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00:00This tiny island, less than one square mile, cost more than 4,000 lives.
00:24This is Tarawa, typical of some of the most concentrated fighting of the war as the Americans drive the Japanese back, island by island, across the Pacific.
00:54The American Pronunciation Guide Presents «How to Pronounce»
02:48By the end of 1942, the threat to Australia had been removed.
02:53The stage was set for the long and bitter struggle to push the Japanese back to their homeland.
02:58The Allied offensive came under the separate command of two rivals, General Douglas MacArthur
03:06in the southwest Pacific and Admiral Chester Nimitz in the central Pacific.
03:12American strategy was to mount a two-pronged attack on an enemy whose conquests extended
03:17over thousands of square miles of land and ocean.
03:22MacArthur's task was to thrust upwards from the Solomons and New Guinea to the Philippines.
03:29The forces under Nimitz were to make a series of giant leaps from island to island, the Marshall Islands,
03:36the Marianas, Iwo Jima, Okinawa.
03:40They would start in the Gilberts in November 1943 at Tarawa.
03:45Each one of you is much better than the Jap.
03:53You're better physically.
03:55You're better mentally.
03:57You have better weapons.
03:58You're going to have better support.
04:00So that you're going to be able to lick him hands down when it comes to individual fighting.
04:04Let me repeat again what the General said.
04:09If you have to run any chances whatsoever to get a prisoner, then don't get him.
04:25The first objective of Admiral Nimitz's island-hopping armada's Tarawa Atoll
04:30had become a Japanese fortress from whose airstrip planes could strike at the U.S. fleets.
04:37Tarawa had to be taken.
04:39This was the first time a sea-borne attack had been launched
04:43against a heavily defended atoll protected by a coral reef.
05:00No one in the initial assault force of 5,000 marines realized
05:09just how strong the defenses of Tarawa were.
05:13They thought they would level the island and completely demolish everything,
05:17that there wouldn't be a living soul on the island.
05:22I remember him telling us,
05:25this is going to be the easiest invasion we ever had.
05:28He says we only need two men.
05:34One with a rifle and one with a slate.
05:37One to shoot them, one to chalk them up.
05:42It's going to be real easy.
05:46I turned to the major who was standing next to me on the deck and said,
05:51some of our people aren't aiming very well today.
05:54He said, you don't think those are our shells, do you?
05:56I realized then for the first time that we're being shot at
05:59and there were indeed some Japanese on Tarawa.
06:07Everyone were confident
06:08that if you could kick hell out of the Japanese,
06:12the marines would have no problem with them
06:14if we could get our feet on the beach.
06:16You must remember that the island was only 800 or 900 yards wide
06:36and when you put 20,000 men on an island like that,
06:38it's quite crowded.
06:39There were Japs in front of the line, behind the lines, all over.
06:52We were told that perhaps that we could take this island
07:08within a very short time
07:10and it was quite evident within hours of our landing
07:14that this would not be so.
07:16The foxholes that had been covered up with the naval gunfire,
07:32the next morning, within about 20 yards of where I was,
07:36I watched the Japanese digging out.
07:39They were digging the sand out of the place
07:41so that they could see out.
07:42The battle raged for three days
07:53with the Japanese defenders
07:54being gradually pinned back
07:56into one end of this tiny island.
07:58The iluskjons'
07:59the induskjons'
08:11the induskjons'
08:11the induskjons'
08:17the Japanese commander had
08:47boasted that Talawa could not be taken in a hundred years.
08:52If you can imagine the effect of nearly 6,000 dead men on an island as small,
09:01and considering that it's one degree from the equator, the amount of heat you have there,
09:07you can imagine the smell that you get within a day or two from all this rotting flesh.
09:13It was a sort of a sweet smell, sickly sweet, I described it.
09:21And I don't know anywhere in World War II where there was such a concentration of death.
09:26When it was all over, of 3,000 Japanese, only 17 surrendered.
09:40The Americans lost over 1,000 dead and 2,000 wounded.
09:44Public opinion in the United States was shocked that such heavy losses had been incurred
09:52in so short a period of fighting.
09:54After Talawa, American invasion forces headed for the Mariana Islands of Saipan, Tinian, and Guam.
10:06The naval task force protecting the landings was positioned to the west of Saipan.
10:13Approaching from Okinawa in June 1944 was Japan's mobile fleet
10:17looking for a naval success that would yet turn the war in their favor.
10:27Suddenly, from their radar, the Americans realized that they had been spotted by the Japanese.
10:32Every available American fighter was put into the air to meet wave after wave of Japanese carrier-borne planes.
10:50The American fighter was put into the air to meet wave after wave of Japanese carrier-borne planes.
11:20Many Japanese pilots were competitive novices with no battle experience.
11:34Their aircraft were poorly armored.
11:40For the American flyers swooping down on their opponents,
11:44it was as easy as shooting turkeys.
11:46After the first encounter, all but one of the American planes returned.
12:11Seaton-learned and refueled,
12:26the American soldiers participated in the gone charter 2008.
12:33If you were let...
12:34For the American nation...
12:36the American soldiers developed a military emergency,
12:38and the Americans preparing to meet soldiers during the air.
12:40the Americans were ready for the next Japanese move.
12:43There were two more onslaughts to be faced.
12:46However, the Americans had nearly 900 carrier planes,
12:50twice the number of the Japanese.
12:57The Mariana's Turkish chute lasted just eight hours.
13:03One day, the Japanese naval air power was virtually destroyed.
13:08The original force of 430 planes was reduced to a borough hunt.
13:25American losses were comparatively light.
13:28Pilots mattered more than machines.
13:38At the end of the day, the Americans had won the air battle,
13:41but had yet to locate the Japanese fleet, now retiring.
13:44At the end of the day, the Americans had won the air battle,
13:46but had yet to locate the Japanese fleet, now retiring.
13:49At the end of the day, the Americans had won the air battle,
13:51but had yet to locate the Japanese fleet, now retiring.
13:53The following day, the Americans continued their search for the enemy.
13:58The following day, the Americans continued their search for the enemy.
14:01The following day, the Americans continued their search for the enemy.
14:05The following day, the following day, the Americans continued their search for the enemy.
14:12The following day, the Americans continued their search for the enemy.
14:19It was not until late afternoon that their aircraft sighted the mobile fleet,
14:47over 200 miles away, at the extreme limit of the range of the American bombers.
14:52But the order was given, attack.
14:54In the fading light, the principal objective of the American strike,
15:01the Japanese carrier force, was badly mauled.
15:08In the fading light, the principal objective of the American strike,
15:22the Japanese carrier force, was badly mauled.
15:25One carrier was sunk, and two others damaged.
15:42This great naval battle, in which neither fleet actually fired on the other,
15:47ended with the Japanese reduced to only 35 aircraft retreating to their bases in Japan.
15:53The American planes, now face the problem of getting back to the carriers.
16:08The decision to attack, had meant that they might easily run out of fuel on the journey home.
16:13First, to return for the fighters, which had been protecting the task force.
16:20The task force.
16:21The task force.
16:22The task force.
16:27The task force.
16:34The task force.
16:53Landing in the dusk was difficult enough, but later on the torpedo planes and bombers
16:59would have to find their carriers in pitch darkness.
17:03Some would never make it.
17:23It would never make it.
17:42Then it turned into probably the blackest night that I have ever seen in my life.
17:59And over the ocean, I guess we were at about 7,000 feet flying home.
18:04It was kind of our best altitude for fuel, and it was black as the ace of spades.
18:09And we could hear nothing, just ourselves, except the cries, or I won't say cry, but a very perfunctory call,
18:18I'm going to have to land in the water, I'm out of fuel.
18:21And this continued just constantly until all the torpedo planes that had survived the strike went into the water.
18:28And then I suppose about 100 miles from the force, the dive bombers started to run out of fuel,
18:32and they called out, this is whatever the call was, I don't really know the number,
18:37I'm going in, out of fuel.
18:41And then it became quite quiet until we got within range of the force,
18:46and then you could start to make out what was happening at the task force
18:52and what the recovery course would be.
18:55We had not yet seen it because the ships were running blacked out,
18:58which was a normal operating procedure, so it couldn't be detected from the air.
19:01But the admiral knew that we were going to have an awful problem getting aboard,
19:05and they were low on fuel, and we didn't have time to really look for the force.
19:09A decision was made, and a command was given out to the carriers to turn their lights on.
19:13Next day, the task force succeeded in rescuing the vast majority of the air crews
19:23who had been forced down in the ocean.
19:26Victory in this, the Battle of the Philippine Sea,
19:29meant that the Mariana landings could go ahead without interference from the Japanese Navy.
19:33At a cost of 3,000 American dead, Saipan fell.
19:58Tinian was less heavily defended.
20:01Guam held out for three weeks.
20:02Get over there, man. Lose that to you.
20:17Moving west from the Marianas,
20:19an American amphibious force was switched by Nimitz to MacArthur's command
20:23as the two rival prongs began to come together.
20:26The objective was the Palau Group of Islands.
20:29These had to be taken before the invasion of the Philippines.
20:32On one island, Peleliu,
20:46the Americans again ran into fanatical resistance
20:49from a crack force of 10,000 Japanese troops.
20:52Instead of meeting the Americans on the beaches,
21:08the Japanese had withdrawn into a labyrinth of caves and tunnels.
21:12ued to beam them to come together.
21:14Pileliu, the guards were短 lead Budoro,
21:15they failed to beam them through those radiators.
21:17They failed to ban Models.
21:18They fled theinander of a race.
21:21Toib tinham lines of air to be held in an air toaえ.
21:27When they meant theinhas of an airquimate,
21:27Let's go.
21:57The Americans had to contest every yard against an enemy determined to fight to the death.
22:20In the bloody battle for Peleliu, four out of every ten Americans taking part were killed or wounded.
22:27It was months before all the Japanese had been winkled out.
22:44There were no easy victories on these Pacific Islands.
22:59Some of the dead Marines could only be identified by their fingerprints.
23:03On October the 20th, 1944, MacArthur fulfilled his promise.
23:15He returned to the Philippines.
23:18The landings were virtually unopposed.
23:22The Japanese had retired inland to their main defenses.
23:26But the invasion touched off the largest and most complex naval battle in history.
23:31The battle for Leyte Gulf was to last for four days.
23:35Four Japanese forces were involved, converging on the Philippines from Borneo, Formosa and mainland Japan.
23:41The Americans had two fleets, the seventh and the third.
23:46The Japanese aim was to destroy the American invasion shipping in Leyte Gulf.
23:52After a series of confused engagements, hundreds of miles apart, the Imperial Japanese Navy suffered heavy losses.
23:58It ceased to be an effective fighting force.
24:10On land, torrential rain had delayed the progress of MacArthur's men fighting against a Japanese army numbering nearly 400,000.
24:18By February 1945, three months after the Leyte landings, the Americans were closing in on the Philippines' capital, Manila.
24:41For the first time in the Pacific War, the Americans were fighting their way into a big city.
24:48The battle raged from street to street, house to house.
25:10The battle raged from street to street, house to house.
25:12Many civilians lost their lives, some executed by the retreating Japanese.
25:29MacArthur's second hour of triumph is returned to the Philippines' capital.
25:58Americans who had been taken prisoner during the Japanese invasion were released after three years in captivity.
26:08With the American capture of the Philippines, the supply routes carrying essential war materials,
26:38for Japanese industry would be cut.
26:40The Japanese command knew that when they had lost the Philippines, they had lost the war.
26:45After liberation, revenge, the settling of personal scores against Filipinos accused of collaborating during the years of Japanese occupation, now at last at an end.
26:52After liberation, revenge, the settling of personal scores against Filipinos accused of collaborating during the years of Japanese occupation, now at last at an end.
27:05The end.
27:06The end.
27:07The end.
27:08The end.
27:12The end.
27:13The end.
27:14The end.
27:15The end.
27:19February 1945, Iwo Jima, eight square miles of volcanic rock only 600 miles from the
27:44coast of Japan, was the target for the next leap across the Central Pacific. From Iwo Jima, American
27:52bombers could raid Japanese cities almost at will. From the dominating heights of Mount Suribachi,
27:59the Japanese could see practically everything that moved on Iwo Jima. Once again, the main
28:06Japanese forces were inland, away from the beaches. For 76 days before the landing, the
28:13Americans have bombarded Iwo Jima from sea and air.
28:23The waste, the barrenness of the place, the... it was actually like a nightmare. It was the
28:30closest thing you could see to hell. If ever hell looked like anything, it must look like
28:35Iwo Jima. The minute you got in those boats, you were scared? And you were scared until
28:48you hit the beach? You realize that you're going in to kill, and we were always taught that we had to kill
28:58or be killed. It was either us or the Japanese, one or the other. And when you're faced with a situation, as a young man, I was only 19, it's confusing. You're built in the Marine Corps to take orders and to obey orders, but at the same token, you're still a human being, and you're only 19 or 20. Most of us were only 18, 19 or 20 during those days.
29:26I think the public has the idea that Marine are supermen, but I don't think there was a Marine in the amphibious landing craft that wasn't afraid, including the officers.
29:56I was always taught to hate them in the Marine Corps, to detest them, and that they were animals, that we were the men, they were the animals.
30:03By the same token, we were taught that they would die for the emperor, and we weren't taught to die for our president. And to fight or to come up against an individual who wants to die or who doesn't care about dying is a tough thing to combat in your mind. We wanted to live. We wanted to kill him, and we wanted to survive.
30:26You have to keep your head down because there's too much fire above you. And it's that constant wondering, is somebody going to drop a lucky one in there, and you're too far out to swim with all that gear on?
30:50And what are you going to get into when you get there? It's a hell of a place to be.
30:56And as you hit the island, and you saw the ash and nothing living, it was, if there's ever been hell, this was it.
31:26When we hit the beach itself, actually, there was a little incline, and everybody clung to the incline because the fire was that heavy.
31:44And everything that hit the beach was blasted out of the water as fast as it hit.
31:50I was young then. This was my fourth operation. I was 18. My first operation, I was 16.
32:04They just lay there and waited for us, and rhythmically just kept on tattooing every man along the line.
32:18You just couldn't avoid it. The slaughter was fantastic. We were just walked into a web, and there was no way out. You couldn't get off the beach.
32:30And getting into the beach was a depressing scene. You sort of knock your morale down when you start to see your own people from your own team dead.
32:44There was this, from the water's edge to a sort of a rise. There was a tremendous amount of bodies just lying there.
32:54We moved about, oh, possibly 300 yards in.
33:19Just as far as they, meaning the Japanese, decided for us to go.
33:28There was no way of getting off the island. Not that first night. It was just too congested.
33:37There was nothing that could move off that island the first night.
33:41Dug in on the slopes of Mount Suribachi, the Japanese commander had concentrated his artillery.
33:59The preliminary bombardment had again failed to knock out the Japanese strong points.
34:03They could only be taken one at a time by the men on the ground.
34:10It would take a lot longer to capture Iwo Jima than the five days allowed for by the American command.
34:16The entire vegetation was gone completely.
34:31And you're waking in the morning and you look out across this particular expanse of no man's land.
34:37And it was bubbling and seething with steam coming out of the ground.
34:41In fact, we have to use cardboard from C-ration packs to put down in a foxhole so that your ass wouldn't burn up.
34:52If there is a hell, I'm living through it now.
34:56So I don't have to worry about going to hell any time in the future. I've been there.
35:04Fire!
35:05Fire!
35:05Fire!
35:06Fire!
35:07Fire!
35:07Fire!
35:07Fire!
35:08Fire!
35:08Fire!
35:08Fire!
35:08Fire!
35:08Fire!
35:08Fire!
35:08Fire!
35:08Fire!
35:09Fire!
35:09Fire!
35:10Fire!
35:10One of the guys came up to me is a man with a family.
35:18I never did even know him.
35:20Just, you know, meeting him that particular day.
35:23And I said, well, we're in a mortar outfit back here.
35:25Fairly well safe.
35:26No problems.
35:27Before the day was over, he and half of my other squad was dead.
35:36I think the worst part was, you get callous, you know, to dead bodies and bloated by.
35:40But you never get callous, but you never get callous to your own friends in that way.
35:44And I think that perhaps was the most terrible thing of Iwo Jima.
35:48I think if everybody remembered all of the tragic things that happened, you would go crazy.
35:53You wouldn't be able to survive it.
35:55Oh, you always think you're going to make it.
35:59You're scared, but you still think you're going to make it.
36:01I'm trying to follow you.
36:09Oh, you sure.
36:11Oh, you're going to make it.
36:13Oh, you never had aunken 낮.
36:15Oh.
36:15It was just one of the biggest messes
36:45I myself had ever seen.
36:47I don't know who the beach master was,
36:49but he probably had the roughest job
36:51of any man I've ever heard of.
37:00It may have looked confusing at the time,
37:03but the supply organization backing up the assault force
37:06was proof of the factor
37:07that made America's victory over Japan inevitable
37:10right from the day of Pearl Harbor,
37:12her overwhelming industrial strength.
37:15Only one thing seemed to permeate the bed.
37:25Get that million-dollar wound to get off this damn place.
37:42Iwo Jima became another battle of attrition.
37:56Inland from the beaches,
38:08Iwo Jima became another battle of attrition.
38:10Day after day,
38:32the Americans inched forward
38:34against Japanese who preferred death to surrender.
38:36their leaders still hoped the Americans might tire of their losses
38:41and of the war.
38:43Oh, my Lord, an evil.
38:45It was hand-to-hand fighting.
38:47You didn't know who was even in the hole with you half of the time.
38:51As you went into the caves,
38:53we lost most of our people in this particular fashion.
38:56You went into the caves and you fought it out with the guy.
39:00One of you came out.
39:05I don't think anybody really realized
39:07that they were underground so deeply.
39:09And it was so heavily defended, Roy.
39:13After three days fighting on Mount Suribachi,
39:35the Stars and Stripes flew on the summit.
39:38One of the boys started to holler there and goes,
39:40the flag, and I don't care where you were on that island,
39:44you could see right up to Suribachi.
39:48And the flag was raised.
39:50And everybody started to howl.
39:53Because we figured, well,
39:54the island was secure.
39:56But it was far from secure.
39:59We had a long way to go yet.
40:01But it was nice to see the flag up there anyway.
40:04They always told you to take prisoners,
40:13but we had some bad experiences on Saipan taking prisoners.
40:18You take them, and as soon as they get behind the lines,
40:21they drop grenades and lose a few more people.
40:25You're a little bit leery about taking prisoners
40:27when they're fighting to the death, and so are you.
40:29Very few of them came out on their own.
40:40And they did.
40:42Usually one in the front,
40:43he'd come out with his hands up,
40:44and one behind him, he'd come out with a grenade.
40:46One of the West Virginia boys,
40:57but he was sitting against a stone wall
41:00with his knees up under his helmet,
41:02as we used to sit quite often.
41:06When one of the enemy ran out onto the top of the stone wall
41:10and held a small explosive charge to his abdomen,
41:16and a chunk of his torso, the lower torso,
41:22went spiraling into the air
41:24and came down on John's knees
41:26with the absolute posterior,
41:29devoid of any clothes,
41:31staring him right in the face.
41:34And he looked at that, and he says,
41:36God, am I hit that bad?
41:38And that was the trigger that released
41:43the tensions of the previous night.
41:47And there were several of us
41:49that were perfectly useless
41:51for as much as an hour.
41:54We were just laying on the ground in convulsions.
41:57Of the 21,000 Japanese troops on Iwo Jima
42:10when the attack began,
42:12only 200 were taken alive.
42:21I was on the island a total of six days,
42:24and it seemed like 6,000 years.
42:31Iwo Jima's airfields were functioning
42:33even before the island was taken,
42:35thanks to the American construction battalions,
42:37the CBs.
42:40They played a key role here,
42:42and indeed, in the whole Pacific War.
42:46Now the time had come
42:48to penetrate the inner ring of Japan's defenses.
42:51350 miles from the mainland
42:55was the last great barrier
42:57between the Allies
42:57and the planned invasion
42:58of Imperial Japan,
43:01the Japanese island of Okinawa.
43:03On April 1, 1945,
43:06the Americans attacked.
43:07with the Japanese island
43:10of the�etten
43:14and Citadel
43:15over
43:19and left
43:20a base
43:23of the
43:24and
43:25Japan's young suicide pilots, the kamikazes, swarmed to the defense of Okinawa.
43:55Many flew their fatal missions in obsolete aircraft, even trainers.
44:23So many things were happening and so quickly that it was a little bit like a big boxer in a ring when he's being hit to the chin and to the side of the face and bodies and everywhere else, because we were catching it from so many different angles.
44:35In a regular attack, it's a sporting chance you've got, you know. I mean, with regular bombs and regular bullets, you think you've got a very good chance. But war is not so much of a sport when you're fighting human bombs.
44:53Over 2,000 kamikaze pilots met their deaths. But they destroyed 30 U.S. warships and damaged 200 more.
45:11You were praying that you could survive whatever the kind of explosion would come about. Your whole life flashed in front of you very quickly because you didn't know whether it'd be seconds or minutes until your life would be snuffed out.
45:33American casualties were so severe that at one point it seemed the invasion of Okinawa might be stopped in its tracks.
45:40The gunners can't turn it off. Once they gear themselves up to fight man against man bomb, you know, even though the plane is down and why it's hard for the gunner to stop.
45:55It was hard for the gunner to stop it.
46:23One man, he was in a 40-millimeter mount, and he had been fighting against quite a number of planes that had come in, but we had been hit in his area also two or three times.
46:35And all of a sudden, with nobody understanding why, he just yelled out, it's hot today, and jumped over the side, and that's the last we ever saw of him.
46:44But had he stayed aboard, he might have survived. But we, of course, we couldn't find his body or anything after that.
46:50But it was an unusual way for a type of reaction. He stayed with it just as long as he could until he broke.
46:58And then that was the end of his fighting. But every man, I believe, has a breaking point.
47:05And the kamikaze is, I would estimate, is probably test that breaking point more than any other form of combat.
47:12The initial landings on Okinawa had been unopposed, but as the Americans pushed inland, they came up against a Japanese army of 100,000 troops, withdrawn into a heavily fortified central area.
47:30The steep hills and narrow ravines of Okinawa formed a natural citadel for the Japanese defenders.
47:56Outnumbered by two to one, they made the Americans pay in blood for every foot of Japanese soil.
48:04Outnumbered by two to one, they made the Americans pay in blood for every foot of Japanese soil.
48:05Outnumbered by two to one, they made the Americans pay in blood for every foot of Japanese soil.
48:06Outnumbered by two to one, they made the Americans pay in blood for every foot of Japanese soil.
48:07Outnumbered by two to one, they made the Americans pay in blood for every foot of Japanese soil.
48:09Outnumbered by two to one, they made the Americans pay in blood for every foot of Japanese soil.
48:11Outnumbered by two to one, they made the Americans pay in blood for every foot of Japanese soil.
48:13Outnumbered by two to one, they made the Americans pay in blood for every foot of Japanese soil.
48:14Outnumbered by two to one, they made the Americans pay in blood for every foot of Japanese soil.
48:15Outnumbered by two to one, they made the Americans pay in blood for every foot of Japanese soil.
48:16But Japan herself, close to surrender.
48:46Not every Japanese soldier wanted to fight on to the end.
49:16Not every Japanese soldier wanted to fight on to the end.
49:23Not every Japanese soldier wanted to fight on to the end.
49:30Not every Japanese soldier wanted to fight on to the end.
49:36Not every Japanese soldier wanted to fight on to the end.
49:43Not every Japanese soldier wanted to fight on to the end.
49:48Not every Japanese soldier wanted to fight on to the end.
49:57Not every Japanese soldier wanted to fight on to the end.
50:34The civilians of Okinawa suffered appalling losses.
50:3824,000 were killed, many thousands more injured.
50:42Once they found out that we weren't going to do the things that they had always heard,
50:48well, they could understand, hey, this is just another human being,
50:52and possibly they felt the same as we did, that we weren't there because we wanted to be there.
50:58We were told that this is what we had to do.
51:03Many Americans, at the end of their great advance across the Pacific,
51:08it now seemed that the animals, the faceless fanatics, eager to die for their emperor,
51:15were human beings like themselves.
51:16They showed kindness to their own people, too, which we didn't really think, you know,
51:23that we thought, well, one was just, life was cheap to them, but that's not true.
51:27They were, showed a lot of kindness to their own wounded, you know,
51:31and would tote them on their back, and two or three would carry them,
51:36although they were weak theirself, you know.
51:40So there were people just like us.
51:42So there were people just like us.
52:10We went across the system.
52:13We went across the system.
52:14So there were people just like us.
52:15So were just the disciples.
52:16I was very curious.
52:17We went across the really lovely ludzie and friends to their friends.
52:19So we want to keep our brains.
52:21We can see them, you know,
52:23they got to know.
52:24This was tricklingly so Sanders already stayed within a single extended period of life.
52:30So on the tool,
52:33we can tell you about our.
52:34What's their credentials?
52:35What are they allowed for?
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