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04:18La estructura de la masta puede también haber sido por el beneficio de los archers.
04:23Los enemigos de la antigüedad de Egipto
04:26eran, primero, los que vivían en el camino,
04:30más allá arriba, en el Nile Nile.
04:34Y, probablemente, a la mejor manera,
04:38los mediterráneos que enfrentaban el Nile Delta.
04:42La mayoría de la guerra de Egipto es dirigida en el camino.
04:46Y aquí, ellos han estado atacando o fighting against gente
04:52a un rather menos desarrollado nivel de civilización
04:56whose ships probablemente copied Egipto ships.
05:01At best, they were pale reflections de Egipto ships,
05:04perhaps smaller, menos mobile.
05:07Los que atacan ancient Egypt desde el Mediterráneo
05:11seemed to have come in boats which resembled Viking longships.
05:17No built in the same way, but that sort of arrangement,
05:20single banks of oars with warriors in them.
05:23And here the Egyptians would have had the advantage of the space
05:29which they provide for the fighting men.
05:36Not strictly sailors, but the sorts of fighting men
05:39that you would see in a land battle.
05:42Archers, javelin men.
05:43Egyptian warships provide more and higher space for these people.
05:52And Egyptian bowmen were extremely good quality.
05:55They're renowned in the ancient world.
05:58And so it's the conditions which allow these people
06:01to fight most effectively
06:03which mean that Egyptian warships were famous.
06:06Egypt was not the only naval power of its age.
06:12To the north, the Minoans and then the Mycenaeans
06:16were known for their seafaring skills.
06:19For centuries, Crete was the home base of a substantial fleet,
06:23although our knowledge of the ships they used is limited.
06:27The Cretans were attributed with designing the first warships.
06:31Their ideas were certainly adopted by the next great sea power
06:37in the eastern Mediterranean, the Phoenicians.
06:45Based around the cities of Tyre and Sidon,
06:48Phoenicia was a grouping of independent city-states
06:51that flourished around the turn of the first millennium BC.
06:56They were primarily a nation of traders.
07:00In their pursuit of trade,
07:03they became legendary seafarers.
07:06We know that Phoenician merchant ships
07:08travelled beyond the Mediterranean.
07:11It is even possible
07:12that they circumnavigated the African continent.
07:17It is virtually certain
07:18that they travelled as far as Cornwall
07:21to acquire the tin needed to produce bronze.
07:24The evolution of the Phoenician warship
07:29was linked to the merchant trade,
07:32providing defence for the merchant shipping routes.
07:36The design adopted
07:38would profoundly influence
07:39the later development of battleships.
07:43As in Egypt,
07:45Phoenician ships were powered by both sail and oar.
07:48They were long, slim vessels,
07:51war galleys built for speed and manoeuvrability,
07:54with two steering oars for direction.
07:58Surviving images also proved
08:00that they were fitted with a bronze weapon
08:02that would feature again and again
08:04in ancient warship design,
08:06the ram.
08:07It's very difficult to determine
08:11exactly when the true ram developed.
08:14Early depictions of ships on vases
08:18show an extension of the keel
08:21beyond the main hull,
08:23which may be an offensive ram
08:24or may just be a forefoot,
08:27just an extension.
08:29At some stage,
08:31somebody obviously discovered
08:32that running into another ship
08:34with this forefoot
08:35could knock a hole in it
08:36and therefore got the idea
08:38of using that offensively.
08:41Once it's realised
08:43that one can fight in this way
08:45by destroying one's enemy
08:47by ramming them,
08:49this then puts a premium
08:51on the speed and manoeuvrability
08:53of one's ships.
08:55And because the ships are all powered,
08:58people then presumably start looking for ways
09:00of packing more men
09:03into the same length of hull.
09:04And this is one reason
09:09why multiple level ships developed
09:11where you've got oarsmen
09:12not at a single level
09:14but at two and later three levels.
09:17So that same length of ship
09:20has twice as much power,
09:23propulsive power,
09:24without sacrificing any of the manoeuvrability
09:27of a shorter hull.
09:30For extra speed,
09:32Phoenician warships were designed
09:34with not one
09:35but two banks of rowers.
09:38The lower bank
09:39were seated along the main body
09:40of the galley,
09:41while the upper bank
09:43were positioned in extensions
09:45known as outriggers.
09:46In themselves,
09:49these outriggers
09:50provided valuable stability
09:52in a long, narrow ship.
09:55The extra muscle power
09:57accommodated within them
09:58made the Phoenician warship
10:00a formidable opponent.
10:02Ships like this
10:04succeeded in protecting
10:06the merchant fleet.
10:08For a time,
10:10the city of Tyre
10:11became the richest
10:12in the world
10:13and the Phoenicians
10:14established colonies
10:16across the Mediterranean region.
10:18The Phoenicians
10:18had a very important impact
10:20on the design of warship.
10:22Assyrian palace reliefs
10:23of the late 8th century,
10:25that is to say
10:26about 700 BC,
10:27rather crudely depict
10:29Phoenician vessels
10:30of two banks of oars
10:31and with what I call
10:33a kind of proto-RAM,
10:34a small RAM.
10:36The RAM
10:37makes a major change
10:39to naval warfare
10:41and hence to warships
10:42because it means
10:44that ships are capable
10:45of fighting
10:45in a rather different way.
10:47Before the RAM,
10:48you fight your enemies
10:49rather as if you're
10:51fighting a battle on land.
10:53You come alongside
10:53and you bombard them.
10:55You could do that on land.
10:57But with a RAM,
10:59you've got a different way
11:01of knocking out enemy ships.
11:05The RAM enables
11:06specifically naval tactics
11:08to evolve.
11:10It means that seamanship,
11:12the ability to row
11:13and steer skilfully,
11:14become very, very important.
11:17It's the great change
11:19in ancient naval warfare.
11:23As Phoenicia flourished,
11:26another group of city-states
11:27in the region
11:28began to prosper.
11:29The Greek city-states.
11:32Like the Phoenicians,
11:34the Greeks were traders
11:35and colonists
11:36for whom mobility
11:38at sea was vital.
11:40From the 8th century BC,
11:43they began to spread out
11:44into the Mediterranean.
11:47For trade,
11:48they relied on the Pentecanta,
11:50an undecked,
11:52light-hulled vessel
11:53with square sail
11:54and 25 oarsmen
11:56either side.
11:57The Pentecanta
11:59was strongly influenced
12:01by the Phoenician merchant galleys.
12:03A fast ship,
12:05it was said
12:05it could overtake
12:06any other vessel
12:07on the Mediterranean.
12:10Often,
12:11this advantage
12:12would be used
12:12against the ships
12:13of other nations.
12:16Many a voyage
12:17would lead
12:17to a substantial booty
12:19of looted cargo.
12:20For a time,
12:23the Greeks
12:23with their Pentecontas
12:24were the greatest
12:25buccaneers
12:26of the Mediterranean.
12:30Greek warships
12:31were also influenced
12:32by the Phoenicians.
12:35Early Greek examples
12:36were virtual copies
12:38of the Phoenician
12:39two bankers.
12:41History has come
12:42to know these ships
12:43after the Latin phrase
12:45meaning two oars,
12:46biremes.
12:48The Greek bireme
12:50is a striking example
12:51of a phenomenon
12:52that features repeatedly
12:54in the history
12:55of warship design.
12:57The theft
12:58of rival nations' ideas.
13:01The similarities
13:02between the Greek
13:03and Phoenician vessels
13:04are obvious,
13:06although some differences
13:07do occur.
13:09Primarily,
13:11the Greek bireme
13:11was lighter.
13:12For ramming strength,
13:15a storming bridge
13:16or cacostroma
13:17ran the full
13:1880-foot length
13:19of the vessel.
13:21The ship's keel
13:22was also designed
13:23to provide the strength
13:24needed for ramming.
13:26It's difficult to say
13:27who first introduced
13:29keels to boat design
13:31because we don't have
13:33the archaeological evidence
13:36to prove this.
13:39It's quite likely
13:40that keels
13:41were introduced
13:42in different parts
13:44of the ancient world
13:45at different times
13:47in parallel developments.
13:51The importance
13:52of the keel
13:53to the design
13:55of a boat
13:55is that
13:56it allows
13:57a larger,
13:59a stronger,
14:00a more stable structure
14:02to be built.
14:05And in terms
14:06of warships,
14:07that means
14:07bigger,
14:08more men in it,
14:09can move faster,
14:12it can have
14:12more missile men
14:13in it.
14:14It's a bigger thread.
14:18Despite these
14:19design innovations,
14:21the bireme
14:21would soon be surpassed
14:23as the standard
14:23Greek ship of war.
14:26Around the 6th century
14:27B.C.,
14:28a new kind of vessel
14:29was introduced
14:30as the Greeks
14:31sought a warship
14:32more powerful
14:33than ever before.
14:36Far and away,
14:37the most distinctive feature
14:39of this new kind of vessel
14:40was its additional
14:42bank of rowers.
14:44The two-banked bireme
14:46now became
14:47the three-banked trireme.
14:50It would become
14:51the most famous warship
14:53of the ancient world.
14:57Contemporary images
14:59of triremes
14:59are few,
15:01restricted to depictions
15:02on surviving
15:03Greek vases.
15:05From ancient writers,
15:07however,
15:07we can build up
15:09a reasonably clear idea
15:10of the ship's design.
15:13Like its predecessors,
15:15the trireme
15:15was powered
15:16by both sail
15:17and oar.
15:19A standard ship
15:20of its time
15:21was around
15:22125 feet long
15:24and 20 feet wide.
15:26The crew
15:27totaled about 200.
15:30170 of these
15:32were oarsmen.
15:34This concentration
15:36of muscle power
15:37produced remarkable results.
15:40The top speed
15:41of a trireme
15:42was around 7 knots,
15:45all of it
15:45as a result
15:46of massive human effort.
15:49The working conditions
15:50for a trireme oarsman
15:51must have been
15:52extremely hard.
15:54The Greek oarsmen
15:55were not slaves,
15:57as is commonly believed.
15:58They were free citizens
15:59of their city-states
16:01and they volunteered
16:01to serve at sea
16:03rather than on land
16:04as a hoplite,
16:05sort of the citizen warrior
16:06of the era.
16:07So they were well motivated,
16:09but they must have worked
16:09in very hard,
16:11cramped conditions.
16:12And effectively,
16:13they had to be as fit
16:14and as strong
16:15as a modern
16:16international rower.
16:18The conditions
16:20in a trireme
16:21were cramped,
16:22unpleasant
16:22and smelly.
16:24There's a passage
16:26in a comedy
16:27by the Athenian
16:28playwright Aristophanes
16:30which talks about
16:31rowers farting
16:32in each other's faces.
16:34You've got to imagine
16:35it, three rows
16:36of rowers.
16:38The people on the top
16:38have got their backside
16:39roughly at nose level
16:41with the people
16:42in the second row.
16:43People in the second row
16:44have got their backside
16:45roughly at nose level
16:46of the people down below.
16:48So there's a lot
16:49of bodily odors
16:50wafting around
16:52in this ship.
16:55The positioning
16:56of the rowers
16:57responsible
16:57for this unprecedented
16:58performance
16:59remains the greatest
17:01mystery
17:01of the trireme design.
17:04There are two
17:04contending theories.
17:07The first
17:07suggests that
17:09the oarsmen
17:09were positioned
17:10in banks
17:10one above the other.
17:13The other theory
17:14argues
17:14that there were
17:16only two banks
17:17with one oarsman
17:18on the lower level
17:19and two on the top.
17:22However the rowers
17:23were positioned
17:24we know
17:25that their power
17:25resulted
17:26in an awesome
17:27instrument of war.
17:30The trireme's ram
17:31was a fearsome device.
17:34A three-pronged
17:35metal spur
17:36with the potential
17:37to cause
17:38catastrophic damage
17:39to enemy vessels.
17:41Just above it
17:42was the all-seeing eye
17:44the most recognisable
17:46feature
17:47of any Greek warship.
17:49The all-seeing eye
17:50which features
17:51so prominently
17:52on Greek warships
17:53was used
17:54extensively
17:55by the Greeks
17:56but in fact
17:56went back
17:56to the Egyptians
17:57where it was seen
17:58as the eye of Horus
17:59one of the Egyptian gods
18:00and the idea
18:01of it being there
18:02was it helped
18:02the ship
18:02to navigate
18:03through difficult
18:04and dangerous seas.
18:05The trireme
18:08represented a new era
18:10in warship design
18:11power and strength
18:13and it soon
18:14became famous
18:15throughout the known world.
18:17The trireme
18:18was the first
18:19we think
18:20the first three-level ship
18:22with rowers
18:22at three levels
18:23170 rowers
18:25packed into the hull
18:2662 on top
18:2854 in the middle
18:2954 on the bottom.
18:31This would appear
18:33to have been
18:33the optimal design
18:35for speed
18:36and manoeuvrability
18:37so the optimal design
18:39for ramming.
18:41It was the type
18:43of warship
18:44which was the most
18:46common in the ancient world
18:47for about a thousand years
18:48from the 6th century BC
18:50through to the 4th century AD.
18:53It was also
18:54the basic ship
18:57of the fleets
18:58of classical Athens
18:59at her height
19:00so it really was
19:02the most important
19:03ship design
19:04of the ancient world
19:05and it was a design
19:07from which
19:08all subsequent
19:09odd warships
19:09of the ancient world
19:10were developed.
19:16It can be reasonably
19:17suggested that
19:18had it not been
19:19for the development
19:20of the trireme
19:21the world
19:22would now be
19:23a profoundly different place.
19:26In the early
19:275th century BC
19:28the Greeks
19:30were at war
19:30with the Persians.
19:32In 480 BC
19:34a huge Persian fleet
19:36commanded by King Xerxes
19:38took on a Greek fleet
19:39of triremes
19:40commanded
19:41by Themistocles.
19:43The Persians
19:44were superior
19:45in number
19:45but the cunning
19:47of the Greeks
19:48would prove decisive
19:49in the Battle
19:50of Salamis.
19:53The two fleets
19:54engaged
19:55in the Bay of Eleusis
19:57on the Aegean
19:58island of Salamis.
20:00The Persians
20:01attacked from the south
20:02through the narrow channels
20:04leading into the bay.
20:07With Xerxes
20:07watching from his throne
20:09on an overlooking cliff top
20:10one of the most important events
20:13in ancient history
20:14took place.
20:17The Persians
20:18were numerically superior
20:20but this was to prove
20:22their undoing.
20:24In the narrow waterways
20:26they lacked room
20:27for manoeuvre
20:28in their tall
20:29bulky vessels.
20:32Hampered in their mobility
20:33the Persian ships
20:35presented an easy target
20:36for the triremes rams.
20:40200 Persian ships
20:41were lost
20:42only 40 Greek vessels
20:44perished.
20:46The day
20:46belonged to Themistocles.
20:48Had the result
20:51been different
20:51the immeasurable contribution
20:54made by later Greeks
20:55to Western civilisation
20:56would never have happened.
20:59How the world
21:00would have developed
21:01in that scenario
21:02can only be guessed.
21:06The success
21:07of the trireme
21:08led to the incorporation
21:10of still more oarsmen
21:11in later warships.
21:13The famous
21:14quadriremes
21:15and quinquiremes
21:16had four or five
21:18banks of rowers.
21:20It is highly unlikely
21:21that these banks
21:22of men
21:23were positioned
21:24one above the other.
21:25It is also unlikely
21:27that they all
21:28powered one oar.
21:30Probably
21:31some of the oars
21:32were pulled
21:33by more than one man.
21:36The desire
21:37for increased oar power
21:38led to a Mediterranean
21:40arms race.
21:41By the 5th century
21:42the standard man of war
21:44was the triere
21:45and the Greek word
21:45for that was triere
21:46meaning triply furnished.
21:48In other words
21:48having three oarsmen.
21:50But as time developed
21:52in the 4th and 3rd century
21:54there was actually
21:55an increase
21:56in the number
21:57of oarsmen
21:58used on the ships
21:59though not
22:00in the banks
22:01of oars themselves
22:02which were
22:02usually three
22:04on a large vessel.
22:06There was one
22:06particular ship
22:07built by
22:08a successor general
22:09to Alexander
22:10a man called
22:11Demetrius Polyocates.
22:12He had a ship
22:13built in about
22:14306
22:15which was a septyreme.
22:17In other words
22:17it had seven rowers
22:19and there were
22:21about 350 of them
22:22200 marines
22:24so that's a very
22:26large vessel.
22:26It must have been
22:27about 40 metres long
22:29with a very heavy
22:30bronze ram
22:31and it also
22:32carried protection
22:33so it was a sort
22:34of armoured vessel.
22:35It's been called
22:35the dreadnought
22:36of its age.
22:37Such vessels
22:38were very successful
22:39but they were expensive
22:40to produce
22:41and maintain
22:42and so you actually
22:42needed a very strong
22:44economy to enable
22:45you to do that.
22:46So if the economy
22:46of the supporting
22:47state was not strong
22:49then such vessels
22:50could not be maintained.
22:58In Egypt
22:59Ptolemy III
23:00built a ship
23:01known as
23:02Atessa Contaries
23:03with 40 banks
23:04of oars
23:05and 4,000 rowers.
23:07Perhaps unsurprisingly
23:10this monster ship
23:12was never used.
23:14Soon afterwards
23:15the fashion
23:16for enormous warships
23:17began to fade.
23:21In addition
23:22to ship design
23:23the Greeks
23:24made other
23:25important contributions
23:26to the history
23:27of sea power.
23:29Tactically
23:29they adopted
23:31two specific
23:32battle procedures.
23:34The first
23:34was known
23:35as the Periplus
23:36a manoeuvre
23:38intended to
23:38outflank the enemy
23:39and attack him
23:41in the stern.
23:43By contrast
23:44the Diekplus
23:45involved a direct
23:47assault
23:48on the enemy
23:48line of ships.
23:50Having pierced
23:51the line
23:51a wheel manoeuvre
23:53left and right
23:54would be deployed
23:56to attack
23:56the unprotected
23:57rear of the broken line.
24:01Tactics like these
24:02proved remarkably
24:03successful in battles
24:05between warring
24:06Greek states
24:07and external enemies
24:08such as Carthage.
24:12In weaponry
24:13too
24:13the Greeks
24:14were innovators.
24:16The Macedonian
24:17Demetrius
24:18Poliocetes
24:19is credited
24:20with introducing
24:21shipboard catapults
24:22for firing heavy
24:24darts
24:24at enemy vessels.
24:26He is also credited
24:27with the invention
24:29of the ballistae
24:29a device
24:31for bombarding
24:32rival ships
24:33with boulders.
24:35The Greeks
24:36were as innovative
24:38in naval warfare
24:39as they were
24:40in every other
24:41aspect of life.
24:43There is no doubt
24:44that the Trireme
24:46was the greatest
24:46warship
24:47of the ancient
24:48Mediterranean.
24:50However
24:50by the 3rd century
24:52BC
24:53a new power
24:55began to rise
24:56in the west
24:56Rome.
24:58Spreading out
25:07from central Italy
25:08Roman ships
25:10would eventually
25:10come to dominate
25:11the whole
25:12of the Mediterranean.
25:14They were not
25:15originally
25:15a seagoing people
25:17but by adopting
25:18the best ideas
25:19of their rivals
25:20and applying them
25:22with their
25:22customary genius
25:23and courage
25:24they became
25:25masters of the sea
25:26for centuries.
25:28The story
25:31of Roman
25:32naval power
25:32begins with
25:34the first
25:34Punic war
25:35against Carthage.
25:37At the beginning
25:38of the 3rd century
25:39BC
25:40Carthage was
25:41the dominant power
25:42of the western
25:43Mediterranean
25:44a seagoing
25:45trading nation
25:46of Phoenician
25:47descent.
25:49Her quadriremes
25:51and Quinquirines
25:52were especially
25:53famed in the region.
25:55When war broke out
25:56with Rome
25:57over the island
25:58of Sicily
25:59in 264 BC
26:01the Carthaginian navy
26:03looked likely
26:04to prevail
26:05against a nation
26:06with no seafaring
26:07experience.
26:09However
26:10Rome now determined
26:12to make herself
26:13a naval force
26:14to be reckoned with.
26:16Unfortunately
26:18for the Carthaginians
26:19one of their
26:20Quinquirines
26:21was beached
26:22and abandoned
26:23early in the conflict.
26:25Finding it
26:25the Romans
26:27decided to copy
26:28its design
26:28wholesale.
26:30A fleet
26:31of 100
26:32Quinquirines
26:33was constructed
26:34along
26:34Carthaginian lines
26:35but with one
26:37significant innovation.
26:40The Romans
26:40were always keen
26:42to fight
26:42the way
26:43they knew best
26:44as they did
26:45on land.
26:46This meant
26:47a strong role
26:48for marine troops
26:49in Roman naval tactics.
26:52The key
26:53to Roman
26:54success
26:55in naval warfare
26:56was the complement
26:58of fighting men
27:00marines
27:01on board
27:02their ships.
27:04The Romans
27:05build a navy.
27:06They're not
27:07expert sailors
27:08they're not
27:09trained rowers
27:10they're not going
27:10to be able
27:11to match
27:11the skill
27:14of the
27:14Carthaginian navy.
27:17So the way
27:17that the Romans
27:18set about
27:19fighting their
27:20naval battles
27:20is by
27:21transforming
27:22the sea
27:23into land.
27:25By
27:25counteracting
27:27the superior
27:28naval ability
27:30of the Carthaginians
27:31and
27:33allowing
27:34the Roman
27:35strength
27:36with their
27:37foot soldiers
27:38their infantrymen
27:39to dominate.
27:40What they do
27:42is develop
27:43a special
27:43boarding bridge
27:44which makes
27:45them particularly
27:45efficient
27:46at boarding
27:47tactics
27:47and this is
27:48the so-called
27:49corvus
27:50the crow
27:51which is
27:53a sort of
27:54boarding plank
27:55with a big
27:56spike on the end
27:57which they
27:58drop on
27:58the opposing ship
28:00as they come
28:01nearby
28:01and locks
28:02the two ships
28:02together
28:02and allows
28:03the Roman
28:04legions
28:04to pull
28:05across
28:05this boarding
28:06bridge
28:06and sweep
28:08away
28:08their opponents
28:10and capture
28:10their enemies.
28:12This is so effective
28:13initially
28:14that the Carthaginians
28:17have no answer
28:17to it.
28:18The disadvantage
28:19of the great boarding
28:21bridge
28:21is that it makes
28:22the Roman ships
28:23horribly unwieldy
28:24and unstable
28:26and whenever
28:26they're caught
28:27in a storm
28:27they lose
28:28hundreds of ships
28:29at a time.
28:30So the development
28:32doesn't last
28:32for very long
28:33but it does
28:35introduce
28:36Rome to
28:38naval power
28:38it forces them
28:40to create
28:41a navy
28:42and it sets
28:44Rome up
28:45as the major
28:46naval power
28:47of the
28:48first the western
28:49and later
28:50the eastern
28:51Mediterranean.
28:54In 260 BC
28:56at the Battle
28:57of Miley
28:58northeast of Sicily
29:00the new Roman
29:01fleet destroyed
29:0244 Carthaginian
29:04ships
29:04and killed
29:05or captured
29:0610,000 men.
29:08It was a sign
29:10of things to come.
29:12By 241 BC
29:15another great
29:16naval victory
29:17at the Ergittes
29:18islands
29:19marked the end
29:20of the first
29:21war with Carthage.
29:23Less than
29:24a hundred
29:24years later
29:25Roman victory
29:27in the third
29:27Punic war
29:28resulted in
29:29the complete
29:30destruction
29:31of its enemy
29:32forever.
29:34Rome
29:34was now
29:35the master
29:36of the western
29:37Mediterranean.
29:38It takes
29:39the Romans
29:39time
29:40to become
29:41a naval
29:42power.
29:43They don't
29:44initially
29:44know
29:45how to do
29:46it.
29:47They're not
29:47terribly good
29:48at weather.
29:50They allow
29:51their ships
29:52to get blown
29:52against
29:53headlands.
29:55There's one
29:55spectacular case
29:57of a
29:57sort of
29:58bluff
29:58Roman commander.
30:00He wants
30:01to get stuck
30:01into the
30:02Carthaginians.
30:03He wants
30:03to fight
30:03their fleet.
30:05And before
30:05you go into
30:06battle
30:06in the ancient
30:07world
30:07you have
30:08to consult
30:08the gods.
30:10You're not
30:10going to win
30:11unless God
30:11is on your
30:12side.
30:13And so
30:13this man
30:14Clodius
30:15consults the
30:16gods.
30:17he gives
30:18some food
30:19to the
30:20sacred
30:20chickens
30:21who are
30:22kept on
30:22board
30:23the
30:23flagship
30:23and
30:25he
30:25observes
30:26will they
30:27eat
30:27won't they
30:27eat.
30:28He's
30:29observing
30:29the
30:30response
30:30of the
30:30gods
30:30and the
30:31chickens
30:31refuse
30:32to
30:32eat.
30:33So
30:33no deal
30:34no battle
30:35is the
30:36message
30:36from the
30:36gods.
30:37Clodius
30:38he wants
30:38to fight
30:39he thinks
30:40it's a good
30:40opportunity
30:40and so
30:42he kicks
30:42the chickens
30:43over the
30:43side
30:43and says
30:44if they
30:45won't
30:45eat
30:45let
30:45them
30:46drink
30:46and he
30:47leads
30:47his
30:47fleet
30:48into
30:48battle
30:48and
30:49they're
30:49destroyed.
30:50He
30:51ignored
30:52the
30:52warning
30:52of
30:52the
30:52gods.
30:54In fact
30:54he
30:54lost
30:55the
30:55battle
30:55because
30:56he
30:56put
30:56his
30:57fleet
30:57in
30:57a
30:57bad
30:57position
30:58off
30:58a
30:59lee
30:59shore
30:59with
31:00the
31:00wind
31:00likely
31:01to
31:01blow
31:02his
31:02fleet
31:03onto
31:04rocks.
31:05Bad
31:05leadership
31:06inexpert
31:08leadership
31:08but
31:09the
31:10Romans
31:10become
31:11a
31:11naval
31:12power
31:12by sheer
31:13determination
31:14and by
31:15numbers
31:16the
31:17Romans
31:17are
31:18not
31:18troubled
31:19by the
31:20loss
31:21of
31:21a
31:22hundred
31:22ships
31:23a
31:24few
31:24tens
31:25of
31:25thousands
31:25of
31:25men
31:26they
31:26replace
31:27them
31:27they've
31:28got
31:28almost
31:29unlimited
31:30manpower
31:31resources
31:32at this
31:32time
31:32and they
31:33use
31:33them
31:34soon
31:40the
31:41whole
31:41of
31:42the
31:42greatest
31:42european
31:43sea
31:43was
31:44under
31:44roman
31:44control
31:45in
31:4667
31:47bc
31:47pompey
31:49led
31:49a
31:49three
31:49year
31:49naval
31:50campaign
31:50against
31:51pirates
31:52in the
31:52eastern
31:52mediterranean
31:53in
31:55three
31:55years
31:56his
31:56fleet
31:57of
31:57500
31:57ships
31:58achieved
31:59its
31:59purpose
31:59the
32:01pirates
32:01were
32:02cleared
32:02from
32:03the
32:03sea
32:03the
32:05mediterranean
32:06was
32:06divided
32:07into
32:07thirteen
32:08administrative
32:09regions
32:09and
32:10Rome
32:11was
32:12now
32:12unchallenged
32:13as
32:13the
32:13dominant
32:13naval
32:14power
32:14of
32:15the
32:15age
32:15by
32:19pompey's
32:19time
32:20the
32:21roman
32:21method
32:21of
32:21sea
32:22warfare
32:22had
32:23subtly
32:23changed
32:24the
32:25spiked
32:26gangway
32:26fell
32:27from
32:27favor
32:27and
32:28the
32:28use
32:28of
32:28the
32:29ram
32:29grew
32:29more
32:30widespread
32:30to
32:32give
32:32the
32:32ram
32:32real
32:33power
32:33roman
32:34galleys
32:35were
32:35built
32:35large
32:36and
32:36heavy
32:36against
32:38external
32:39enemies
32:39the
32:40heavy
32:40galley
32:41proved
32:41itself
32:41effective
32:42notably
32:43during
32:44a
32:44campaign
32:45against
32:45philip
32:45of
32:46macedon
32:46father
32:47of
32:48alexander
32:48the
32:49great
32:49however
32:51another
32:52type
32:52of roman
32:53warship
32:53then
32:53began
32:54to
32:54be
32:54deployed
32:55this
32:56was
32:57the
32:57liburnian
32:58a
32:58faster
32:59lighter
33:00vessel
33:00than
33:00the
33:01traditional
33:01heavy
33:02galley
33:02originally
33:04a
33:05unirema
33:05roman
33:06designers
33:07later
33:07added
33:08a
33:08second
33:08bank
33:08of
33:09oars
33:09this
33:11resulted
33:11in
33:12a
33:12highly
33:12maneuverable
33:13warship
33:14one
33:14that would
33:15dominate
33:15the
33:16first
33:16millennium
33:17ad
33:17the
33:21liburnian
33:22proved
33:22itself
33:23at the
33:23battle
33:23of
33:24actia
33:24following
33:26the
33:26death
33:26of
33:26julius
33:27caesar
33:27rome
33:28was
33:28risen
33:29with
33:29internal
33:30dispute
33:30this
33:32this
33:32led
33:32to
33:32war
33:33between
33:33the
33:33forces
33:34of
33:34octavian
33:35and
33:35the
33:35forces
33:36of
33:36mark
33:36antony
33:37and
33:37cleopatra
33:38on
33:40on
33:40september
33:40the
33:40second
33:41thirty
33:42one
33:42bc
33:43on
33:43the
33:44northwest
33:44coast
33:45of
33:45greece
33:45the
33:46roman
33:46egyptian
33:47fleet
33:47met
33:48in
33:48battle
33:49the
33:49ships
33:50of
33:50octavian
33:51commanded
33:51by
33:51agrippa
33:52antony's
33:55ships
33:55were
33:56traditional
33:56heavy
33:56galleys
33:57while
33:58agrippa's
33:58vessels
33:59were
33:59the
33:59new
34:00lighter
34:00liburnians
34:01it
34:03was
34:03these
34:03vessels
34:04that
34:04won
34:04the
34:04day
34:05their
34:06mobility
34:07enabled
34:07them
34:08to
34:08avoid
34:08ruin
34:09from
34:09enemy
34:09ramming
34:10in
34:11addition
34:12agrippa
34:13adopted
34:13the
34:14devastating
34:14tactic
34:15of
34:15ramming
34:16the
34:16enemy's
34:17oars
34:17the
34:19speed
34:19of
34:19his
34:19ships
34:20meant
34:20that
34:21antony's
34:21crews
34:22were
34:22unable
34:22to
34:23pull
34:23the
34:23oars
34:23aboard
34:24in
34:24time
34:24with
34:26agrippa
34:26winning
34:27the
34:27day
34:27first
34:28cleopatra
34:29then
34:30antony
34:31agrippa's
34:34victory
34:35was
34:35of
34:36massive
34:36importance
34:36to
34:37the
34:37history
34:37of
34:38rome
34:38soon
34:39octavian
34:41became
34:41augustus
34:42caesar
34:42and
34:43rome
34:44became
34:45an
34:45empire
34:46the
34:51sea
34:51power
34:51of
34:51rome
34:52extended
34:53far
34:53beyond
34:54the
34:54mediterranean
34:54by
34:56the
34:56time
34:56of
34:57the
34:57battle
34:57of
34:57actium
34:58roman
34:59warships
34:59had
34:59already
35:00ventured
35:00into
35:00northern
35:01european
35:02waters
35:02off
35:04the
35:04coasts
35:04of
35:05gaul
35:05julius
35:06caesar
35:06led
35:07a
35:07fleet
35:07of
35:07ships
35:08against
35:08the
35:08sailing
35:08vessels
35:09of
35:09the
35:10veneti
35:10tribe
35:11here
35:11you
35:12have
35:12a
35:13mediterranean
35:13power
35:14from
35:15a
35:15tideless
35:16landlocked
35:17sea
35:17facing
35:18up
35:19to
35:19the
35:20problems
35:20of
35:21sea
35:21warfare
35:22on
35:22the
35:23open
35:23tidal
35:24atlantic
35:24and
35:26it's
35:26clear
35:26that
35:26the
35:27battle
35:27was
35:28a
35:28fairly
35:29even
35:29one
35:30the
35:31problem
35:31the
35:31romans
35:32had
35:32was
35:32the
35:33ships
35:33of
35:33veneti
35:34were
35:34clearly
35:35extremely
35:35different
35:36they
35:36were
35:36made
35:36of
35:37oak
35:37and
35:37the
35:38scantling
35:38of
35:38the
35:39timbers
35:39that
35:39is
35:39their
35:40dimensions
35:40was
35:41extremely
35:41large
35:42so
35:43much
35:43so
35:43that
35:44the
35:44rams
35:45at
35:45the
35:45front
35:46of
35:46traditional
35:47roman
35:47warships
35:48were
35:49ineffective
35:49against
35:50the
35:51venetic
35:51fleet
35:51the
35:53one
35:53advantage
35:54which
35:54the
35:54romans
35:55had
35:55was
35:56that
35:56the
35:57veneti
35:57were
35:58absolutely
35:58dependent
35:59on
36:00sail
36:00for
36:01moving
36:02their
36:02ships
36:03anywhere
36:03the
36:05romans
36:05took
36:06advantage
36:06of
36:06this
36:06in
36:07two
36:07ways
36:07first
36:08of
36:08all
36:08they
36:09constructed
36:10for
36:11themselves
36:11essentially
36:12a series
36:13of
36:13very
36:13long
36:14handled
36:14bill
36:14hooks
36:15with
36:16which
36:16they
36:17caught
36:17and
36:18eventually
36:18cut
36:18through
36:19the
36:19halyards
36:19which
36:20held
36:20the
36:21yard
36:21and
36:26sails
36:27and
36:27immobilizing
36:28the
36:28ships
36:28allowing
36:29the
36:29romans
36:30then
36:30to
36:30board
36:31them
36:31and
36:33after
36:33a bit
36:34the
36:34venetic
36:34fleet
36:35broke
36:35off
36:36the
36:36engagement
36:36and
36:37started
36:37to
36:37retreat
36:38and
36:39here
36:39Caesar
36:40had
36:40enormous
36:40good
36:41fortune
36:41his
36:43ships
36:43of course
36:43were
36:44powered
36:44by
36:45oars
36:46in the
36:46traditional
36:47mediterranean
36:47fashion
36:48and
36:49what
36:49happened
36:50was
36:50the
36:50wind
36:50dropped
36:51so
36:52the
36:52venetic
36:52fleet
36:53was
36:53totally
36:53becalmed
36:54and
36:55simply
36:56couldn't
36:56move
36:56whereas
36:56Caesar's
36:57ships
36:57could
36:57still
36:58so
36:58they
36:59were
36:59able
36:59to
36:59catch up
37:00with
37:00the
37:00venetic
37:00fleet
37:01and
37:02because
37:02the
37:02venetic
37:02could
37:03do
37:03little
37:03to
37:03maneuver
37:04or
37:04avoid
37:05the
37:05Roman
37:05fleet
37:05the
37:06Romans
37:06were
37:07able
37:07to
37:07board
37:07them
37:07capture
37:08their
37:09ships
37:09and
37:09destroy
37:10this
37:10extremely
37:10powerful
37:11fleet
37:11in the
37:15centuries
37:15that
37:15followed
37:16Rome
37:17had
37:17no
37:17rival
37:18as
37:18a
37:18sea
37:18power
37:19in
37:20the
37:20mediterranean
37:21the
37:21empire
37:22remained
37:23master
37:23of the
37:23seas
37:24long
37:24after
37:25its
37:25split
37:26into
37:26east
37:26and
37:26west
37:27for
37:28eleven
37:29centuries
37:29the
37:30eastern
37:31empire
37:31based
37:32at
37:32Constantinople
37:33continued
37:34to
37:34maintain
37:34a
37:35substantial
37:35fleet
37:36of
37:36ships
37:36in
37:38that
37:38time
37:39warship
37:40design
37:40hardly
37:41altered
37:41at
37:41all
37:42well
37:44into
37:44the
37:44second
37:45millennium
37:45AD
37:46ships
37:47built
37:47to
37:48the
37:48basic
37:48Libernian
37:49design
37:49continued
37:50to
37:51patrol
37:51the
37:52Mediterranean
37:52not
37:55even
37:55the
37:55rise
37:55of
37:56Islam
37:56could
37:57dent
37:57the
37:57Roman
37:58domination
37:58in
38:00the
38:008th
38:00century
38:01Muslim
38:02sieges
38:02of
38:02Constantinople
38:03were
38:04repeatedly
38:04repelled
38:05by
38:05Roman
38:05sea
38:06power
38:06this
38:08was
38:08partly
38:08due
38:09to
38:09the
38:09introduction
38:09of
38:10a
38:10terrifying
38:10new
38:11weapon
38:11Greek
38:12fire
38:13in
38:15use
38:15from
38:15the
38:157th
38:16century
38:16Greek
38:17fire
38:18was
38:18an
38:18incendiary
38:19mixture
38:19probably
38:20a
38:20combination
38:21of
38:21naphtha
38:22sulfur
38:23and
38:23pitch
38:24in
38:25battle
38:25it
38:26was
38:26thrown
38:27like
38:27a
38:27grenade
38:28or
38:28blown
38:29through
38:29copper
38:29tubes
38:30onto
38:30an
38:30enemy
38:31ship
38:31contemporary
38:33writers
38:33relate
38:35how
38:35the
38:35end
38:35of
38:35these
38:36tubes
38:36were
38:37decorated
38:37to
38:38look
38:38like
38:38monsters
38:39heads
38:39to
38:40enhance
38:40the
38:40terror
38:41generated
38:42by
38:42the
38:42new
38:42weapon
38:43Greek
38:45fire's
38:46effectiveness
38:47stemmed
38:47from the
38:48fact that
38:48water
38:49could not
38:49extinguish
38:50its flames
38:51in
38:52in fact
38:52it
38:53simply
38:53made
38:54matters
38:54worse
38:54only
38:56sand
38:56vinegar
38:57or
38:58urine
38:58could
38:58tame
38:59its
38:59destructive
39:00power
39:00when
39:02used
39:02effectively
39:03Greek
39:04fire
39:04could
39:05cause
39:05devastation
39:06in an
39:06enemy
39:06fleet
39:07for
39:09centuries
39:10its
39:10exclusive
39:11use
39:11by the
39:12Romans
39:12enabled
39:13them
39:13to
39:13continue
39:14their
39:14mastery
39:15of
39:15the
39:15Mediterranean
39:16as
39:22Byzantine
39:22Rome
39:23battled
39:23the
39:23Muslims
39:24off
39:24the
39:24coasts
39:25of
39:25southern
39:26Europe
39:26in
39:27the
39:27north
39:27a
39:28completely
39:28new
39:29sea
39:29power
39:29prepared
39:30to
39:30announce
39:30itself
39:31the
39:32age
39:32of
39:33the
39:33Vikings
39:33was
39:34about
39:34to
39:34begin
39:35by
39:45800
39:46AD
39:46this
39:47Scandinavian
39:48warrior
39:48race
39:49had
39:50succeeded
39:50in
39:50designing
39:51a
39:51completely
39:52new
39:52kind
39:52of
39:53warship
39:53the
39:54long
39:54ship
39:55with
39:56the
39:57western
39:57Roman
39:57empire
39:58having
39:58long
39:59broken
39:59up
39:59the
40:00opportunities
40:01for
40:01conquest
40:02available
40:02to
40:03a
40:03developing
40:03naval
40:04power
40:04were
40:05substantial
40:06over
40:07the
40:07next
40:08centuries
40:08it
40:09was
40:09the
40:10Scandinavian
40:10Vikings
40:11who
40:12took
40:12advantage
40:12of
40:13the
40:13seas
40:13of
40:13northern
40:14Europe
40:14their
40:15ships
40:16remain
40:17their
40:17most
40:17memorable
40:18achievement
40:18we
40:24know
40:24from
40:25archaeological
40:25discoveries
40:26that
40:27Scandinavian
40:28ship
40:28design
40:29developed
40:29gradually
40:30in
40:30the
40:30early
40:31centuries
40:31AD
40:32at
40:34start
40:34of
40:34that
40:35period
40:35their
40:36vessels
40:36were
40:37unsophisticated
40:38however
40:40the
40:41Scandinavian
40:42soon
40:42began
40:42to
40:43make
40:43advances
40:43in
40:44design
40:44the
40:46oar
40:46was
40:46introduced
40:47sail
40:49was
40:49also
40:50discovered
40:50and
40:51Scandinavian
40:52vessels
40:53began
40:53to be
40:54fitted
40:54with
40:54a
40:54genuine
40:55keel
40:55by
40:57AD
40:57800
40:58they
40:59had
40:59developed
40:59a
41:00ship
41:00that
41:01would
41:01enable
41:01them
41:01to
41:02dominate
41:02Europe
41:02for
41:03an
41:03age
41:04this
41:05was
41:06the
41:06legendary
41:06longship
41:07I
41:09think
41:09the
41:10Viking
41:10longship
41:10comes
41:11across
41:11as
41:11a
41:12revolutionary
41:12instrument
41:13of war
41:13it
41:14allowed
41:15its
41:15users
41:16a
41:17strategic
41:17mobility
41:18and
41:18the
41:19ability
41:19to land
41:20forces
41:20almost
41:21anywhere
41:22that
41:22they
41:22chose
41:23fighting
41:24at sea
41:24was
41:25actually
41:25quite
41:25rare
41:26in
41:26the
41:2610th
41:27and
41:2711th
41:27century
41:27which
41:28was
41:28the
41:28high
41:28point
41:28of
41:29the
41:29longship
41:29although
41:30there
41:30was
41:30a
41:30great
41:31battle
41:31at
41:31Stichelstadt
41:32in
41:331030
41:33where
41:34King
41:34Olaf
41:34was
41:36defeated
41:37by
41:37his
41:37enemies
41:37that
41:38was
41:38very
41:38much
41:39like
41:39a
41:39land
41:39battle
41:40at
41:40sea
41:40the
41:40ships
41:40got
41:40locked
41:41together
41:41and
41:42the
41:42Vikings
41:42had
41:43at
41:43one
41:43another
41:43with
41:44axes
41:44spears
41:45and
41:46arrows
41:46in
41:47the
41:47traditional
41:47saga
41:48manner
41:48and
41:53its
41:53importance
41:54was
41:54really
41:55that
41:55it
41:55was
41:55so
41:56maneuverable
41:57in
41:57strategic
41:57terms
41:58rather
41:58than
41:59in
41:59tactical
41:59encounters
42:00detailed
42:03evidence
42:04for the
42:05design
42:05of the
42:05longship
42:06is not
42:06extensive
42:07it
42:08is
42:08limited
42:09to
42:09accounts
42:10in
42:10ancient
42:10Norse
42:11sagas
42:11and
42:12some
42:13priceless
42:13archaeological
42:14finds
42:15despite
42:16this
42:17a
42:18clear
42:18picture
42:18of
42:19the
42:19longship
42:19does
42:20emerge
42:20by
42:22A.D.
42:231000
42:23the
42:24design
42:25had
42:25become
42:25established
42:26in
42:26Scandinavia
42:27by
42:28then
42:28it
42:29was
42:29already
42:30terrifyingly
42:31familiar
42:31to
42:32people
42:32across
42:33northern
42:33Europe
42:34the
42:38classic
42:39longships
42:39were built
42:40in three
42:40different
42:41sizes
42:42all of
42:42them
42:43narrow
42:43in
42:43the
42:43beam
42:44the
42:45largest
42:46of
42:46them
42:46were
42:47150
42:48feet
42:48in
42:48length
42:4920
42:49feet
42:50wide
42:50and
42:51carried
42:51a
42:51crew
42:52of
42:52180
42:53power
42:55was
42:55generated
42:56by the
42:56old
42:57combination
42:57of
42:58square
42:58sail
42:58and
42:59muscle
42:59power
43:00smaller
43:02longships
43:02carried
43:0340
43:03rowers
43:04or less
43:04the
43:05largest
43:06carried
43:06over
43:0760
43:07in
43:09terms
43:09of
43:09their
43:10construction
43:10the
43:11most
43:11distinctive
43:12feature
43:12of
43:13the
43:13longship
43:13was
43:14that
43:14it
43:14was
43:14clinker
43:15built
43:15the
43:18hull
43:18was
43:19made
43:19up
43:20of
43:20overlapping
43:20planks
43:21riveted
43:22together
43:22and
43:23secured
43:23against
43:24the
43:24water
43:25or
43:25caulked
43:26with
43:26tarred
43:27rope
43:27the
43:29unusually
43:30high
43:30bow
43:30and
43:31stern
43:31were
43:32constructed
43:32from
43:33a
43:33single
43:33piece
43:33of
43:34timber
43:34as
43:35was
43:35the
43:35keel
43:36it
43:37was
43:37on
43:38ships
43:38like
43:38these
43:39the
43:39Viking
43:40warriors
43:40set
43:41out
43:41on
43:41their
43:41missions
43:42of
43:42conquest
43:45the
43:55Viking
43:56longship
43:56was
43:57a
43:58substantial
43:58advance
43:59in
43:59boat
44:00design
44:00because
44:01it
44:02enabled
44:02the
44:03Vikings
44:03to
44:04move
44:05in
44:06pretty
44:07hostile
44:07waters
44:08the
44:10odd
44:11warships
44:11of the
44:12ancient
44:12Mediterranean
44:13were
44:13pretty
44:14flimsy
44:15constructions
44:15even
44:16the
44:16big
44:16ones
44:16and
44:17they
44:17could
44:18only
44:18function
44:18in
44:19relatively
44:19calm
44:20seas
44:21they
44:22fought
44:22in
44:22summer
44:23they
44:23couldn't
44:23cope
44:24with
44:24heavy
44:25weather
44:25serious
44:26waves
44:27whereas
44:28the
44:29Viking
44:30longship
44:31had
44:32the
44:32flexibility
44:33through
44:34its
44:34special
44:34construction
44:35to
44:36ride
44:36with
44:37the
44:37waves
44:38of
44:38the
44:38North
44:39Sea
44:39of
44:39the
44:39North
44:39Atlantic
44:40they
44:41enjoy
44:42very
44:42considerable
44:42successes
44:43because
44:45their
44:45boats
44:45are
44:46capable
44:46of
44:47traveling
44:47upriver
44:49and
44:49downriver
44:50across
44:50Russia
44:50to
44:51the
44:51Black
44:51Sea
44:51but
44:53they're
44:53also
44:53capable
44:54of
44:54sailing
44:55around
44:55the
44:55North
44:56Sea
44:56through
44:56the
44:57Channel
44:57around
44:58the
44:58coasts
44:58of
44:58France
44:59and
44:59Spain
45:00into
45:01the
45:01Mediterranean
45:01through
45:02the
45:02Straits
45:02of
45:02Gibraltar
45:03delivering
45:04Viking
45:05warriors
45:06on their
45:07pillaging
45:07expeditions
45:08Viking
45:10warships
45:11are
45:12primarily
45:12means
45:14of
45:14transporting
45:16fighting
45:17men
45:17to a
45:18place
45:18where
45:19they
45:19will
45:19then
45:20engage
45:21in
45:21typically
45:22Viking
45:23habits
45:24of
45:24raping
45:25pillaging
45:25plundering
45:27burning
45:28killing
45:28what
45:29they
45:29enjoyed
45:30doing
45:30the
45:33longship
45:34was a
45:35superb
45:35instrument
45:36of
45:36war
45:37the
45:38medium
45:38sized
45:39vessels
45:39in
45:39particular
45:40were
45:40especially
45:41effective
45:42no
45:43tribe
45:44or
45:44nation
45:45in
45:45Europe
45:45could
45:46construct
45:46anything
45:46to
45:47match
45:47it
45:47for
45:47speed
45:48and
45:48mobility
45:49in
45:51the
45:51early
45:51Viking
45:52raids
45:52on
45:52northern
45:53Europe
45:53they
45:54encountered
45:54no
45:55seaborne
45:55opposition
45:56whatsoever
45:57theirs
45:58were
45:59the
45:59only
45:59effective
46:00warships
46:00in
46:01the
46:01whole
46:01region
46:02and
46:02they
46:03carried
46:03the
46:03fearsome
46:04Viking
46:04warriors
46:05as far
46:06south
46:06as
46:07Spain
46:07soon
46:13the
46:14natives
46:14of
46:14lands
46:15visited
46:15by the
46:16Viking
46:16raiders
46:16began
46:17to
46:17construct
46:18their
46:18own
46:19warships
46:19in
46:20an
46:20attempt
46:20to
46:21meet
46:21the
46:21Scandinavian
46:22menace
46:22for
46:24their
46:24design
46:25they
46:25simply
46:26copied
46:26the
46:27sleek
46:27contours
46:28of
46:28their
46:28enemies
46:28great
46:29vessels
46:29Scotland
46:31England
46:32and
46:33France
46:33amongst
46:34others
46:34built
46:35ships
46:35to
46:36the
46:36Viking
46:36design
46:37according
46:39to
46:39ancient
46:40chronicles
46:40Alfred
46:41the
46:42Great
46:42built
46:42a fleet
46:43of
46:43ships
46:43some
46:44of
46:44which
46:45had
46:45more
46:45than
46:4560
46:46oars
46:46it
46:48is
46:48likely
46:48that
46:49these
46:49vessels
46:50were
46:50also
46:50built
46:51to
46:51the
46:51design
46:51pioneered
46:52by
46:53his
46:53Viking
46:53enemy
46:54this
46:57fashion
46:57for
46:58imitation
46:58is
46:59confirmed
46:59by
47:00the
47:00Bayer
47:00tapestry
47:01in
47:02depicting
47:03the
47:03Norman
47:03conquest
47:04of
47:04England
47:04in
47:041066
47:05the
47:06tapestry
47:07includes
47:07an
47:08image
47:08of
47:09the
47:09Moorer
47:09William
47:10the
47:10Conqueror's
47:11flagship
47:11the
47:13Viking
47:13influence
47:14in
47:14its
47:14design
47:15is
47:15obvious
47:16however
47:18by
47:191066
47:20the
47:21Scandinavian
47:21were
47:22already
47:22responding
47:23to
47:23this
47:23wholesale
47:24theft
47:24of
47:25their
47:25great
47:25ship
47:26design
47:26notably
47:28they
47:29added
47:29additional
47:30horizontal
47:31planks
47:31to
47:31their
47:32later
47:32ships
47:32this
47:34increase
47:34in
47:34the
47:35free
47:35board
47:35enabled
47:36the
47:36Viking
47:37crews
47:37to
47:37fire
47:38weapons
47:38such
47:39as
47:39arrows
47:39and
47:39darts
47:40down
47:41at
47:41their
47:41enemies
47:42and
47:43undoubtedly
47:43increased
47:44their
47:44ability
47:45to
47:45fight
47:45as
47:48late
47:48as
47:481300
47:49AD
47:49the
47:50warships
47:51of
47:51medieval
47:51northern
47:52Europe
47:52were
47:53virtually
47:54all
47:54built
47:55to
47:55the
47:55long
47:55ship
47:56design
47:56with
48:01the
48:01later
48:01middle
48:02ages
48:02however
48:02the
48:03history
48:04of
48:04sea
48:04power
48:04moves
48:05towards
48:05a
48:06new
48:06age
48:07the
48:08long
48:08ship
48:09would
48:09be
48:09the
48:10last
48:10great
48:10ship
48:11of
48:11war
48:11whose
48:12strength
48:12derived
48:13from
48:13the
48:13power
48:13of
48:14the
48:14oar
48:14the
48:16invention
48:16of
48:16the
48:17rudder
48:17and
48:18radical
48:18improvements
48:19in
48:19the
48:19design
48:20of
48:20sails
48:20would
48:21result
48:21in
48:22a
48:22new
48:22kind
48:22of
48:22warship
48:23more
48:24powerful
48:24than
48:25anything
48:25seen
48:25before
48:26the
48:27discovery
48:28of
48:28gunpowder
48:29would
48:30also
48:30have
48:31radical
48:31implications
48:32for
48:33the
48:33ship
48:33of
48:33war
48:33as
48:34the
48:34middle
48:34ages
48:35drew
48:35to
48:35a
48:36close
48:36a
48:37new
48:37chapter
48:38in
48:38the
48:39history
48:39of
48:39naval
48:40warfare
48:40was
48:41about
48:41to
48:42begin
49:11to
49:13to
49:14could
49:16be
49:20a
49:21new
49:22time
49:23to
49:24the
49:25time
49:26to
49:28move
49:30to
49:31the
49:32next
49:33time
49:34to
49:34the
49:36time
49:38to
49:39the
49:40Gracias por ver el video.
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