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00:00No country, no people suffered so terribly in the war as the Soviet Union.
00:20Nowhere else are the memories of war so alive today and so profound.
00:26The German invasion brought about a catastrophe which it seemed at first no nation could survive.
00:33In the siege of Leningrad alone, which lasted for over two years, more human beings died
00:40than the total war dead of Britain and the United States combined.
00:47Yet it was here that Hitler was broken.
00:51The Russian people faced the possibility that they might perish and overcame it.
00:58We are hoping for the victory.
01:00We are quite sure that the victory will come sometime.
01:05And we hoped that our hardships would have helped.
01:12Well, let's take a look at this ship.
02:21The Soviet Empire in the East is ripe for dissolution, and the end of Jewish domination in Russia will also be the end of Russia as a state.
02:29The Soviet system was to be demolished.
03:04Laborers.
03:05Communists and intellectuals were exterminated.
03:29The least sign of defiance brought instant reprisal.
03:34The occupiers were harsh, very harsh, especially in those areas where the partisans were active.
03:45In the Ukraine, 511 villages were burnt down by the Nazis before the population could escape.
03:56In one village, Pisk, near Kiev, which was totally razed to the ground, babies were thrown into the fire.
04:05Before the war, the regions now occupied by the Germans had produced nearly three-quarters of the country's coal and iron, a third of its beef and grain, almost all its sugar.
04:22By autumn 1941, the Germans controlled what had been the industrial and agricultural heart of the Soviet Union.
04:32The invaders found that the Russians had tried to destroy everything they had to leave behind.
04:46Villages burned.
04:47The summer harvest flamed in the fields around them.
04:50By that autumn, the Germans had advanced for 600 miles over scorched earth.
05:01In some of the Baltic republics, which had only been annexed by the Soviet Union a year before, the Germans were made welcome by local nationalists.
05:13In parts of the Ukraine, some of the peasants made the traditional offering of bread and salt.
05:20The bodies of nationalists shot by the Soviet security at the last moment were brought out and carried through the streets.
05:35For a brief moment, it seemed to some that these submerged nations might become willing partners of the Nazis.
05:45Communists were hunted down.
05:47And in all the places the Nazis occupied, the round-up of the Jews began.
05:53In the path of the Germans, Russia seemed to be crumbling away.
06:21Stalin had the defeated commander of the Western Front and his staff arrested and shot.
06:35Monuments of Soviet construction, even the Dnieper Dan, the very symbol of the five-year plans, had to be blown up and abandoned.
06:43Locomotives were wrecked, though they were needed as never before, for there now began a planned evacuation, which in the end was to save Russia and change the course of the war.
07:001,500 factories moved on 18,000 trains, with over a million workers to the safety of Eastern Russia and the Europe.
07:20One witness said, it was as if the earth tilted up, and everything human or mechanical rolled from west to east.
07:31There was no factory when we arrived.
07:37There were only storehouses where materials were kept.
07:45We began by emptying the stores and clearing the land around us.
07:49We were working up to 14 hours a day.
07:56In bleak places, lacking food or sleep, the Russians reconstructed a new war industry beyond the reach of the Nazis.
08:09When we'd emptied the storehouses, the machinery arrived.
08:15And where the warehouses used to be, we built a new factory.
08:19Oh, you're a song, a song of the witch, you fly by the light of the sun, and the war on the border, you say hello to Katya.
08:36Unlike the Germans, the Russians from the first hour waged a total war.
08:43Every pair of hands was set to the machines as the men were drafted into the battles of the West.
08:48War work strained everyone to the heart.
08:5211 to 15 hours a day, rations short, worry about a husband or a son at the front, exhaustion like a permanent illness.
09:08But for the cameras, they wore a cheerful, determined face.
09:12Now, the Germans were breaking through to Leningrad, Russia's second city and capital of the revolution.
09:23The workers were given rifles.
09:39Harking back to the days of revolution, Leningrad's leaders encouraged the whole city to stand and fight.
09:44Untrained, they marched out to face the panzers, within sight of their own factory chimneys.
09:54The chance to get non-competence out of Leningrad was missed.
09:58Anyway, most families preferred to stay.
10:01My husband, he got two places on a plane, and he asked me, certainly, to take the child and go with him.
10:12But I refused, because I couldn't have left my mother and his mother, my mother-in-law, here in the besieged city.
10:23So I told him to take the old lady with him, and I remained in Leningrad with my mother and child.
10:29In September, the German ring closed.
10:34Over two and a half million people were trapped in the city, 400,000 of them children.
10:41Leningrad's only link with Russia was across Lake Ladoga.
10:44The greatest of all sieges was beginning.
10:48Now Stalin intervened.
10:50Marshal Voroshilov, in command of Leningrad, was sacked.
10:53In his place was sent Marshal Georgi Zhukov, who was to become one of the great commanders of the war.
10:59His deputy was the hard and resourceful Andrei Zhdanov, Leningrad's Communist Party chief.
11:09Leningrad soon felt the new team's determination.
11:14Outside the city, Zhukov threatened that anyone who retreated further would be shot.
11:19Inside, the security forces hunted down spies and defeatists.
11:25Zhdanov's men ended the wastage of food, mobilizing everybody for the city's defense.
11:30Every major building was mined in case the Germans broke in.
11:43But the German attempt to take Leningrad by storm failed.
11:47Berlin ordered,
11:56The Fuhrer has decided to raise the city of Petersburg from the face of the earth.
12:01There is no reason for the future existence of this large city.
12:05The Leningraders were to be bombarded and starved to death.
12:19Day after day, the bombers came over.
12:22Do17.
12:28Layerobi Zipervousk.
12:29Oh, dear.
12:40Oh, dear.
12:40Oh, dear.
12:41Oh, dear.
12:41Oh, dear.
12:46Oh, dear.
12:47Oh, dear.
12:48Oh, you too.
12:49Oh, dear.
12:49German gunners could see the spires of Leningrad from their lines.
13:18Their shells could strike every district, every street.
13:42Lake Ladoga remained the only gap in the enemy ring.
13:46When it froze, an ice road for supplies was built across its surface.
14:02Box fell through the ice, or were destroyed by air attack.
14:17The ice road could bring too little in and take too few civilians out to keep Leningrad
14:22from the onset of starvation.
14:26Everything was running out.
14:28The trams and buses stopped in the darkness and intense cold of the North Russian winter.
14:34There was no longer heating or electric light.
14:37Workers, half conscious with hunger, kept the arms factories turning even when shells had
14:45torn off the roof.
14:54Tanks of raw unpainted steel drove out of the factory into the front line.
15:01Bread was now made with sweepings, cattle cake, sawdust.
15:06People ate soap, linseed oil, the paste for wallpaper.
15:11Housewives and children got only four and a half ounces of this bread a day.
15:31Frozen and silent, Leningrad refused to die.
15:37The libraries stayed open.
15:39People took inspiration from the new literature of the blockade.
15:46Poetry was for us a great force that kept us alive.
15:50For what they say of Leningrad is true, the tears have frozen in the people's eyes.
15:56We cry no longer, for no tears could quench our burning hate, and hate is our only cause.
16:04The guarantee of life, the cure for grief, the one uniting, warming, guiding force.
16:11And the end of November, December, in general, were the most tragic times.
16:19Firstly, it was cold, minus 40.
16:23Then the famine, the hunger began to be felt.
16:31And people began to starve and to die from cold.
16:36The siege went on.
16:43There were few ways to hit back at the Germans.
16:46One was with naval guns from the warships trapped in the port.
16:52On land, small raiding parties penetrated behind the German trenches.
17:04They cut supply lines.
17:06They captured prisoners.
17:08And collected information.
17:18They descended on collaborators.
17:21And tried them on the spot.
17:23And tried them on the spot.
17:33January 1942.
17:36About 4,000 people were dying in Leningrad each day.
17:40¶¶
17:41Hola
17:50When I went to the shops to receive my alteration for my family, if I passed on the way there
18:18two bodies, so on the way back there were four.
18:48Outside the ring, the Russians fought to loosen the German blockade and speed up the pitifully
19:11slow convoys across the frozen lake.
19:14But there was no major offensive to break the siege ring and no airlift.
19:21The battles before Moscow had first called on men and equipment.
19:33Spring brought new fears.
19:36The murderous cold slackened, but melting snowdrifts revealed thousands of corpses in the streets
19:43and yards.
19:48The campaign was launched to clean up the city.
19:55There was no epidemic.
20:01Now the ice road was melting.
20:16Although there would be a difficult time before the lake was clear for ships, the mood in Leningrad
20:22was turning comfortable.
20:23When the sun began to shine, we began to clean and to wash because now we had water in our
20:35homes.
20:36We began to feel normal again.
20:39The city council dared to send a few trams back on the streets.
20:44We greeted the tram as a long forgotten friend coming back to us.
20:50I remember I clapped my hands when I saw the tram running along the city.
21:20The survivors felt stronger.
21:24Their rations were increased.
21:42Squads of young volunteers went from house to house bringing help to families who in the
21:46winter had almost lost contact with the city outside.
21:49Children who should have been evacuated eight months before were taken by ship across Lake
22:03Lado.
22:12The ships brought back fresh troops and munitions to relieve the gaunt men in the trenches.
22:18Leningrad began to look more like a military base.
22:24The worst of the siege was over.
22:27Though the bombardment went on, it now made sense to repair the damage.
22:33Heat was dug for fuel against the next winter.
22:39School children and professors of botany helped to plant every open space with vegetables.
22:53There were no worries about food for the Germans occupying the prairies of the Ukraine.
22:57For fifty years, German expansionists had looked to this region to free Germany from dependence on imports by sea.
23:08General Mannstein said a large part of the population will have to go hungry.
23:13Nothing, out of a misguided sense of humanity, may be given to the population unless they are in the service of the German Wehrmacht.
23:21The German Wehrmacht
23:50In Kiev, the Ukrainian capital plans to win over local nationalists
23:55with the promise of an anti-Russian puppet state
23:57never got off the ground.
24:00They were brushed aside by the army and the SS.
24:04The reality was work under German overseers
24:08or deportation to the Reich.
24:14Each village learned the price of defiance.
24:20In Moscow, in early 1942, there was confidence.
24:28The winter fighting had revealed that the Germans were no more invincible than Napoleon had been.
24:33But it seemed to the Russians that they were bearing the whole burden of the war
24:37against fascism alone and that the West was not doing enough.
24:43When Stalin began to call for a second front,
24:46a landing in the West,
24:47the people joined willingly in the meetings organized to support it.
24:52Molotov, the foreign minister, was told by Western diplomats
24:55that though they admired the heroism of the Red Army,
24:59a second front was not yet practical.
25:03Stalin didn't believe them.
25:04Stalin was in direct command of an army
25:12becoming harder and more formidable every day.
25:17But the Russians did not pretend to be immune to grief.
25:22Tens of thousands knew this poem by heart.
25:24Wait for me, and I'll return.
25:29Only wait very hard.
25:32Wait when you are filled with sorrow as you watch the yellow rain.
25:36Wait when the winds sweep the snowdrifts.
25:40Wait in the sweltering heat.
25:42Wait when others have stopped waiting,
25:45forgetting their yesterdays.
25:47Wait even when from afar no letters come to you.
25:50Wait even when others are tired of waiting.
25:54Wait even when my mother and son think I am no more.
25:58And when friends sit around the fire drinking to my memory,
26:02wait, and do not hurry to drink to my memory too.
26:07Wait, for I'll return,
26:11defying every death.
26:13And let those who do not wait say that I was lucky.
26:18They never will understand that in the midst of death,
26:21you with your waiting saved me.
26:25Only you and I will know how I survived.
26:29It's because you waited,
26:31as no one else did.
26:35There were still disasters to come.
26:38In May,
26:39the Germans beat off a Russian offensive near Kharkov.
26:43As the Red Army advanced,
26:45the panzers cut round its flags.
26:57The Soviet commanders begged to be allowed to pull back
27:00before it was too late.
27:03Stalin,
27:04pushing advice aside,
27:05forbade them to retreat.
27:08The German panzers closed.
27:10Most of the men of three Russian armies
27:12were forced to lay down their arms.
27:14In the whole war,
27:39over five million Russian soldiers were taken prisoner.
27:44Less than two million survived.
27:52For the British especially,
27:55the Russians were now
27:56our gallant Soviet ally.
27:59But at first,
28:02help could only come
28:03through the Arctic convoy,
28:05heading for Momansk and Archangel,
28:08through the killing ground
28:09of the German U-boats,
28:10bombers,
28:11and warships.
28:11July 1942,
28:19this one convoy
28:21lost 80% of its ships.
28:27But the courage of British seamen
28:29could not make the convoys carry enough
28:31for Russia's gigantic needs.
28:351942
28:36was the year
28:37of deep war.
28:39Defeat fought off,
28:41but as yet
28:42no sign of victory.
28:44This was a time
28:45of bitter endurance,
28:47a season for learning
28:48to bear disappointment
28:49and loss.
28:53Once it seemed possible
28:54that German soldiers
28:55were only brother workers
28:57in uniform.
28:58Now,
28:59Soviet writers
29:00spoke in words of hate.
29:01One can bear anything,
29:04the plague,
29:05hunger and death.
29:07But one cannot bear
29:08the Germans.
29:09One cannot bear
29:10these fish-eyed oafs
29:12contemptuously snorting
29:13at everything Russian.
29:15We cannot live
29:15as long as these
29:16grey-green slugs
29:17are alive.
29:19Today there are no books.
29:20Today there are no stars
29:22in the sky.
29:23Today there is only
29:24one thought.
29:26Kill the Germans.
29:27Kill them all
29:28and dig them into the earth.
29:30Then we can go to sleep.
29:32Then we can think again
29:34of life
29:34and books
29:36and girls
29:37and happiness.
29:42We shall kill them all,
29:44but we must do it quickly,
29:46or they will desecrate
29:47the whole of Russia
29:47and torture to death
29:49millions more people.
29:52Kill them all
29:54and kill them all.
29:55Kill them all
29:56and kill them all.
29:57Kill them all
29:58and kill them all.
29:59Kill them all.
30:00Kill them all.
30:03As the Soviet soldiers
30:04advanced,
30:05they found
30:06what Germans
30:07had been doing
30:07to civilians.
30:09I don't know.
30:39The churches were full once more.
31:09The priesthood was invited to pray for the life of Holy Russia, to work on the patriotism
31:21of the worshippers.
31:26The icons were honored again.
31:28The public campaign for atheism was dropped.
31:38The Germans murdered Jews and Communists.
31:50The Germans murdered Jews and Communists.
32:02They murdered those suspected of supporting the Partisans.
32:06They murdered hostages.
32:09After battle, in retreat, they just murdered.
32:21The Russians prepared to attack the German ring round Leningrad.
32:39As they waited, runners brought the news of the surrender of the German armies at Stalingrad.
32:51The people, this was the sudden glow of victory at the tunnel's end.
32:55Now they knew they would win.
32:58At Leningrad, the relieving troops broke down.
33:26At Leningrad, the relieving troops broke through.
33:41They forced to open a land route.
33:43The 16-month blockade was over.
33:46But they did not break the siege.
33:49The Germans and Finns still lay around the city.
33:53It was such a feeling, I can't relate it.
33:59I went to my neighbor across the yard and we kissed each other and told each other,
34:05now we shall live.
34:06There is a way out.
34:08In a fortnight, a railway was laid through the gap.
34:12Food and fuel began to roll into Leningrad.
34:22The symbols of old Russian honor were restored to the army as they had been to the church.
34:31Propaganda united Lenin with Alexander Nevsky.
34:39The 18th century hero, Suvorov.
34:47Heroes of the Red Cavalry.
34:49Mighty ghosts cheering forward the avengers of the Soviet motherland.
34:54The insignia of a traditional and professional army were brought back.
35:06Gold braid was imported from Britain.
35:08Political commissars lost rank.
35:13The years of the purges were forgotten.
35:17The sea of the word our great victory.
35:25The sea of the best.
35:26The sea of the slavity of the fight.
35:30The sea of the sea of the stars.
35:33The sea of the miyayat and the king.
35:37The sea of the swords and the army,
35:38The sea of thei-ling,
35:40Every Soviet citizen felt himself a part of the common struggle.
36:02Some people say it was the fascist cruelty which led to resistance in the Ukraine and
36:06other occupied lands.
36:08No, I believe resistance was inevitable.
36:23The Soviet people in the rear could not hold themselves back from the struggle.
36:30In 1941, behind the lines, partisan bands began to form.
36:45But first they lacked arms.
36:47They grew slowly.
36:56German deportations for forced labour made thousands flee to the forests
37:00where they joined the Partisans.
37:19Soon the Partisans became a formidable army operating against the enemy lines of communication.
37:22The Partisans was a battle.
37:37It was a battle.
37:41The penalty for collaboration was death.
37:58On the mere suspicion of sympathy for the enemy,
38:02whole national groups, the vulgar Germans, the Crimean Tatars,
38:06were deported to Central Asia.
38:08But individual collaborators, no mercy.
38:11As German prisoners were paraded through Leningrad,
38:24people struck out at an enemy they could reach.
38:26In the steppes of Soviet Asia, in the new factories and mines of Siberia,
38:40the most desperate production effort of modern times was coming to its climb.
38:53The crisis has been stronger as a nation,
38:58in the near future of the country.
39:04And they like to fight.
39:07Yeah.
39:08Yeah.
39:09Oh
39:21Oh
39:35Oh
39:39Russia had been caught with obsolete aircraft, unfit for close battle support.
39:48Now the plans turned out 9,000 modern aircraft every month.
39:53In 1943, military output finally outstripped Germans.
39:57Above all, it was the tank.
40:11In 1943, the factories built 24,000 of them.
40:17More than any other weapon, it was the tank, especially the famous T-34, which won the battle on the Eastern Front.
40:27With the American trucks now streaming in from Persia, this torrent of armour moved up to the line.
40:49The Russians knew that in July 1943, the Germans would launch their full strength against them once more.
40:57They knew too that the blow would fall at Kursk.
41:00They must hold firm.
41:03Then, the Red Army, now the biggest land force ever seen in war, would strike back.
41:08The Germans planned to drive into the shoulders of the Kursk bulge, hoping to cut off the huge Soviet armies there, then hit at Moscow.
41:20They brought up 70 divisions, almost a million men, with the new Tiger tanks and Ferdinand guns.
41:35Hitler had intended to strike in May, but there were delays in production and building up reserves.
41:39Weeks passed, when the Germans were ready to attack, the Russians were waiting for them.
41:54We were all prepared, we were more than ready to meet Hitler's attack.
42:07We knew we had enough armour to stop the fascists breaking through our defences.
42:12Our reconnaissance patrols had captured prisoners.
42:27Then, we learned that Hitler's troops planned to start the attack at 2.30 in the morning on July 5th.
42:36The news was given to our troops.
42:38A commander sits in the observation post, the soldiers are in the trenches, and tomorrow, the enemy is expected to attack.
42:53You can imagine what thoughts are in his mind.
42:56There will be more than a hundred tanks every kilometer.
43:10When tanks are moving, the whole earth trembles, and the guns fire, but the soldier just sits.
43:18A soldier, she does.
43:29Soviet aircraft took off at dawn to wreck the German bombers waiting on their airfield.
43:33The Germans kept to the timetable.
43:51On the morning of July 5th, the Panzer Divisions moved forward.
43:55They had to be here.
43:59They have to be here.
44:00Let us be near.
44:13TheOUT alkoholu by one's window was situated inside the mobilization40 онаж Джozz side.
44:17They'll be there.
44:18We had to be in winter.
44:20Americans won't have a monster body inputende.
44:21They were under arrest.
44:23Separate the aircraft in Iran?
44:24kursk was the biggest tank battle in history in the north the german pincer made 10 miles
44:34in five days and halted with 50 000 dead and 400 tanks destroyed in the south in an even
44:43vaster battle a 20-mile dent was made in the russian defenses but the germans were spent
44:49on july the 15th hitler called off the kursk offensive
44:59the red army went over to the attack
45:19so
45:33Under bombardment, the sappers were to head to cut a path into the German defences.
46:03Through the gap, the tanks plunged forward, the troops riding on their sides.
46:33These were the new Russian soldiers, very different from the defeated masses of 1941.
46:40Their coats were shabby, but their weapons were clean.
46:43They were tough, chasing the enemy into close-quarter battle.
46:48They were resourceful, trained to live off the land and to cross rivers on their own.
46:57If there was no boat, a bench or a log would do.
47:03They went without regular leave or pay, but now their morale was fierce and high.
47:16In military terms, it was Kursk which decided how the European war would end.
47:23When this supreme German effort failed, the Soviet victory began.
47:28At first, the fighting to break through the German positions was hard and slow.
47:33But after nine days, the Red Army had recaptured all the ground lost in this last German offensive.
47:41The Germans began to fall back, destroying everything as they went.
47:59But now they were under constant attack by Soviet fighters.
48:14The Luftwaffe had lost command of the air.
48:33Suddenly, the towns of occupied Russia were full of armor moving west.
48:39After two years, the conquerors were pulling out.
48:44At Leningrad, the Germans were still at the outskirts.
48:52The city still under shell fire.
48:54The siege was not to be finally broken until January the following year.
49:09The strength of Russia, like a gigantic spring compressed back to its limit, was now bursting forward.
49:19The first cities were liberated.
49:42In August the 5th, 1943, Oriel and Bielgorod were freed.
49:47In each town, those who had died in battle were buried.
49:53Do not call me, father.
49:58Do not seek me.
50:00Do not call me.
50:02Do not wish me back.
50:04Whereon a route uncharted, fire and blood erase our track.
50:08On we fly, on wings of thunder, never more to sheath our swords.
50:13All of us in battle fallen, not to be brought back by words.
50:18Will there be a rendezvous?
50:20I know not.
50:21I only know we still must fight.
50:24We are sand grains in infinity, never to meet, never more see life.
50:30Farewell then, my son.
50:35Farewell then, my conscience, my youth and my solace, my one and my only.
50:41And let this farewell be the end of a story of solitude vast and which none is more lonely.
50:48In which you remain barred forever and ever from light and from air with your death pangs untold.
50:55Untold and unsoothed, not to be resurrected forever and ever an eighteen-year-old.
51:02Farewell then.
51:04Farewell then.
51:05No trains ever come from those regions, unscheduled or scheduled.
51:09No aeroplanes fly there.
51:11Farewell then, my son, for no miracles happen as in this world dreams do not come true.
51:18Farewell.
51:19I will dream of you still as a baby, treading the earth with little strong toes.
51:25The earth where already so many lie buried.
51:28This song to my son then, is come to its close.
51:38In Moscow, Stalin announced,
51:40Tonight at 2400 hours on August the 5th,
51:44The capital of our country, Moscow, will salute the valiant troops who liberated Aurel and Byelgorod.
51:50Again!
51:51Eternal glory to the heroes who fell in the struggle for the freedom of our country.
52:01Death to the German invaders.
52:10In November, Kiev was freed.
52:21storeroal.
52:22Thorn had��lers.
52:23After the significance of our nation, the military oben still lives.
52:24Thorn came to the harbor—
52:34exit theirized
52:44To educate each other from the people from the everyday world today,
52:50To be continued...
53:20Russia was saved by its soldiers and by its people, but in the earth, never to welcome
53:45the coming of peace, lay 20 million dead.
54:15The End
54:20The End
54:24The End
54:29The End
54:34The End
54:39The End
54:40The End
54:44The End
54:45The End
54:46The End
54:47The End
54:48The End
54:49The End
54:54The End
54:55The End
54:58The End
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