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00:00The port of Lorient, Brittany, on the southwest coast of France.
00:18Today, a peaceful haven.
00:19During World War II, these concrete pens housed one of the most deadly military machines ever created, the Unter-Sieboot, the German U-Boat.
00:39From here, U-Boats sailed to every corner of the world, wreaking havoc and destruction.
00:57Their prime objective, sinking merchant shipping in the Atlantic.
01:01U-Boats were active from the first day of the war to the last.
01:10They posed the greatest threat of all to Allied victory in World War II.
01:18The central control room of a Type 7C U-Boat, the most prolific of all U-Boats.
01:25650 were built.
01:27This is the only fully equipped example remaining today.
01:32Inside this deadly fighting machine, 44 crew members lived alongside their weapons of war for days on end,
01:39in cramped and often squalid conditions.
01:4440,000 men went to war in these machines in World War II.
01:4930,000 were to die in their iron coffins.
01:53They suffered the highest mortality rate of any fighting unit in the history of war.
01:57British Prime Minister Winston Churchill later wrote,
02:01The threat the U-Boats posed in the Atlantic was the only thing that ever really frightened me during the war.
02:08On their defeat hung the outcome of World War II.
02:13The Battle of the Atlantic was unique in terms of naval operations.
02:16What it really was, was a six-year struggle for control of the sea lines of communications between North America and Great Britain.
02:25This is the man who created and directed Germany's U-Boat fleet in World War II.
02:32Admiral Karl Dönitz believed that Britain could be defeated by severing those lines of communication.
02:38His U-Boats would do that by sinking the vessels that brought the vital supplies on which Britain, an island nation, depended for her survival.
02:45This was a war about tonnage.
02:47Dönitz, the German submarine commander, believed it was really the only way of bringing Britain to its knees.
02:56To start with, it was just a question of sinking as much as he possibly could.
02:59Dönitz and his statisticians came to the conclusion that sinking by sinking about 600,000 tons of ships a month,
03:05and that works out at roughly 100, 150 ships a month, they could probably cut the British supply line.
03:12After World War I, the German navy effectively ceased to exist.
03:17They had only begun to rebuild the navy in the 30s, once Hitler came to power.
03:24But at the time war broke out, they really lacked anything like the kind of resources necessary to fight a war with Great Britain.
03:33Dönitz had said, if we have war with Britain, give me 300 U-Boats, and I'll be able to beat her.
03:39When war broke out, he had 57 boats.
03:42These U-Boats were already deployed in waters around Britain.
03:50It was Dönitz's first move towards severing those vital supply lines with North America.
03:57The threat of war hung heavily over Britain, and Americans living there were urged to return home.
04:03On September 3rd, 1939, a few hours before the British declared war on Germany,
04:10a passenger ship, the Athenia, sailed from Liverpool for North America.
04:15One of the last passengers to board was Kathleen Schur.
04:19I didn't want to leave England.
04:21I hated the prospect of the thought that we were going to be in another World War,
04:27and yet it seemed inevitable that it was coming.
04:32The Athenia's 1,400 passengers were unaware a U-boat was stalking their liner along the coast of Ireland.
04:39Its commander was Fritz Julius Lemp.
04:41International rules of engagement forbade him from sinking a civilian ship
04:45without first allowing those on board to take to the lifeboats.
04:48This ruling did not apply to enemy warships.
04:51He thought that there were a camouflaged cannon on the ship,
04:57and therefore assumed he had a troop ship in front of him.
05:02And as a result, he thought an attack was justified.
05:08I was at dinner.
05:10I had been invited by a ship's officer to sit at his table.
05:15I wanted to experience the first torpedo attack of the war for real.
05:25The first shot came smoothly out of the tube,
05:28and after a short while came the detonation.
05:34There was this incredible, absolutely incredible explosion.
05:40Everything went pitch black, a lot of screaming, a lot of yelling.
05:48Only when we tuned into the merchant shipping frequency in the radio room
05:51and received the distress call did we realize that it was the Athenia
05:55with 1,400 passengers on board.
05:58But by then it was too late.
06:03Ships responded to the Athenia's SOS messages.
06:06Kathleen was in an open lifeboat for nine hours before being rescued.
06:10I remember watching the Athenia turn turtle,
06:15and this great hulk rose up into the air and then went down.
06:23Kathleen was lucky.
06:25118 passengers perished.
06:2728 were U.S. citizens.
06:29There was international outrage as survivors disembarked in North America.
06:33When Lemp returned to Germany,
06:38he was secretly ordered to forge his patrol log,
06:41removing any reference to the Athenia.
06:43This defied every naval convention.
06:46Lemp hand-wrote two pages,
06:52making the changes.
06:54Then I typed out these notes,
06:55and they were added to the official war diary.
07:06After that,
07:08the whole crew was assembled and put under the strictest oath.
07:12It even went as far as forbidding us
07:14to reveal anything with a gesture or facial expression.
07:17It was also very depressing
07:25that the rest of the world knew the truth,
07:28but we had to lie about it.
07:35Germany's minister of propaganda, Goebbels,
07:38blamed Churchill for the sinking of the Athenia,
07:41a British plot, he claimed,
07:42to lure the United States into the war.
07:45In London, reaction to the Athenia tragedy was immediate.
07:54Convoying, a system pioneered by the British in World War I,
07:58was introduced,
07:59in which merchant ships travelled together
08:01under armed naval escort.
08:03These escorts only operated for 200 miles out into the Atlantic,
08:07initially the limit of the U-boat threat.
08:10But the Royal Navy were unprepared.
08:13They had few escort ships.
08:15Also, the Admiralty were dangerously dependent
08:18on a system for detecting submarines known as ASDIC.
08:22This was an early sonar device,
08:25which still lacked range and accuracy.
08:30One escort captain who served in the Atlantic right through the war
08:33and sank three U-boats was Sir Robert Atkinson.
08:36In the early days, we had very little equipment,
08:40little training, great enthusiasm,
08:43but I would say that is about all.
08:47The Germans were much more prepared than we were.
08:52We were defending rather than attacking.
08:55They had the initiative.
08:57We had very untrained merchant seamen,
09:01very fine men,
09:03but they were not accustomed to convoy duty.
09:08Air protection for the convoys against U-boat attacks
09:11was the responsibility of RAF Coastal Command.
09:15They were also ill-equipped.
09:17The experience of the First World War
09:19was that U-boats were very reluctant
09:22to attack any ship or convoy which had air cover.
09:25So everything possible was used to give cover
09:30to shipping approaching these shores.
09:32Such aircraft as we had
09:34had no means of searching for U-boats
09:36other than the pilot's eye.
09:38They had no reasonable navigation facilities.
09:43And they had no means of attacking a U-boat
09:45if they found one.
09:47As Britain faced the realities of a major war
09:50and began to build up its fighting resources,
09:52one man early on was looking to a distant shore
09:56for help in the conflict.
09:58Winston Churchill, First Lord of the Admiralty
10:00at the beginning of the war,
10:01was already developing relationships with the USA
10:04and its president, Franklin D. Roosevelt.
10:07He wanted to help his British allies,
10:09but faced opposition.
10:12There was a very strong isolationist feeling.
10:15It developed partly because of World War I,
10:18where there was a group that felt
10:19that we had no business entering in the European War.
10:22Nevertheless, we did get into it.
10:24In World War II, this group was even stronger
10:27and it had control of Congress.
10:29It was not a political thing.
10:30It was an internal feeling
10:32that the war in Europe is not our war
10:34and we should let them fight it out
10:35and not involve ourselves.
10:37I'm wishing for the avoidance for my country
10:40of the heartbreak
10:43that can be America's only reward
10:46for participation in another European mess.
10:51Roosevelt had to go forward very, very gradually,
10:56never announcing a major change of policy,
10:59but simply moving forward step by step
11:02in the way of help over armaments and other supplies
11:05and he moved with great circumspection.
11:09His first step was to revise America's Neutrality Act
11:13in late 1939,
11:15which ended a U.S. embargo on supplying arms
11:17to the warring factions.
11:19It now allowed trade for them all
11:21on a cash and carry basis.
11:23In reality, this was designed to favor Britain and France
11:26because they had control of the sea lanes to America.
11:28It was this broad expanse of water
11:34along Canada's eastern seaboard
11:36that became the main assembly point
11:38for getting those vital American goods to Britain.
11:41Canadian support for Britain's fight against Hitler
11:43had been absolute from day one of the war
11:45and the deep water port of Halifax, Nova Scotia
11:48was of critical importance.
11:50It was the central port on the Atlantic coast
11:54from which convoys were formed up
11:56for the long trek across the treacherous Atlantic
11:58to Great Britain.
12:01The term escort can apply
12:02either to the individual warship
12:04or to a screen consisting of a number of warships.
12:09And the principle of convoy protection
12:11was really the safe and timely arrival of the convoy.
12:15And that means that the escort
12:16would really not want to leave that convoy
12:19to go chasing after submarines.
12:21And that's why quite frequently
12:23escort commanders did not have
12:24a high number of submarine kills
12:26because their duty was to press the submarine down,
12:29that is, keep it underwater
12:32where it was out of contact with the convoy
12:34moving more slowly.
12:36It was not the submarines killed
12:37which was important for the escort.
12:39It was the amount of shipping
12:40safely transported across the ocean.
12:45This was the U-boat that terrorized
12:47those North Atlantic convoys,
12:49the Type 7C.
12:51A submersible,
12:52rather than a submarine,
12:54it traveled on the surface
12:55for 90% of the time.
12:58With a maximum speed of over 17 knots
13:00from its twin diesel engines,
13:02it could outpace many
13:03of the defending escort ships.
13:04But when it submerged
13:06and became dependent
13:06on its electric motors for propulsion,
13:09its speed was halved.
13:11The Type 7C was that
13:12which Dernitz personally preferred
13:14because they were most suited
13:16for convoy battles
13:17in the North Atlantic.
13:19They were very maneuverable,
13:21especially underwater.
13:23And that was something
13:24that Dernitz considered very important.
13:26They would spend a patrol
13:27of perhaps four to five weeks
13:29in the North Atlantic,
13:31engaged in convoy operations.
13:33The commanders of Type 7Cs
13:36tended to be younger men.
13:37and the Type 7s themselves
13:40embodied the virtues
13:42of younger commanders.
13:44More energetic,
13:46more prone to the offensive,
13:48greater optimism.
13:50All these are reflected
13:51in the use of the Type 7C.
13:53The Type 7C brought immediate success
13:57and the era of the U-boat Aces began.
14:00Only two weeks into the war,
14:01Otto Schuert sank
14:03the British carrier Courageous.
14:05500 died.
14:07Three weeks later,
14:09Gunther Prien and his crew,
14:11in a daring raid
14:11against the British Grand Fleet,
14:13moored at Skup Flo,
14:14sank the battleship Royal Oak.
14:17800 died.
14:19It was a propaganda coup.
14:20Prien and his men
14:21were the toast of Germany,
14:22in Berlin they were awarded
14:24Iron Crosses
14:25and Prien addressed the nation.
14:37Where Ace Prien led,
14:40others followed.
14:41The most celebrated U-boat commander of all,
14:43the Tunnage King,
14:45was Otto Kretschmer.
14:46He sank 38 Allied ships.
14:49My father had been an officer
14:51in World War I.
14:52As boys,
14:53my brother and myself,
14:55were taught
14:55that the most important thing
14:57for a man in Germany
14:59is a high sense of duty.
15:02Not only normal duty,
15:04but also everything beyond
15:06the normal call of duty.
15:09Kretschmer had trained in the 1930s
15:11and learned the orthodox tactics
15:13for launching a U-boat attack.
15:14This meant firing a spread of three torpedoes
15:17into the convoy from outside
15:19at a distance.
15:20Practical experience taught him
15:22there was a more effective method of attack.
15:24He devised his own close form of engagement,
15:27taking his U-boat inside the convoy.
15:29He first tested it on a training exercise.
15:32I tried out my new tactics,
15:37going past the escorts,
15:39very close to the target,
15:41and firing a torpedo at point-blank range
15:45and not a spread from outside.
15:48And these escorts
15:53at the training establishment,
15:56they were so clever,
15:58they knew everything,
16:00how to defend a target
16:01and against submarine attack.
16:03If I succeeded with them,
16:05I shall succeed
16:06in the Atlantic
16:08against enemy escorts
16:10who have come out
16:12across the Atlantic maybe
16:13and are in stress and strain.
16:16Hiding beneath the surface by day,
16:19Kretschmer would launch
16:19his torpedo attacks
16:21on the surface at night.
16:23With the cover of darkness
16:24and firing his torpedoes
16:26close into the target,
16:27he was harder to locate.
16:29He would carefully select
16:30the most valuable victims
16:31and apply his philosophy
16:33of one torpedo,
16:34one ship.
16:40Volmar Koenig
16:47served under the command
16:49of Kretschmer
16:49in his boat U-99
16:51and witnessed first-hand
16:52the ace in action.
16:54Lieutenant Commander Kretschmer
16:55was very intelligent
16:56and shrewd.
16:58He had developed
17:01the tactics
17:02of going into the convoy
17:04on the surface
17:06to the utmost.
17:08You have to be very,
17:09very cold-bladed
17:10to do this.
17:12All the lights
17:13and the burning tankers
17:15and the searchlights
17:18and you stay on the surface.
17:21You don't dodge.
17:22That's very important.
17:25And he did this
17:26to perfection.
17:30Kretschmer became
17:31a national hero
17:32and the army
17:32even wrote a march
17:34in his honor.
17:35They called it
17:36Kretschmer March
17:37and it was handed
17:39to me at a ceremony.
17:41I had to make
17:41a speech
17:42which I never liked
17:43to do,
17:44a speech of thanks
17:45and gave
17:46to the regimental commander
17:48a life belt
17:49of the tanker
17:51Kretschmer
17:51which I had
17:52just sank
17:54in the Atlantic.
17:55It was the heyday
17:57of the Aces.
17:58Between June
17:59and August 1940
18:00a handful of U-boats
18:01sank over 150
18:03Allied merchant ships.
18:05The German occupation
18:06of France
18:07after its surrender
18:08in June 1940
18:09had transformed
18:10the U-boat war.
18:12Dönitz was now
18:13able to establish bases
18:14along the southwest
18:15coast of France
18:16giving his U-boats
18:17ready access
18:18to the Atlantic
18:19convoy lanes.
18:21He set up
18:21to his operational headquarters
18:22in this chateau
18:23close to the port
18:24of Lorient
18:25where he could watch
18:26his U-boats
18:27come and go.
18:30From this underground bunker
18:31he personally
18:32directed all operations.
18:34Hans Fuhrmann
18:35was his adjutant.
18:39While I was there
18:40the biggest problem
18:41was the number
18:42of U-boats.
18:45We only had
18:46about 40
18:46to 50 U-boats.
18:47That was quite a lot
18:49but of those U-boats
18:51a third
18:52were always in transit
18:53going out
18:54or coming back.
18:55A third
18:56would be lying
18:56in dock
18:57for repairs
18:58and refitting
18:58and only a third
19:01were really out there
19:02in the Atlantic
19:03trying to attack
19:04the enemy.
19:08If the number
19:09of operational boats
19:10was critical
19:11to the success
19:12of Dönitz's
19:13Atlantic offensive
19:13so were the crews
19:15that manned them.
19:16The majority
19:17were volunteers
19:18intensively trained
19:19and attracted
19:20to an elite service
19:21where pay
19:22was double
19:23that of the regular Navy.
19:26Dönitz once
19:26described a U-boat crew
19:27as a community
19:28bound by fate.
19:31Any one failure
19:32any one failing
19:33could mean death
19:35for all 50 men.
19:37Therefore
19:38a crew felt
19:39very much bound
19:40to each other
19:41and loyalty
19:43to each other
19:43in a sense
19:44that I don't think
19:45any other warship
19:46represents.
19:48Over 50%
19:49of the U-boat crews
19:50came from
19:50central Germany
19:51where industry
19:53had taken hold
19:54in the late 19th
19:55and early 20th centuries.
19:57Well over half
19:58the U-boat crews
19:59had come from
20:01the metalworking fields
20:03of industry
20:04to the German Navy
20:06which meant
20:06that they were used
20:07to dealing
20:07with tubes
20:09pipes
20:09electricity
20:11various forms
20:12of metalworking
20:13and metal shaping
20:14all of which
20:15were invaluable skills
20:16aboard a naval vessel.
20:18These were
20:19working class kids.
20:22They were proud
20:23of their success.
20:25Returning from patrol
20:26they would fly a pennant
20:27for each ship sunk.
20:29By the end of 1940
20:31they had sunk
20:32one-fifth
20:33of Britain's merchant fleet.
20:34They called it
20:35the happy time.
20:37The ambition
20:37of every captain
20:38was to sink
20:39100,000 tons
20:40of shipping
20:40and gain
20:41a night's cross.
20:43It was important
20:44to us
20:44whether we had
20:45a good skipper
20:46or not
20:46it could mean
20:47life or death.
20:49Fortunate enough
20:49to sail under
20:50a good skipper.
20:51He was a very
20:52reasonable man
20:53he was aggressive
20:54and yet cautious.
20:56He didn't take
20:57any unnecessary
20:58chances
20:59and he was
21:00only 23 years old.
21:01Always ceremonies
21:03when we left
21:04and there were ceremonies
21:06when we returned.
21:08Of course we slowly
21:09approached the pier
21:10and there were
21:10lots of people
21:12standing on the pier
21:13to welcome us.
21:15The base commander
21:16came and the officers
21:17attended
21:18and officially
21:19welcomed us
21:20back from a mission.
21:22If a captain
21:23had halsschmerzen
21:24that meant
21:25that he had
21:26a sore throat
21:28and he was going
21:29to decorate
21:30his throat
21:31with a knight's cross.
21:33And of course
21:34in the process
21:35of doing so
21:35he might take
21:36some more chances
21:37that the crew
21:38wasn't always
21:39all that enthusiastic
21:41about.
21:42And the band
21:42always played
21:43a certain song
21:44and we liked it
21:45very much.
21:46We were singing
21:48Now we dive
21:49into the foaming beer
21:51because 518
21:53got its ass
21:54on the pier.
21:55Later on,
21:56much later on
21:57when I came
21:57to the United States
21:58I found out
22:00that that song
22:01was Stars
22:02and Stripes
22:03Forever.
22:15Well, of course
22:15we got ashore
22:16the drinks
22:17and the beer
22:18in particular
22:18tasted very good
22:19because there was
22:20no drinking
22:20in the submarine.
22:22And of course
22:23they were the pleasures
22:23of the flesh.
22:24They loaded us
22:25into a bus
22:26and took us
22:26to the next town
22:27and let us out
22:29near the bordellos
22:31that were there
22:32and we frequented
22:33the prostitutes
22:34and make up
22:35for lost time.
22:37Didn't take us
22:38long to catch up
22:39however.
22:41We had our own
22:42special train
22:43that run
22:43from the western
22:45coast of France
22:46all the way back
22:47to Germany
22:48to Hamburg
22:49and it was
22:50a very comfortable
22:51train.
22:51And that was
22:53one of those
22:53little privileges
22:54that we had.
22:57The relationship
22:58between Admiral Dernitz
23:00and his men
23:01in the U-Waffe
23:02or the submarine
23:03service
23:04can perhaps best
23:05be described
23:06as personal.
23:08He identified
23:09his submarines
23:09as his submarines
23:11and his men
23:11as his men.
23:13He made a point
23:14of personal contact
23:15with his commanding
23:15officers.
23:16He knew the crews.
23:18He epitomized
23:18for them what it meant
23:19to be a submariner
23:20and a member
23:21of a very special
23:22elite crew.
23:24Kämplan Hoffmeister
23:25Seiner Mutter
23:26Das Obrots
23:28Kicksabzeichen
23:29Sobereichen
23:29Kämpfen
23:31heißt opfern
23:36und siegen
23:38Der Kampf geht weiter
23:41The basis
23:42of Dönitz
23:43philosophy
23:43was an idea
23:45which had started
23:47very late
23:48in World War I.
23:49The idea
23:51was to use
23:53not single submarines
23:55but submarines
23:57in groups.
23:59Submarine command
24:00normally
24:01had no aircraft
24:02for reconnaissance.
24:04The submarines
24:05had to reconnoiter
24:07themselves.
24:09The U-Boots
24:09stand
24:10The U-Boots
24:11were positioned
24:11in the Atlantic
24:12and so-called
24:13reconnaissance lines
24:14but there were several
24:16U-Boots stationed
24:17at various points
24:18within a particular area
24:20where they could keep
24:21a watchful eye
24:22on the traffic flow
24:23and when a U-Boot
24:24sighted a convoy
24:25it then sent a radio
24:27signal giving the
24:28precise coordinates
24:29of the convoy
24:30how many knots
24:31it was doing
24:32and how many shifts
24:33there were.
24:34Then all the other U-Boots
24:35would mount a combined
24:36attack on the convoy
24:37and we call that
24:39the wolf pack
24:40strategy.
24:43U-Boots
24:44never operated
24:45alone
24:45rather five,
24:46six or seven
24:47boats if available
24:47would pounce
24:48on the convoy
24:48simultaneously.
24:55It was first
24:56called
24:57group tactics
24:58but the end
25:00of the year
25:011939
25:01I got into
25:02a train
25:03and entered
25:04the restaurant
25:05car
25:05I saw
25:06Dönitz
25:07with some
25:07other officers
25:08sitting there
25:10for dinner.
25:11Dönitz
25:12said
25:12the submarine
25:13force
25:14really needed
25:15a slogan
25:16and then
25:18he took
25:18his table
25:19napkin
25:19and put
25:22down
25:22some words
25:23U-Boote
25:24sind die
25:25Wölfe
25:25zur See
25:26angreifen
25:28reißen
25:29versenken
25:30U-Boots
25:35are the
25:36wolves
25:36at sea
25:37attack
25:39tear
25:40sink
25:41A submarine
25:47is a
25:48killing
25:48machine
25:48and it's
25:50a weapon
25:50and the
25:52people
25:52serving
25:52in a submarine
25:53are eager
25:54for success
25:55you spot
25:56the ship
25:56you spot
25:56the convoy
25:57and you
25:58fire the
25:58torpedo
25:59and
26:00you look
26:01at the
26:01stopwatch
26:02and say
26:02well by now
26:03it should
26:03have
26:04hit
26:04the two
26:05people
26:05suddenly
26:05it gives
26:06a big
26:06bang
26:06it's like
26:07well
26:07it's a
26:08hit
26:08and you
26:09are proud
26:10of success
26:11and you
26:12don't think
26:13of the
26:13poor people
26:14you don't
26:14think
26:14you don't
26:16see the
26:17subject
26:17you are
26:18shooting at
26:18perhaps the
26:19captain does
26:20to the
26:20periscope
26:21or the
26:22people on
26:22the bridge
26:22of your
26:23fighting
26:24above the
26:24surface
26:25it's
26:28impersonal
26:29it's a
26:34fighting
26:34machine
26:35and you
26:35are part
26:35of the
26:35machine
26:36a little
26:36wheel
26:36and you
26:39don't think
26:39of these
26:40consequences
26:40it might be
26:42bad but
26:42that's the
26:43way it is
26:43the merchant
26:45seamen who
26:46sailed out
26:47from Liverpool
26:47and other
26:48British ports
26:48were the
26:49unsung heroes
26:50of the
26:50battle of the
26:51Atlantic
26:51drawn from
26:52all nationalities
26:53they put
26:54their lives
26:55on the line
26:55to transport
26:56the vital
26:56supplies from
26:57North America
26:5830,000
27:00paid the
27:00ultimate
27:01price
27:01well to
27:03be torpedoed
27:04is a very
27:04horrifying
27:05experience
27:06now depending
27:07on what
27:07type of
27:08merchant ship
27:09you're on
27:09if you're
27:10loaded with
27:11explosives
27:11and you're
27:12hit with a
27:12torpedo
27:13there's one
27:14big explosion
27:15the ship
27:16disintegrates
27:17and there's
27:19usually no
27:20survivors
27:20if you're
27:21on a tanker
27:23if you're
27:23loaded with
27:23aviation gas
27:24or high
27:25octane gas
27:26there's a
27:27big ball
27:28of flame
27:29after being
27:30struck with
27:30a torpedo
27:31just
27:31conflagration
27:32and again
27:33there's very
27:34very few
27:35survivors
27:35I always
27:37slept with
27:38my clothes
27:38on
27:38I always
27:40had my
27:40boots
27:40where I
27:41could grab
27:41them
27:42always had
27:43my life
27:43jacket
27:44most of
27:45the time
27:45slept
27:45with it
27:46even
27:46washed
27:47with it
27:47when I
27:48used to
27:48do the
27:49dishes
27:49I used
27:49to take
27:49them out
27:50on the
27:50deck
27:50and lay
27:51them on
27:51the
27:51water
27:52pans
27:52of water
27:52on the
27:53hatch
27:53top of
27:54the hatch
27:54and washed
27:55them there
27:55and they
27:57used to
27:57say why
27:57you're
27:57doing that
27:58and I
27:58used to
27:58say well
27:58if we
27:59get hit
27:59I want
27:59to be
27:59outside
28:00where I
28:00won't
28:00get
28:01jammed
28:01we were
28:04in the
28:04part of
28:04the ship
28:05which is
28:05almost
28:06impossible
28:07to escape
28:08from
28:08under
28:09conditions
28:09of being
28:10torpedoed
28:11the
28:12engineering
28:12of course
28:12being the
28:13focal point
28:13of any
28:14torpedo attack
28:15being the
28:16most vulnerable
28:16part of
28:17the ship
28:17in order
28:18to disable
28:19it
28:19we felt
28:20very keenly
28:22our
28:22exposure
28:23down there
28:24really
28:26we felt
28:27that if
28:27we were
28:28ever
28:29torpedoed
28:30on watch
28:31we really
28:32didn't have
28:33a chance
28:34to escape
28:34I've seen
28:37many many
28:38ships
28:38sunk
28:38in fact
28:39we were
28:39so close
28:40to some
28:40of them
28:40sometimes
28:41you'd feel
28:41the heat
28:42from them
28:42and
28:43these men
28:45were in
28:45the water
28:46and oily
28:47water
28:47and crude
28:49oil
28:49and black
28:50bunker
28:51and we
28:52were not
28:53allowed
28:53to stop
28:54to pick
28:55up
28:55survivors
28:56that was
28:57a very
28:57strict
28:57rule
28:58the navy
28:58made
28:59that you
28:59were not
29:00to stop
29:00under any
29:01circumstances
29:01so it's
29:03pretty
29:04bad when
29:05you know
29:06there's people
29:06in the water
29:07there hollering
29:08for help
29:08and there's not
29:09a blessed
29:09thing you can
29:10do about it
29:10there's one
29:12ship designated
29:12to pick up
29:13survivors
29:14and if that
29:15ship
29:15found you
29:17before you
29:18died
29:18exposed from
29:19exposure
29:19you were
29:20probably saved
29:21if not
29:21you're just
29:22another casualty
29:23in the north
29:23of the lady
29:23in the heart
29:29of london
29:30at churchill's
29:31secret underground
29:32headquarters
29:32the crippling loss
29:34of ship
29:34supplies and lives
29:36was painfully
29:37apparent
29:37there was a
29:38desperate need
29:39for additional
29:40escort ships
29:41to help protect
29:41the convoys
29:42one of churchill's
29:44first acts
29:44as prime minister
29:45was to ask
29:46roosevelt
29:47for assistance
29:48a deal
29:49was finally
29:50struck
29:50in return
29:51for leases
29:52on eight
29:52caribbean
29:53islands
29:53britain
29:54got 50
29:55great war
29:55american
29:56destroyers
29:56an unequal
29:58exchange
29:58many said
29:59the ships
30:00were in poor
30:00shape
30:00but for the
30:01first time
30:02it meant
30:03an open
30:03official
30:04u.s.
30:04commitment
30:04to britain's
30:05cause
30:05six months
30:07later
30:07roosevelt
30:08came to
30:09the rescue
30:09in decisive
30:10manner
30:10when britain
30:11no longer
30:11had the
30:12cash
30:12to pay
30:12for its
30:13american
30:13supplies
30:14roosevelt
30:16had to
30:16come up
30:16with a
30:17different
30:17means
30:17of helping
30:18his
30:18ally
30:18winston
30:19churchill
30:20and it
30:20was
30:20the
30:21lend
30:21lease
30:22bill
30:22now
30:23this
30:24was
30:24an
30:24act
30:25whereby
30:25the
30:26united
30:26states
30:26agreed
30:27to
30:27give
30:28britain
30:28all
30:29it
30:29needed
30:29in
30:29raw
30:30materials
30:30weapons
30:31fuel
30:32and
30:32food
30:33in
30:33order
30:33to
30:34keep
30:34that
30:34island
30:34nation
30:35alive
30:35and
30:36the
30:37lend
30:37lease
30:37bill
30:37was
30:38made
30:38palatable
30:39to
30:39many
30:39by
30:40the
30:40wonderful
30:41image
30:41that
30:42was
30:42created
30:42by
30:42president
30:43franklin
30:43roosevelt
30:44when he
30:44said
30:45it is
30:46like
30:46a
30:46man
30:47whose
30:47neighbor's
30:48house
30:48is
30:48on
30:48fire
30:49and
30:49he
30:49lends
30:49him
30:50his
30:50garden
30:50hose
30:51the
30:52lend
30:53lease
30:53bill
30:53meant
30:54britain
30:54could
30:55draw
30:55on
30:55american
30:55war
30:56supplies
30:56without
30:56having
30:57to
30:57pay
30:57cash
30:58above
30:58all
30:59it
30:59guaranteed
30:59a
31:00supply
31:00of
31:00cargo
31:01vessels
31:01to
31:01challenge
31:02Dönitz
31:02declared
31:03goal
31:03of
31:04sinking
31:04allied
31:04merchant
31:05ships
31:05more
31:06rapidly
31:06than
31:06they
31:06could
31:07be
31:07replaced
31:07in
31:11the
31:11spring
31:11of
31:111941
31:12the
31:13U-boat
31:13arms
31:14suffered
31:14one
31:14of
31:14its
31:14first
31:15major
31:15setbacks
31:16two
31:17of
31:17Dönitz's
31:18greatest
31:18aces
31:19Shepke
31:20and
31:20Prim
31:20set
31:21out
31:21for
31:21the
31:22last
31:22time
31:22their
31:23boats
31:23were
31:24sunk
31:24in
31:24the
31:24Atlantic
31:24and
31:25neither
31:25commander
31:26survived
31:26on
31:27the
31:27same
31:27patrol
31:28Otto
31:28Kretschmer's
31:29boat
31:29was
31:30mortally
31:30damaged
31:31by
31:31the
31:31British
31:31destroyer
31:32HMS Walker
31:33and its
31:34crew
31:34forced
31:34into
31:35the
31:35water
31:35Volmar
31:37Koenig
31:37was there
31:38and
31:40there
31:40I
31:40was
31:40clinging
31:41to
31:42this
31:42scrambling
31:43net
31:43but
31:44I
31:44was
31:45too
31:46numb
31:46to
31:46do
31:46anything
31:47so
31:47the
31:47British
31:48sailors
31:49came
31:49over the
31:50side
31:50down
31:51the
31:51net
31:51and
31:52put me
31:53up
31:53to
31:54the
31:54deck
31:54of
31:55of
31:55course
31:55of course
31:55of course
31:55I
31:55had
31:55life
31:56jacket
31:56on
31:56and
31:57the
31:57mermaids
31:58couldn't
31:58pull
31:59me
31:59down
31:59I
32:00recovered
32:01myself
32:02on the
32:02surface
32:02again
32:03and
32:04followed
32:04by
32:04crew
32:04the
32:05rest
32:05of
32:05my
32:05crew
32:06which
32:06was
32:06taken
32:07up
32:07out
32:08of
32:09the
32:09water
32:09by
32:10HMS Walker
32:11Kretschmer's
32:14capture
32:14ended
32:15the
32:15era
32:15of
32:15the
32:16individual
32:16aces
32:17and
32:17marked
32:17a
32:18change
32:18in
32:18the
32:18direction
32:19of
32:19the
32:19U-boat
32:19war
32:20hence
32:20forward
32:21Dönitz
32:22switched
32:22almost
32:22entirely
32:23to
32:23group
32:23tactics
32:24wolf
32:25packs
32:25operating
32:26further
32:26and
32:26further
32:27out
32:27into
32:27the
32:27mid
32:28Atlantic
32:28his
32:29operational
32:29base
32:30in
32:30France
32:30was
32:31also
32:31expanding
32:31construction
32:33of the
32:33huge
32:33U-boat
32:34pens
32:34of
32:34Lorient
32:35was
32:35underway
32:35with
32:36their
32:36massive
32:37reinforced
32:37concrete
32:38walls
32:38they
32:39provided
32:39a secure
32:40haven
32:40against
32:41British
32:41bombing
32:41raids
32:42and
32:42from
32:43shipyards
32:43all
32:43over
32:44Germany
32:44poured
32:44the
32:45boats
32:45to
32:45fill
32:45them
32:46in
32:461941
32:47Dönitz's
32:48fleet
32:48doubled
32:48but
32:49expansion
32:49brought
32:50problems
32:50as
32:52the
32:52U-boat
32:52fleet
32:53expanded
32:53so
32:54dramatically
32:54from
32:551940
32:56to
32:561942
32:57Dönitz
32:58had
32:59to
32:59cut
32:59corners
33:00in
33:01training
33:01his
33:02commanders
33:02in
33:03training
33:04his
33:04crews
33:04he
33:06knew
33:06that
33:06in
33:06order
33:07to
33:07provide
33:07the
33:08strongest
33:08possible
33:09force
33:10to
33:10fight
33:11the convoy
33:11battles
33:12in the
33:12North Atlantic
33:13he
33:13had to
33:14compromise
33:14on their
33:16training
33:16younger
33:18less
33:18experienced
33:19less
33:20well-trained
33:21commanders
33:21might not
33:22possess the
33:23kind of
33:24insight
33:25into how
33:26to attack
33:26a convoy
33:27to compensate
33:28for
33:29that shortcoming
33:31Dönitz assumed
33:32on himself
33:33the need
33:34to control
33:35operations
33:36to direct
33:37a convoy
33:38battle
33:38from his
33:39headquarters
33:39one of the
33:42prime
33:42characteristics
33:43of the
33:43direction
33:44of the
33:45submarine
33:45war
33:45in the
33:45battle
33:46of Atlantic
33:46was
33:47radio
33:47communications
33:48and
33:50Admiral
33:50Dönitz
33:50would
33:51constantly
33:51have
33:52radio
33:52contact
33:53with
33:53his
33:53ships
33:53he
33:54was
33:54conducting
33:54war
33:55on
33:55their
33:55behalf
33:55directing
33:56them
33:56towards
33:57certain
33:57convoys
33:58directing
33:59them
33:59towards
34:00certain
34:00task
34:01groups
34:01demanding
34:02that
34:02they
34:02submit
34:03weather
34:03reports
34:03whatever
34:04the case
34:04might
34:04be
34:05in fact
34:06he was
34:06known
34:07to have
34:07sent
34:08a lot
34:08of
34:08signals
34:09which
34:09from
34:09a
34:09purely
34:09operational
34:10tactical
34:11point
34:11of
34:11view
34:11were
34:12utterly
34:12superfluous
34:13and sometimes
34:14it seemed
34:15as though
34:15he himself
34:15really didn't
34:16understand
34:17the risks
34:17he was
34:18asking
34:18his commanders
34:19to undertake
34:20frequently
34:21in replying
34:22to these
34:22signals
34:23the
34:23submariners
34:24were exposing
34:25themselves
34:25needlessly
34:26to danger
34:27British naval
34:28intelligence
34:29knew
34:29in World War
34:30I
34:30everything
34:31about
34:33the
34:34position
34:35of
34:36German
34:36U-boats
34:37because
34:38also
34:39of the
34:39radio
34:39chatter
34:40they
34:40took
34:40bearings
34:41they
34:41knew
34:41where
34:41they
34:41were
34:42locating
34:43the
34:43position
34:44of
34:44the
34:44enemy
34:44by
34:44tuning
34:45into
34:45his
34:45radio
34:45signals
34:46had
34:46been
34:46written
34:47about
34:47in
34:48an
34:48obscure
34:48English
34:49publication
34:49in
34:501931
34:50Kretschmer
34:51had
34:52discovered
34:52this
34:52book
34:53during
34:53his
34:53midshipman
34:54training
34:54and
34:54not
34:55forgotten
34:55its
34:55lessons
34:56some
34:57of
34:57the
34:58chapters
34:58gave
34:59me
35:00so
35:00much
35:01information
35:01about
35:02submarine
35:03war
35:03first
35:04of
35:04all
35:05not
35:05to
35:05use
35:06the
35:06radio
35:07to
35:07keep
35:08radio
35:08silence
35:09and
35:10know
35:10how
35:11efficient
35:12British
35:13naval
35:13intelligence
35:14was
35:14in a
35:17leafy
35:17suburb
35:1850 miles
35:18north of
35:19London
35:19lay
35:20hidden
35:20one
35:20of
35:20the
35:20most
35:21powerful
35:21and
35:21secret
35:22weapons
35:22of
35:22World War
35:23II
35:23the
35:24British
35:24government's
35:25communications
35:26headquarters
35:26at
35:27Bletchley Park
35:27their
35:29highest
35:29priority
35:29was to
35:30crack
35:30the
35:30German
35:31naval
35:31code
35:32this
35:33machine
35:33lay at
35:34the
35:34heart
35:34of
35:34that
35:35code
35:35every
35:36U-boat
35:36had
35:37one
35:37it
35:38ciphered
35:38and
35:38deciphered
35:39all the
35:39secret
35:40messages
35:40that
35:40passed
35:41between
35:41Dönitz
35:42and his
35:42U-boats
35:43it
35:44was
35:44considered
35:44impregnable
35:45the British
35:46called it
35:47Enigma
35:48the
35:49German
35:49cryptologists
35:50had
35:50taken
35:50their
35:51steps
35:51to
35:51protect
35:52their
35:52messages
35:52with
35:53the
35:53very
35:53invention
35:54of
35:54the
35:54Enigma
35:55cipher
35:55system
35:55the
35:56number
35:56of
35:56combinations
35:57was
35:58it
35:58has
35:58recently
35:58been
35:59calculated
35:59greater
36:00than
36:01the
36:02number
36:02of
36:02atoms
36:03in
36:03the
36:03known
36:04universe
36:04and
36:05would
36:05have
36:05taken
36:06many
36:06more
36:07eons
36:08than
36:09the
36:09universe
36:09has
36:09been
36:10in
36:10existence
36:10to
36:11come
36:11up
36:11with
36:12the
36:12possible
36:12correct
36:13answer
36:13inside
36:15this
36:16Edwardian
36:17mansion
36:17the
36:18Bletchley
36:18Park
36:19code
36:19breakers
36:20began
36:20the
36:20seemingly
36:21impossible
36:21task
36:22of
36:22trying
36:22to
36:22break
36:22the
36:23Enigma
36:23cipher
36:23system
36:24at
36:25the
36:25beginning
36:25of
36:25the
36:25war
36:2670
36:26people
36:27worked
36:27here
36:27that
36:28number
36:28was
36:29to
36:29grow
36:29to
36:2912,000
36:30the
36:31people
36:31at
36:32Bletchley
36:32Park
36:32were
36:32mostly
36:33intellectuals
36:34many
36:35of
36:35them
36:35were
36:35expert
36:36chess
36:36players
36:36mathematicians
36:38linguists
36:39and
36:39a few
36:39professional
36:40cryptographers
36:41it's
36:42important
36:42to
36:42understand
36:43that
36:43the
36:44breaking
36:44of
36:44the
36:44German
36:44naval
36:45enigma
36:45was
36:45a
36:45much
36:46more
36:46difficult
36:46problem
36:47than
36:47the
36:47breaking
36:48of
36:48the
36:48German
36:48air
36:49force
36:49or
36:50army
36:50enigma
36:50the
36:51reason
36:52was
36:52that
36:53the
36:53German
36:54naval
36:54enigma
36:55was
36:55set
36:55up
36:56by
36:56keying
36:57books
36:57which
36:58told
36:58you
36:58which
36:59order
36:59the
36:59rotor
36:59should
37:00be
37:00put
37:00in
37:00and
37:01where
37:01their
37:01starting
37:02positions
37:02were
37:02and
37:03a
37:03number
37:03of
37:03the
37:03other
37:03keying
37:04variables
37:04it
37:05wasn't
37:05possible
37:06really
37:06to
37:07crack
37:07the
37:07enigma
37:08without
37:08the
37:09knowledge
37:09of
37:10the
37:10keying
37:10variables
37:11organized
37:11in
37:12this
37:12book
37:12in
37:14the
37:14middle
37:14of
37:151941
37:16Harry
37:17Hensley
37:17a
37:17young
37:18undergraduate
37:19had
37:20the
37:20idea
37:21that
37:21it
37:21might
37:21be
37:22possible
37:22to
37:22capture
37:23some
37:23of
37:24the
37:24keying
37:24books
37:25from
37:25some
37:26German
37:26weather
37:27ships
37:27which
37:28were
37:28isolated
37:29to
37:29the
37:29northeast
37:29of
37:30Iceland
37:30the
37:31Germans
37:32were
37:32keeping
37:33weather
37:33trawlers
37:34up
37:35among
37:35the
37:36icebergs
37:37we
37:37knew
37:37their
37:38positions
37:38and
37:40most
37:40important
37:41although
37:41this
37:42was
37:42a
37:43guess
37:43on
37:43my
37:43part
37:44that
37:45they
37:45carried
37:46the
37:46enigma
37:46and
37:47with
37:48that
37:48information
37:48the
37:49admiralty
37:49went
37:50and
37:50captured
37:51a
37:51trawler
37:51it
37:53was
37:53a
37:53stroke
37:53of
37:54fortune
37:54that
37:54the
37:55Germans
37:55had
37:55the
37:55enigma
37:56in
37:57those
37:57little
37:57ships
37:58little
37:59fishing
37:59ships
38:00it was
38:01unbelievable
38:02I couldn't
38:02believe
38:03my eyes
38:03when I
38:04thought
38:04well
38:04they've
38:05got
38:05the
38:05enigma
38:05I
38:06could
38:06hardly
38:06believe
38:07myself
38:07but
38:07they
38:08had
38:08and
38:08that
38:09was
38:09an
38:09amazing
38:09amazing
38:10stroke
38:11of
38:11luck
38:11further
38:12treasures
38:13were
38:13about
38:13to be
38:13recovered
38:14from
38:14the
38:14Atlantic
38:14to
38:15help
38:15the
38:15code
38:15breakers
38:16crack
38:16the
38:17enigma
38:17system
38:17U-110
38:19under
38:19the
38:20command
38:20of
38:20Fritz
38:21Julius
38:21Lemp
38:21who
38:22sank
38:22the
38:22Athenia
38:23on
38:23the
38:23first
38:23day
38:23of
38:23the
38:23war
38:24was
38:24blown
38:25to
38:25the
38:25surface
38:25by
38:26a
38:26Royal
38:26Navy
38:26escort
38:27group
38:27for
38:28David
38:28Baum
38:29it
38:29was
38:29to
38:29be
38:29the
38:30most
38:30important
38:30day
38:31of
38:31his
38:31life
38:31I
38:33was
38:33the
38:34sub
38:34lieutenant
38:34aged
38:35twenty
38:36in
38:37HMS
38:37Bulldog
38:38which
38:39was
38:39the
38:39leader
38:39of
38:40a
38:40third
38:40escort
38:40group
38:41in
38:41the
38:41Atlantic
38:42we
38:46an
38:47old
38:47American
38:47destroyer
38:48which
38:48had
38:48been
38:48given
38:49to
38:49us
38:49we
38:50all
38:51opened
38:51fire
38:51with
38:52all
38:52our
38:52guns
38:53on
38:53U-110
38:54the
38:54object
38:55being
38:55to
38:55rattle
38:56the
38:56crew
38:56to
38:56get
38:56them
38:57to
38:57abandon
38:58ship
38:58Lemp
38:59saw
39:00a
39:01destroyer
39:02tearing
39:02directly
39:03towards
39:03us
39:03one
39:05of
39:05the
39:05destroyers
39:06was
39:06the
39:06bulldog
39:06and
39:07the
39:07other
39:07one
39:07was
39:08the
39:08broadway
39:09at
39:10the
39:10last
39:11moment
39:11the
39:11broadway
39:12got
39:12an
39:12order
39:13from
39:13the
39:13bulldog
39:13to
39:14aboard
39:14the
39:14ramming
39:18Captain
39:18Baker
39:18Chris
39:19or
39:19Captain
39:20Bulldog
39:21shouted
39:21through
39:22the
39:22megaphone
39:22don't
39:23ram
39:24don't
39:24ram
39:24because
39:25he
39:25wanted
39:25to
39:25preserve
39:26U-110
39:26and
39:27just
39:27stop
39:28Broadway
39:28from
39:28ramming
39:29her
39:29aborting
39:32the
39:32ramming
39:33at the
39:33last
39:33minute
39:34was
39:34fatal
39:34for
39:34us
39:35because
39:35Lemp
39:36had
39:36assumed
39:36that
39:37they
39:37would
39:37cut
39:37us
39:37in
39:38half
39:38so
39:38everyone
39:39had
39:39to
39:40get
39:40out
39:40and
39:41in
39:45this
39:45situation
39:46he
39:46of
39:46course
39:47shouted
39:47down
39:47get
39:48out
39:48out
39:49out
39:49when
39:51we
39:51radio
39:52operators
39:52asked
39:53what
39:53about
39:53the
39:53secret
39:53papers
39:54and
39:54so
39:54on
39:54he
39:54said
39:54leave
39:55it
39:55all
39:56in
39:56there
39:56get
39:56out
39:56out
39:57out
39:57he
39:57tried
39:58to
39:58save
39:58the
39:59life
39:59of
39:59every
39:59single
40:00man
40:00when
40:03we
40:03were
40:03in
40:03the
40:03water
40:04and
40:04the
40:04boat
40:04didn't
40:05think
40:05then
40:05it
40:05was
40:05too
40:06late
40:06to
40:06do
40:06anything
40:07about
40:07it
40:08we
40:10could
40:10see
40:10obrisha
40:11was
40:12told
40:12to
40:13pick
40:13up
40:13all
40:13survivors
40:14and
40:14they
40:14picked
40:15up
40:15all
40:15the
40:15German
40:15crew
40:16propped
40:17them
40:17down
40:17below
40:18immediately
40:18so
40:19they
40:19couldn't
40:19see
40:20what
40:20was
40:20going
40:20on
40:21and
40:22and
40:24my
40:24captain
40:25ordered
40:26a way
40:26armed
40:27boarding
40:28party
40:28and
40:29told
40:29me
40:29to
40:29take
40:29charge
40:30of
40:30it
40:30they
40:31rode
40:31over
40:32to
40:32the
40:32stricken
40:32sub
40:33with
40:33David
40:34at
40:34the
40:34helm
40:34not
40:35knowing
40:35whether
40:35demolition
40:36charges
40:36had
40:36been
40:37set
40:37or
40:37German
40:38members
40:38were
40:38still
40:39on
40:39board
40:39David
40:40courageously
40:41went
40:41down
40:41inside
40:42the
40:42submarine
40:42ahead
40:43of
40:43his
40:43team
40:43the
40:44hatch
40:45going
40:45down
40:45below
40:46was
40:46closed
40:46I don't
40:47know
40:48why
40:48it
40:48was
40:48closed
40:49but
40:49it
40:49was
40:49closed
40:50I
40:50opened
40:50it
40:50up
40:51didn't
40:52seem
40:52to
40:52be
40:52anybody
40:52there
40:53so
40:53I
40:54went
40:54down
40:54but
40:55there
40:55was
40:55a
40:55very
40:55vulnerable
40:56moment
40:57there
40:57because
40:57bottom
40:59first
41:00with
41:00both
41:01hands
41:01on
41:01the
41:01ladder
41:02vertical
41:02ladder
41:03revolver
41:03holstered
41:04and
41:05I
41:05was
41:05a
41:05sitting
41:05target
41:06for
41:06anybody
41:06down
41:07below
41:07I
41:11looked
41:11both
41:12ends
41:12of
41:12the
41:12ship
41:13you
41:14could
41:14see
41:14right
41:15through
41:15to
41:16the
41:16battery
41:16room
41:17the
41:17engine
41:17room
41:17and
41:18then
41:18up
41:18forward
41:19to
41:19torpedo
41:19compartments
41:20and
41:21didn't
41:23seem
41:23to
41:23be
41:23anybody
41:23on
41:24board
41:24at
41:24all
41:24very
41:26yearly
41:27absolutely
41:27silent
41:28except
41:28for
41:28the
41:29flopping
41:31of the
41:31waves
41:31against
41:32the
41:32howl
41:33so
41:35I
41:35then
41:35shouted
41:35up
41:36got
41:36the
41:36crew
41:36down
41:37and
41:39then
41:39we
41:39started
41:40ransacking
41:41the place
41:41all
41:42the
41:42books
41:43and
41:43the
41:43charts
41:44and
41:44absolute
41:45mess
41:47of
41:47code
41:47books
41:48signal
41:48books
41:49cipher
41:50books
41:50everything
41:51we
41:52could
41:52find
41:52we
41:52passed
41:53up
41:53and
41:54into
41:54a
41:55relief
41:55boat
41:56captain
41:57had
41:57sent
41:57a
41:58motorboat
41:58over
41:59from
41:59a
41:59broadway
41:59and
42:00that
42:00took
42:00all
42:00the
42:00gear
42:01but
42:04what
42:04happened
42:04to
42:05Lemp
42:05last
42:06seen
42:06by his
42:06crew
42:06in
42:07the
42:07water
42:07it's
42:08widely
42:08believed
42:09he
42:09tried
42:10to
42:10reboard
42:10his
42:11U-boat
42:11in
42:11a
42:11desperate
42:12effort
42:12to
42:12sink
42:12it
42:12and
42:13was
42:13shot
42:14by
42:14the
42:14boarding
42:14party
42:15from
42:15Bulldog
42:15I
42:16know
42:17from
42:17time
42:17to
42:18time
42:18said
42:19that
42:19my
42:19boarding
42:20party
42:20shot
42:20Lemp
42:21there's
42:22absolutely
42:22no
42:23truth
42:24whatsoever
42:24in
42:25this
42:25none
42:25of us
42:26fired
42:26a
42:26single
42:26shot
42:27and
42:28we
42:29didn't
42:29see
42:29the
42:29survivors
42:30they'd
42:30been
42:30picked
42:30up
42:31or
42:31were
42:31being
42:31picked
42:32up
42:32the
42:32other
42:33side
42:33of
42:33the
42:33U-boat
42:33and
42:34and
42:34I
42:34think
42:35Lemp
42:35must
42:36have
42:36realized
42:37that
42:38U-boat
42:38wasn't
42:39sinking
42:39he may
42:40have
42:40seen
42:40us
42:40going
42:41over
42:41in
42:42the
42:42boat
42:42and
42:43thinking
42:44of
42:44his
42:44past
42:45too
42:45when
42:45he'd
42:46sunk
42:46the
42:46Athenia
42:47which
42:47was
42:47quite
42:48a
42:48controversial
42:50matter
42:50and
42:51I
42:52think
42:52he
42:52probably
42:53felt
42:53this
42:53is
42:53really
42:54it
42:54letting
42:54my
42:55boat
42:55be
42:55boarded
42:56not
42:56sinking
42:57it
42:58and
42:58he
42:58probably
42:59just
42:59committed
43:00suicide
43:00in
43:00the
43:01water
43:01David's
43:04cryptographic
43:05treasures
43:06from
43:06U-110
43:07were
43:08rushed
43:08to
43:08Bletchley
43:09and
43:09together
43:09with
43:10the
43:10seizures
43:10from
43:10the
43:10weather
43:11ships
43:11the
43:12code
43:12breakers
43:12were
43:13now
43:13able
43:13to
43:13crack
43:14the
43:14Enigma
43:14ciphers
43:15it
43:16was
43:16one
43:16of
43:16the
43:16outstanding
43:17achievements
43:17of
43:17World
43:18War
43:18II
43:18the
43:19British
43:19were
43:20soon
43:20reading
43:20the
43:20secret
43:21messages
43:21that
43:21passed
43:22between
43:22Dönitz
43:22and
43:23his
43:23U-boats
43:23as
43:24rapidly
43:24as
43:25the
43:25Germans
43:25themselves
43:26we
43:28began
43:29to read
43:30regularly
43:31the
43:32U-boat
43:33ciphers
43:34and
43:35we
43:35read
43:35it
43:36without
43:36fail
43:37every
43:37day
43:38the
43:40use
43:40of
43:40the
43:41Enigma
43:41the
43:43fact
43:43that
43:43it
43:43was
43:43so
43:44regular
43:44so
43:44current
43:45meant
43:47that
43:47we
43:47were
43:47more
43:48or
43:48less
43:48able
43:48to
43:49route
43:50the
43:50convoys
43:51away
43:52from
43:52U-boat
43:53positions
43:54the
43:56pendulum
43:56in the
43:57battle
43:57of the
43:57Atlantic
43:58had
43:58swung
43:58for
43:58the
43:59moment
43:59in
43:59Britain's
44:00favor
44:00by
44:01mid
44:011941
44:02the
44:02convoys
44:03were
44:03getting
44:03through
44:03with
44:04reduced
44:04losses
44:04and
44:05the
44:05United
44:06States
44:06though
44:06technically
44:07still
44:07neutral
44:08was
44:08playing
44:09an
44:09ever
44:09increasing
44:09role
44:10in
44:10ensuring
44:11those
44:11vital
44:11war
44:12supplies
44:12reached
44:13British
44:13shores
44:14we
44:15were
44:16in
44:16the
44:16war
44:16against
44:17the
44:17German
44:18U-boats
44:18helping
44:19England
44:19long
44:20before
44:20the
44:20United
44:20States
44:21technically
44:21declared
44:22war
44:22I
44:23know
44:23I
44:24was
44:24there
44:24I
44:24was
44:24in
44:24a
44:24destroyer
44:25we
44:25convoyed
44:26across
44:27the
44:27Atlantic
44:27Ocean
44:28we
44:28escorted
44:29across
44:29all the
44:30way
44:30to
44:31Iceland
44:31from
44:32the
44:32United
44:32States
44:33some
44:34of
44:34our
44:34fellows
44:36escorted
44:36all the
44:37way
44:37to
44:37within
44:37100
44:38miles
44:38of
44:38the
44:38shore
44:38of
44:38England
44:39by
44:39placing
44:40United
44:41States
44:41naval
44:41vessels
44:42in
44:43the
44:43convoy
44:44lanes
44:44and
44:45directly
44:45protecting
44:46the
44:47ships
44:48the
44:48freighters
44:48and
44:48the
44:48tankers
44:49that
44:49were
44:49carrying
44:50goods
44:50to
44:50Great
44:50Britain
44:51the
44:51United
44:52States
44:52was
44:52engaged
44:53in
44:53war
44:54like
44:54activity
44:54so
44:55we
44:55were
44:55in
44:55action
44:56our
44:57orders
44:57were
44:57to
44:57fight
44:58back
44:58President
44:59Roosevelt
44:59declared
45:00first
45:01that
45:01everything
45:02on a
45:02certain
45:02line
45:03in
45:03the
45:03middle
45:03of
45:03the
45:03Atlantic
45:04was
45:04on
45:04our
45:04side
45:05later
45:05he
45:06extended
45:06that
45:06line
45:06closer
45:07to
45:07Europe
45:07and
45:08finally
45:08declared
45:08the
45:09entire
45:09Atlantic
45:09ocean
45:10an
45:10American
45:10lake
45:11it
45:11must
45:11be
45:12said
45:12that
45:13most
45:13people
45:13then
45:14and
45:14most
45:15people
45:15now
45:16did
45:16not
45:16do
45:17not
45:17know
45:17that
45:18the
45:18United
45:18States
45:19issued
45:19war
45:20orders
45:20in
45:21July
45:21of
45:221941
45:22six
45:23months
45:24before
45:24the
45:24Japanese
45:25attack
45:25on
45:25Pearl
45:25Harbor
45:26the
45:27orders
45:27were
45:27issued
45:27by
45:28Admiral
45:28Ernest
45:29J.
45:29King
45:29who
45:29was
45:30commander
45:30in
45:30chief
45:31of
45:31the
45:31United
45:31States
45:32Atlantic
45:32Fleet
45:32this
45:33was
45:33a
45:34direct
45:34action
45:35for
45:35the
45:35United
45:35States
45:35Navy
45:36to
45:36go
45:36to
45:36war
45:36on
45:37September
45:384th
45:38a
45:39destroyer
45:40the
45:40USS
45:41Greer
45:41had
45:42an
45:42exchange
45:43of
45:43fire
45:44with
45:44a
45:44U-boat
45:45at
45:45sea
45:45both
45:46missed
45:47there
45:47was
45:47no
45:48damage
45:48done
45:48to
45:48either
45:48side
45:49but
45:49the
45:49exchange
45:50of
45:50fire
45:50that
45:50everybody
45:51had
45:51worried
45:51about
45:52had
45:52taken
45:52place
45:53the
45:53following
45:54month
45:54the
45:54destroyer
45:55Kearney
45:55was
45:56torpedoed
45:57and
45:5711
45:57seamen
45:58died
45:58American
45:59blood
46:00had
46:00joined
46:00the
46:00Atlantic
46:01War
46:01our
46:02American
46:03merchant
46:03ships
46:04must
46:04be
46:04armed
46:05to
46:06defend
46:06themselves
46:07against
46:08the
46:08rattlesnakes
46:09of the
46:09sea
46:09even
46:10as
46:10Roosevelt
46:10spoke
46:11one
46:11of
46:11those
46:11rattlesnakes
46:12U-552
46:14was hunting
46:14its prey
46:15in the
46:15Atlantic
46:16our
46:17American
46:17merchant
46:18ships
46:18must
46:18be
46:19free
46:19to
46:20carry
46:21our
46:21American
46:21goods
46:22into
46:22the
46:22harbors
46:23of
46:23our
46:23friends
46:24in
46:26command
46:26of
46:26U-552
46:27was
46:28Erich
46:28Top
46:29one
46:29of
46:29Dönitz's
46:30greatest
46:30aces
46:31and
46:33our
46:33American
46:33merchant
46:34ships
46:34must
46:35be
46:35protected
46:36by
46:37our
46:37American
46:38Navy
46:39it
46:47can
46:47never
46:47be
46:47doubted
46:48that
46:49the
46:49goods
46:49will
46:50be
46:50delivered
46:51by
46:51this
46:52nation
46:52whose
46:54Navy
46:54believes
46:55in
46:56the
46:56tradition
46:57of
46:59damn
47:00the
47:00torpedoes
47:01full
47:01speed
47:02ahead
47:02four days
47:04after
47:04Roosevelt's
47:05speech
47:05Top
47:06torpedoed
47:07the
47:07American
47:07destroyer
47:08Reuben
47:08James
47:09it was
47:10the first
47:10US Navy
47:11vessel
47:11to be
47:12lost
47:12in
47:12World War
47:13Two
47:13two
47:14two
47:14thirds
47:15of the
47:15ship's
47:15company
47:16died
47:16as far
47:20as I
47:21was
47:21concerned
47:21the
47:22Reuben
47:22James
47:22was a
47:23British
47:23destroyer
47:24protecting
47:25a
47:25British
47:25convoy
47:26and
47:27therefore
47:28I had
47:29no qualms
47:30about
47:30attacking
47:31her
47:31several days
47:34later
47:35I heard
47:35on American
47:36radio
47:37that
47:37an
47:38American
47:38destroyer
47:39the
47:40Reuben
47:40James
47:40had
47:41been
47:42sunk
47:42and
47:45I
47:45realized
47:46just
47:46how
47:47politically
47:47explosive
47:48this
47:49matter
47:50was
47:50110
47:55lives
47:55were
47:56lost
47:56in
47:57this
47:57catastrophe
47:58and
47:59you
48:01could
48:01say
48:02they
48:02were
48:02murdered
48:03in
48:04the
48:04most
48:04horrific
48:05way
48:06imaginable
48:07people
48:10were
48:10swimming
48:11around
48:11in
48:11oil
48:12on
48:12fire
48:13it
48:13was
48:14appalling
48:15at least
48:16two-thirds
48:17of the
48:17group
48:17I
48:20was
48:21haunted
48:22by this
48:23image
48:23and I
48:25spent
48:25days and
48:26nights
48:26thinking
48:27about
48:27it
48:27unable
48:29to
48:29change
48:30what
48:30had
48:30happened
48:30from
48:33my
48:34point
48:34of
48:34view
48:34I
48:35felt
48:35guilty
48:36that
48:36I
48:36might
48:37have
48:37started
48:37a
48:37war
48:38with
48:38the
48:38Americans
48:39top
48:41did
48:42not
48:42but
48:43the
48:43Japanese
48:43did
48:44out
48:45of the
48:45blue
48:45Hawaiian
48:46skies
48:46five
48:47weeks
48:47later
48:47they
48:48rained
48:48devastation
48:49on the
48:49American
48:50battle
48:50fleet
48:50at
48:50Pearl Harbor
48:51sinking
48:52or
48:52seriously
48:52damaging
48:5318
48:53ships
48:54and
48:54killing
48:54over
48:552,000
48:56over
48:57night
48:58after
48:59December
48:597th
48:591941
49:00the
49:01entire
49:01American
49:02nation
49:02rose up
49:03in
49:03wrath
49:04against
49:04the
49:04Japanese
49:05but
49:06there
49:06was
49:06no
49:07commitment
49:08in
49:08Congress
49:09to
49:09declare
49:10war
49:10against
49:11Nazi
49:11Germany
49:11it
49:12took
49:12Germany
49:13to
49:13declare
49:13war
49:14on
49:14us
49:14to
49:14bring
49:15us
49:15into
49:15war
49:15with
49:15that
49:16power
49:16and
49:17many
49:17people
49:17think
49:17that
49:18next
49:18to
49:18Hitler's
49:19invasion
49:20of
49:20the
49:20Soviet
49:21Union
49:21in
49:22June
49:23of
49:231941
49:24this
49:24was
49:24his
49:25biggest
49:26mistake
49:26on
49:28December
49:2811th
49:29four
49:30days
49:30after
49:30Pearl
49:31Harbor
49:31Hitler
49:32unilaterally
49:34gratuitously
49:35with
49:36no
49:36sound
49:37reason
49:37declared
49:38war
49:38against
49:38the
49:39United
49:39States
49:39but
49:41that
49:41declaration
49:42of
49:42war
49:42against
49:43the
49:43USA
49:43far
49:44from
49:44creating
49:45despondency
49:45in the
49:46U-boat
49:46arm
49:47was
49:47celebrated
49:48there
49:50was
49:50great
49:50elation
49:51in
49:51the
49:52German
49:52Navy
49:52because
49:53for
49:54months
49:54they
49:55had
49:56had
49:56to
49:56fight
49:56with
49:56an
49:57arm
49:57tied
49:57behind
49:58their
49:58back
49:58against
49:58the
49:59American
49:59destroyers
50:00that
50:00were
50:00escorting
50:01British
50:02convoys
50:02across
50:03the
50:03Atlantic
50:03east
50:04and
50:04west
50:04now
50:05the
50:06commanders
50:06were
50:07free
50:07to
50:07launch
50:07torpedoes
50:08at
50:08every
50:08warship
50:09they
50:09saw
50:09in
50:10the
50:10Atlantic
50:10there
50:10was
50:10no
50:11holding
50:11back
50:11because
50:11of
50:12the
50:12Americans
50:12Dernitz
50:22secured
50:22permission
50:23from
50:23Hitler
50:23to
50:23go ahead
50:24and
50:24plan
50:24an
50:25attack
50:25along
50:26the
50:26east
50:26shore
50:27of the
50:27United
50:27States
50:28from
50:28Maine
50:28to
50:29Florida
50:29in
50:30an
50:30operation
50:30that
50:31Dernitz
50:31called
50:31Paukenschlag
50:32drumbeat
50:34now
50:38Admiral
50:38Dernitz
50:39thought
50:39that
50:39his
50:40U-boats
50:40would
50:41have
50:41no
50:41problem
50:42with
50:42the
50:42United
50:42States
50:43Navy
50:43because
50:43they
50:44were
50:44untrained
50:45and
50:45unprepared
50:47and
50:47in
50:47Dernitz's
50:48view
50:48and
50:48certainly
50:48that
50:49of
50:49Hitler
50:49too
50:49the
50:50United
50:50States
50:51Navy
50:51was
50:51unprofessional
50:52the
50:53German
50:54high
50:54command
50:55had
50:55a
50:55very
50:56poor
50:56regard
50:57for
50:57the
50:57American
50:58fighting
50:59man
50:59did
51:00not
51:00think
51:00that
51:01the
51:01American
51:01had
51:02the
51:02stomach
51:02for
51:02a
51:03fight
51:03did
51:04not
51:05think
51:05that
51:05the
51:06Americans
51:07would
51:07be
51:07able
51:08effectively
51:09to
51:10turn
51:10back
51:10those
51:11U-boats
51:11to
51:12bloody
51:12their
51:12noses
51:13rather
51:14thought
51:14that
51:14the
51:15U-boats
51:15would
51:15bloody
51:16the
51:16American
51:16Navy's
51:17noses
51:17and
51:19they
51:19were
51:19right
51:19it
51:23was
51:23the
51:24greatest
51:24maritime
51:24disaster
51:25in
51:25modern
51:26times
51:26it
51:28was
51:28the
51:29greatest
51:29defeat
51:30at
51:30sea
51:30suffered
51:31by
51:31the
51:31United
51:31States
51:32Navy
51:32in
51:32World
51:32War
51:33II
51:33it
51:34was
51:34an
51:35Atlantic
51:35Pearl
51:36Harbor
51:49World
51:50World
51:51World
51:52World
51:53World
51:54World
51:55World
51:56World
51:57World
51:58World
51:59World
52:01World
52:02World
52:03World
52:04World
52:05World
52:06World
52:07World
52:08World
52:09World
52:10World
52:11World
52:12World
52:13World
52:14World
52:15World
52:16World
52:17World
52:18World
52:19You
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