And the way we want to do it at the Exploration Company is together,
28:37because I believe the destination is as important
28:42as how we go to that destination.
28:44Do we go like in confrottational manner?
28:46Do we play wars together to get there?
28:49Or do we go there together?
28:50Because at the end of the day, it's a human endeavor to go there,
28:54and we do that for all of us.
28:56And this is what we're doing at the Exploration Company,
28:57the way we build vehicles.
28:59So, now, how we've changed the way of building vehicles in Europe?
29:01Because this was in the U.S. already like 15, 20 years ago by NASA,
29:05together with SpaceX.
29:08If you would have asked Europe to build a space capsule,
29:11which was one of the most difficult spacecraft,
29:12like some years ago, what should I have done?
29:15I would have gone to Italy and to France and to Germany,
29:18and say, hey, I want to build a space capsule.
29:20Please give me money.
29:22And France would have told me, oh, perhaps I will give you money,
29:24but I want this activity here in France.
29:27And Germany would have said the same, and Italy would have said the same.
29:30At the end of the day, I would have spent probably three to six years
29:33trying to convince 27 governments,
29:38and completely disoptimizing my industrial setup,
29:41because I would have been willing to please everybody.
29:44And I would have come up with a capsule that would have been politically optimized,
29:48but, like, no market fit.
29:51So what we did is exactly the contrary.
29:53We started four people, 50K in the bank account.
29:57And we say, hey, we're going to build the first, like,
30:00massively private-funded capsule in the world.
30:03Because even the Dragon capsule from, you know,
30:05and SpaceX capsule was in majority funded by NASA,
30:08and we are in majority financing with private money our own capsule.
30:12And we're going to build a capsule which is probably going to be the biggest capsule in the world.
30:15Anyhow, so we started 50K in the bank account for people,
30:19and I didn't go to government.
30:21I went to private investors.
30:23And I said, if we built a capsule which is as reliable as the one in the market,
30:30as affordable, perhaps even a bit more affordable,
30:33because engineers in Europe have paid half of the price of an engineer in the US,
30:38we can capture 100% of the European market.
30:41We can capture the Middle East market,
30:43because these people, they have sometimes difficulties to choose between China and US,
30:47and being a European is a big advantage.
30:49We can capture the Australian market.
30:52And in the US, there is a need for more reliability,
30:56more vehicles reaching to Space Station,
30:59and also from the new commercial Space Station that's going to arrive,
31:02that will replace the International Space Station.
31:04They want to have more vehicles because they can play the competition between the vehicles.
31:08So, big market, very high barriers to entry because it's difficult,
31:12but if we get there, boom, that's a big infrastructure we're building.
31:16And we raise money.
31:17Biggest seed, biggest series A, biggest series B ever raised by a SpaceX startup in Europe.
31:22Then I came to Jean-Marc, to the member states.
31:28I said, you know what? We started a great program.
31:30It's called a capsule.
31:33Sometimes people didn't know the difference between capsule and rocket,
31:35and you have to explain.
31:36So, now it's time for you to start buying our first mission,
31:40because we're going to get there.
31:42And it started small, but it started together,
31:46so we convinced together the Space Agency,
31:48and again, thank you to CNES for that.
31:50We convinced them to launch a big competition between all the industry
31:54to select capsule provider.
31:56We won that competition.
31:58And now, if you look at the budget for the next three years in space,
32:01in the exploration part, what is the biggest line?
32:05The capsule line.
32:07So, you see complete different dynamics.
32:10By design, we have an optimized setup.
32:12By design, we have a market fit.
32:14Otherwise, no possibility to raise money.
32:16We save taxpayer money because then,
32:18now the public funding is only half of the development.
32:22We pay half the fund cost with private money.
32:25And I hope we can also serve the American market.
32:27And I'd like to thank you very much, NASA,
32:29because NASA is supporting us and is going to,
32:31if we deliver well on the technical side,
32:33it's going to satisfy our capsule.
32:34So, we, again, have this international cooperation,
32:37but we have a first driver which is privately financed.
32:42Oh, thank you.
32:42And this is...
32:49The phrase you're looking for is,
32:51yesterday's coffee is tomorrow's coffee.
32:53But this is where I get to be, like,
32:55the school teacher a little bit,
32:57because you can see the passion on the stage.
32:59And because of that, we don't have a lot of time left.
33:02So, I'm going to ask our speakers to, you know,
33:06I'll try and go through one or two last questions,
33:08but quick answers.
33:09But I think one of the, again, the advantages of being at VivaTech,
33:13you see all these technologies across many different disciplines.
33:16And so, what I'd like to know is,
33:18how can the space agencies in particular
33:22foster technology innovation across sectors,
33:25space and health, space and energy?
33:28And Jean-Marc, perhaps I can ask you for a brief answer on that
33:31before I come to Vanessa.
33:33I think it's a key issue.
33:35I think the future space is developing synergies
33:40and new businesses with non-space actors.
33:44In health, in energy production,
33:48in automobile, in agriculture.
33:52So, any sector of the economy could use space data.
34:00And, you know, in the space sector,
34:01we have been used to work between us for a very long time.
34:06And now we are going out.
34:08We started some time ago.
34:09And thank you again to be here in VivaTech,
34:11because that's an opportunity to speak about our space activities
34:15to non-space specialists.
34:17And I really believe in innovation,
34:19which are not only technological innovation,
34:22but market innovation.
34:24And what is doing, Hélène, with the exploration company?
34:27It's not a big, sorry for that, technological innovation,
34:31because capsules have been developed by Russia in the 50s.
34:36But it's a market innovation,
34:38because this is the right product at the right time
34:41to serve customers that need it.
34:43And so that, I think we should really develop that.
34:47That's why in CNES we implemented a specific program in 2018
34:53called Connect by CNES.
34:55And the Connect by CNES team is here today in our CNES stand,
35:00so you can go there.
35:01And the target of that program is to explain space
35:04to non-space specialists.
35:07And to have people really able to say to you,
35:11OK, in your business, in agriculture, for accurate farming,
35:16in automobile, to have connectivity in train,
35:20how to have connectivity in trains, and so on and so on.
35:23There are many, many examples of application of space.
35:26Just to give one, there is a company,
35:29sorry, I forgot the name,
35:30which is painting in the parking lots,
35:34you know, bands of paintings.
35:36And they are doing that on each parking by just, you know,
35:40looking to the geometry of the parking and so on.
35:43And now what they are doing with satellite data.
35:45And they save a lot of money for that.
35:47And it's scalable all around the world,
35:50because we have parking with lines on the full world.
35:54So nobody would have thought of that.
35:57I mean, I would not have thought of that.
35:59But by talking with non-space people,
36:02somebody thought of that.
36:05And now they are using that.
36:06I hope they have a license on that.
36:10So that's just an example of how space can be used
36:14in non-space activities.
36:16And I think we are only at the beginning of that story.
36:20Vanessa?
36:20OK.
36:20And I'll just say kind of in a practical way.
36:24So we've been looking at architectures
36:27for going to the moon and going to Mars.
36:30And as Elaine mentioned, there's lots of challenges
36:34of going into deep space.
36:38And we still have challenges of going into LEO as well.
36:42But one thing that you can do would be
36:45to look at what we've been working on
36:49with regards to our architecture studies
36:52and identifying what are the technology gaps?
36:55What are places that we know we need to have
36:58in order to have the proper infrastructure?
37:00How do we have communications?
37:02How do we have the right avionics that meets those environments?
37:07And so I will practically say that for our startups,
37:11for our entrepreneurs, there's lots of challenges.
37:14And then, as was mentioned by John Mark,
37:18those things have been practical applications on Earth.
37:21So I would like to just offer to go to NASA.gov
37:26slash architecture moon to Mars.
37:30And you'll be able to find there the things that are,
37:36we've identified as being gaps of going into deep space.
37:41And those are places where we need people to come in
37:45and to innovate.
37:46So it's NASA.gov slash M2M architecture.
37:51Thank you.
37:52Thank you.
37:53So I've got this big clock flashing at me.
37:55And so we're going to jump to the final comments.
37:58Elaine, I'll start with you.
37:59So in one or two words, what would be your last,
38:04your current wish for what we do in space next?
38:07In a very brief, just, I know I'm putting you on the spot a lot,
38:10but it's a little bit of change in the question.
38:12No, and this is a personal wish.
38:14It has nothing to do with the exploration company, actually.
38:16You know, we're going to lose the ISS,
38:18which will retire end of the decade.
38:21And as John Mark said at the beginning,
38:23space is also all about inspiration and who we are as humans.
38:27So I wish we can build another big project,
38:32perhaps around the moon, perhaps around Mars,
38:35perhaps something around removing debris in space
38:37that we do together, including China and the US.
38:40because this would be something transformational for space
38:44and for the Earth.
38:45And I wish we can start that thing like that
38:47before the end of the decade.
38:49Merci bien, Jean-Marc.
38:53You're taking up my time.
38:57I would wish that space is really developing
39:00as an industrial sector.
39:03I mean, that we are able to produce satellites, launchers,
39:08like we produce cars or planes to reduce the cost of access to space,
39:14because we have to be frank, going to space is still expensive.
39:18So we need to decrease that.
39:22And Vanessa, last word.
39:25I would say for me, I would love for everyone in the world to know that there's a place in
39:33space for them,
39:34no matter what their background is, what their interests are,
39:38to know that in order for us to have, as Eileen mentioned, a place of peaceful cooperation,
39:48people need to know that there's a place for them,
39:51and so what inspired them to want to come and be a part of that.
39:56Thank you.
39:57So, I have another ten questions, and you can see the excitement,
40:05you can see the drive to do the kind of things that you're seeing on the videos
40:10that opened up the conversation.
40:13And we could talk for another four hours, but I know there's some people back there
40:16who's not going to let me.
40:17So please, again, just join me in thanking our very esteemed panel here,
40:23and keep thinking of its space and keep looking up.
40:25Thank you.
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